Verbal Tenses 2021

Grammatical Review
Written by Professor MSc. Greivin Alberto Umaña Sánchez

Verbal Paradigm
English is composed of sixteen (16) grammatical verbal tenses which are explained below:
1) Simple Present Tense: Simple Present Tense structures are classified into two different
categories:
1.a) With the Auxiliary Verb “To Be”: The Auxiliary Verb “To Be” is one of the most
important auxiliary verbs in English. The Auxiliary Verb “To Be” is not actually
considered a verb because it represents no action at all. The Auxiliary Verb “To
Be” has three different conjugations which are shown as follows:
1.a.1) Affirmative Sentences:
Subject + Am / Are / Is + Complement (Subject Complement or Adverbial) +.
Subject Am / Are / Is Complement (s) + .
I am here.
You are nice.
He is handsome.
She is beautiful.
It is my dog.
We are happy.
They are brothers.
You are my best friends.
1.a.2) Negative Sentences:
Subject + Am / Are / Is + Not + Complement (Subject Complement or Adverbial) +.
Subject Am / Are / Is + Not Complement (s) +.
I am not (am not) here.
You are not (aren’t) nice.
He is not (isn’t) handsome.
She is not (isn’t) beautiful.
It is not (isn’t) my dog.

We are not (aren’t) happy.
They are not (aren’t) brothers.
You are not (aren’t) my best friends.
1.a.3) Yes / No Questions:
Am / Are / Is + Subject + Complement + (Subject Complement or Adverbial) +?
Am / Are / Is Subject Complement (s) +?
Am I here?
Are you nice?
Is he handsome?
Is she beautiful?
Is it my dog?
Are we happy?
Are they brothers?
Are you my best friends?
1.a.4) Wh / Questions or Information Questions:
Wh / Word + Am / Are / Is + Subject + Complement + ?
Wh / Word Am / Are / Is Subject Complement (s) +?
Where am I today?
How are you today?
Why is he sad?
How is she ?
Where is it ?
Why are we tired?
Where are they now?
Why are you here?

1.b) With Other Verbs: Simple Present Tense verbs are used to indicate daily actives,
routines, or actions. There are only two verbal conjugations for Simple Present
Tense structures. In the case of third singular person particles, the verb is added
either the syllable “-s” or the syllable “-es” depending on its ending (see rules given
below).
1.b.1) Affirmative Sentences:
Subject + Verb (IT MUST BE CONJUGATED) + Complement + .
Subject Verb Complement (s) +.
I speak English.
You speak English.
He speaks English.
She speaks English.
It speaks English.
We speak English.
They speak English.
You speak English.
Rules for Third Singular – Person Verbs
1) If the verb ends in “-o”, “-s”, “-ss”, “-ch”, “-sh”, or “-x”, you just add “-es” to the
verb.
Examples:
I go to the beach.
She goes to the beach.
I kiss you.
She kisses me.
I watch television.
He watches television.
I wash my face.
She washes her face.

I fix the car.
She fixes her car.
2) If the verb ends in “-y”, but there is a consonant before it, you have to drop “y” and
change it for “-i”, and then, you have to add “-es”.
I study French.
She studies French.
3) If the verb ends in “-y”, but there is a vowel before it, you just have to add “-s”.
I play chess.
She plays chess.
4) The verb “To Have” has its own conjugation (Has).
I have a car.
She has a problem.
5) Any other verb, you just add “-s” to the verb.
I want some water.
She wants some water.
1.b.2) Negative Sentences: In order to make negative sentences in English, it is important to

remember the correct usage of auxiliaries. In fact, English has two auxiliaries which are used in the
case of Simple Present Tense structures.
Subject + Do Not (Don’t) / Does Not (Doesn’t) + Verb (Simple Form) + Complement + .
DO = (I – YOU – WE – THEY – YOU)

DOES = (HE – SHE – IT)
Subject Do Not / Does Not Complement (s) +.
I do not (don’t) speak English.
You do not (don’t) speak English.
He does not (doesn’t) speak English.
She does not (doesn’t) speak English.
It does not (doesn’t) speak English.
We do not (don’t) speak English.
They do not (don’t) speak English.
You do not (don’t) speak English.
1.b.3) Yes / No Questions
Do / Does + Subject + Verb (Simple Form) + Complement + ?
Do / Does Subject Verb Complement (s) +?
Do I speak English?
Do you speak English?
Does he speak English?
Does she speak English?
Does it speak English?
Do we speak English?
Do they speak English?
Do you speak English?

1.b.4) Wh / Questions:
Wh / Word + Do / Does + Verb (Simple Form) + Complement + ?
Wh / Word Do / Does Subject Verb Complement (s) +?
What do I do on my free time?
How do you feel today?
Why does he cry everyday?
What does she look like?
Where does it go everyday?
Why do we study English?
Where do they live now?
Why do you suffer so much?
2) Present Progressive: Present Progressive Tense structures are used to describe actions
which take place at the very moment of speaking. Furthermore, Present Progressive Tense
structures are also used to talk about actions that will take place in a really close future.
2.1) Affirmative Sentences:
Subject + Am / Are / Is + Verb + ING + Complement +.
Subject Am / Are / Is Verb + ING Complement(s) + .
I am cooking right now.
You are studying right now.
He is working right now.
She is writing right now.
It is reading right now.
We are eating right now.
* They are coming tomorrow.
* You are buying a car really soon.
* Those are actions that might happen in a really close future.

2.2) Negative Sentences:
Subject + Am / Are / Is + Not + Verb + ING + Complement+.
Subject Am / Are / Is + Not Verb + ING Complement(s) + .
I am not (I’m not) cooking right now.
You are not (aren’t) studying right now.
He is not (isn’t) working right now.
She is not (isn’t) writing right now.
It is not (isn’t) reading right now.
We are not (aren’t) eating right now.
* They are not (aren’t) coming tomorrow.
* You are not (aren’t) buying a car really soon.
2.3) Yes / No Questions:
Am / Are / Is + Subject + Verb + ING + Complement +?
Am / Are / Is Subject Verb + ING Complement(s) +?
Am I cooking right now?
Are you studying right now?
Is he working right now?
Is she writing right now?
Is it reading right now?
Are we eating right now?
*Are they coming tomorrow?
*Are you buying a car really soon?

2.4) Wh / Questions or Information Questions:
Wh / Word + Am / Are / Is + Verb + ING + Subject + Complement + ?
Wh / Word Am / Are / Is Subject Verb + ING Complement (s) +?
Where am I studying English?
How are you doing today?
Why is he crying ?
When is she coming ?
Where is it eating ?
Why are we doing this?
Where are they studying now?
Why are you reading that book?
3) Present Perfect Tense: This grammatical tense is used to describe actions that started in
the past, continued up to the present time and might have effects in the future time.
Subject + Have / Has + Past Participle (P.P.) + Complement + .
Subject Have / Has Past Participle Complement (s) +.
I have eaten already.
You have eaten already.
He has eaten already.
She has eaten already.
It has eaten already.
We have eaten already.
They have eaten already.
You have eaten already.

Subject + Have / Has + Not + Past Participle (P.P.) + Complement + .
Subject Have Not / Has Not Past Participle Complement (s) +.
I have not (haven’t) eaten yet.
You have not (haven’t) eaten yet.
He has not (hasn’t) eaten yet.
She has not (hasn’t) eaten yet.
It has not (hasn’t) eaten yet.
We have not (haven’t) eaten yet.
They have not (haven’t) eaten yet.
You have not (haven’t) eaten yet.
Have / Has + Subject + Past Participle (P.P.) + Complement +?
Have / Has Subject Past Participle Complement (s) +?
Have I spoken English?
Have you spoken English?
Has he spoken English?
Has she spoken English?
Has it spoken English?
Have we spoken English?
Have they spoken English?
Have you spoken English?

3.4) Wh / Questions:
Wh / Word + Have / Has + Subject + Past Participle (P.P.) + Complement + ?
Wh / Word Have / Has Subject Verb Complement (s) +?
Where have I eaten ?
Where have you been today?
Why has he cried ?
What has she done ?
Where has it gone ?
Why have we come here?
Where have they lived ?
Why have you suffered so much?
4) Present Perfect Progressive: This grammatical tense is used to indicate that the action
started in the past, and it brings the action to the present time.
Subject + Have / Has + Been + Verb + ING + Complement + .
Subject Have / Has Been Verb + ING Complement (s) +.
I have been studying English.
You have been studying English.
He has been studying English.
She has been studying English.
It has been studying English.
We have been studying English.
They have been studying English.
You have been studying English.

Subject + Have / Has + Not + Been + Verb + ING + Complement + .
Subject Have / Has + Not Been Verb + ING Complement (s) +.
I have not (haven’t) been studying English.
You have not (haven’t) been studying English.
He has not (hasn’t) been studying English.
She has not (hasn’t) been studying English.
It has not (hasn’t) been studying English.
We have not (haven’t) been studying English.
They have not (haven’t) been studying English.
You have not (haven’t) been studying English.
Have / Has + Subject + Been + Verb + ING + Complement + ?
Have / Has Subject Been Verb + ING Complement (s) +?
Have I been speaking English?
Have you been speaking English?
Has he been speaking English?
Has she been speaking English?
Has it been speaking English?
Have we been speaking English?
Have they been speaking English?
Have you been speaking English?

Wh / Word + Have / Has + Subject + Been + Verb + ING + Complement + ?
Wh / Word Have / Has Subject Been Verb + ING Complement +?
What have I been doing ?
Where have you been studying today?
Why has he been crying all day long?
What has she been drinking recently?
Where has it been sleeping ?
Why have we been talking about it?
Where have they been studying recently?
Why have you been speaking English?
5) Simple Past Tense: Simple Past Tense structures are used to talk about actions that are
already over. They are classified into two different categories:
5.a) With the Auxiliary Verb “To Be”
5.a.1) Affirmative Sentences:
Subject + Was / Were + Complement (Subject Complement or An Adverbial) +.
Subject Was / Were Complement (s) + .
I was here.
You were nice.
He was handsome.
She was beautiful.
It was my dog.
We were happy.
They were brothers.
You were my best friends.

5.a.2) Negative Sentences:
Subject + Was / Were + Not + Complement (Subject Complement or An Adverbial) +.
Subject Was / Were + Not Complement (s) +.
I was not (wasn’t) here.
You were not (weren’t) nice.
He was not (wasn’t) handsome.
She was not (wasn’t) beautiful.
It was not (wasn’t) my dog.
We were not (weren’t) happy.
They were not (weren’t) brothers.
You were not (weren’t) my best friends.
5.a.3) Yes / No Questions:
Was / Were + Subject + Complement + (Subject Complement or An Adverbial) +?
Was / Were Subject Complement (s) +?
Was I here?
Were you nice?
Was he handsome?
Was she beautiful?
Was it my dog?
Were we happy?
Were they brothers?
Were you my best friends?

5.a.4) Wh / Questions or Information Questions:
Wh / Word + Was / Were + Subject + Complement (Subject Complement or An Adverbial) +?
Wh / Word Was / Were Subject Complement (s) +?
Where was I yesterday?
How were you yesterday?
Why was he sad?
How was she yesterday?
Where was it yesterday?
Why were we tired?
Where were they last night?
Why were you there?
5.b) With Other Verbs: Simple Past Tense verbs are used to indicate actions that are
finished. These actions are over.
5.b.1) Affirmative Sentences:
Subject + Verb (IT MUST BE CONJUGATED) + Complement + .
I slept deeply.
You bought nice gifts.
He studied at school.
She wore sunglasses.
It ran all over the place.
We bought flowers.
They kissed each other.
You wrote poems.

Rules for Past Regular Verbs Pronunciation:
1) If the verb ends in a voiceless sound, the particle “-ed” is pronounced as a /t/.
Examples:
Verb (Simple Form) Verb (Conjugated) /-ed / Pronunciation
KISS KISSED /t/
DANCE DANCED /t/
2) If the verb ends in a voiced sound, the particle “-ed” is pronounced as a /d/.
PLAY PLAYED /d/
LOVE LOVED /d/
3) If the verb ends either in a /d/ or a /t/, the particle “-ed” is pronounced as an /Id/.
DECIDE DECIDED /Id/
WANT WANTED /Id/
5.b.2) Negative Sentences: In order to make negative sentences in English, it is important to

remember the correct usage of auxiliaries. In fact, there is only one auxiliary which is used in the
case of Simple Past Tense structures. This auxiliary (DID) works as a helping verb. It gives the
verb the negative conjugation.
Subject + Did Not (Didn’t) + Verb (Simple Form) + Complement + .
DID = (I – YOU – WE – THEY – YOU – HE – SHE – IT)
Subject Did + Not Complement (s) +.
I did not (didn’t) speak English.
You did not (didn’t) speak English.
He did not (didn’t) speak English.
She did not (didn’t) speak English.

It did not (didn’t) speak English.
We did not (didn’t) speak English.
They did not (didn’t) speak English.
You did not (didn’t) speak English.
5.b.3) Yes / No Questions
Did + Subject + Verb (Simple Form) + Complement + ?
Did Subject Verb Complement (s) +?
Did I go to the beach?
Did you go to the beach?
Did he go to the beach?
Did she go to the beach?
Did it go to the beach?
Did we go to the beach?
Did they go to the beach?
Did you go to the beach?
5.b.4) Wh / Questions:
Wh / Word + Did + Verb (Simple Form) + Complement + ?
Wh / Word Did Subject Verb Complement (s) +?
What did I eat for lunch?
How did you feel yesterday?
Why did he cry last night?
What did she look like?
Where did it go last year?
Why did we study English?
Where did they live last year?
Why did you suffer so much?

6) Past Progressive: Past Progressive Tense structures are used to describe actions that
took place at a very specific period of time in the past.
Subject + Was / Were + Verb + ING + Complement +.
Subject Was / Were Verb (+ING) Complement(s) + .
I was cooking yesterday.
You were studying yesterday.
He was working yesterday.
She was writing yesterday.
It was reading yesterday.
We were eating yesterday.
They were coming yesterday.
You were buying a car yesterday.
Subject + Was / Were + Not + Verb + ING + Complement+.
Subject Was / Were + Not Verb + ING Complement(s) + .
I was not (wasn’t) cooking yesterday.
You were not (weren’t) studying yesterday.
He was not (wasn’t) working yesterday.
She was not (wasn’t) writing yesterday.
It was not (wasn’t) reading yesterday.
We were not (weren’t) eating yesterday.
They were not (weren’t) coming yesterday.
You were not (weren’t) buying a car yesterday.

Was / Were + Subject + Verb + ING + Complement +?
Was / Were Subject Verb +ING Complement(s) +?
Was I cooking yesterday?
Were you studying yesterday?
Was he working yesterday?
Was she writing yesterday?
Was it reading yesterday?
Were we eating yesterday?
Were they coming yesterday?
Were you buying a car yesterday?
Wh / Word + Was / Were + Subject + Verb + ING + Complement + ?
Wh / Word Was / Were Subject Verb + ING Complement (s) +?
Where was I studying English?
What were you doing yesterday?
Why was he crying ?
When was she coming ?
Where was it eating yesterday?
Why were we doing that?
Where were they studying ?
Why are you reading that book?

7) Past Perfect Tense: This grammatical tense is used to describe actions that started and
ended in the past. In addition, this grammatical tense is only used to refer to actions that
are already gone or over.
Subject + Had + Past Participle (P.P.) + Complement + .
Subject Had Past Participle Complement (s) +.
I had eaten pizza.
You had eaten pizza.
He had eaten pizza.
She had eaten pizza.
It had eaten pizza.
We had eaten pizza.
They had eaten pizza.
You had eaten pizza.
Subject + Had + Not + Past Participle (P.P.) + Complement + .
Subject Had + Not Past Participle Complement (s) +.
I had not (hadn’t) eaten pizza.
You had not (hadn’t) eaten pizza.
He had not (hadn’t) eaten pizza.
She had not (hadn’t) eaten pizza.
It had not (hadn’t) eaten pizza.
We had not (hadn’t) eaten pizza.
They had not (hadn’t) eaten pizza.
You had not (hadn’t) eaten pizza.

Had + Subject + Past Participle (P.P.) + Complement + ?
Had Subject Past Participle Complement (s) +?
Had I spoken English?
Had you spoken English?
Had he spoken English?
Had she spoken English?
Had it spoken English?
Had we spoken English?
Had they spoken English?
Had you spoken English?
Wh / Word + Had + Subject + Past Participle (P.P.) + Complement + ?
Wh / Word Had Subject Past Participle Complement (s) +?
Where had I been ?
What had you eaten ?
Why had he cried ?
What had she done ?
Where had it gone ?
Why had we studied English?
Where had they lived at that time?
Why had you suffered so much?
8) Past Perfect Progressive: This grammatical tense is used to indicate that the action
started in the past, and it still continued in process while the action was still being carried
out.
Subject + Had + Been + Verb + ING + Complement + .
Subject Had Been Verb + ING Complement (s) +.
I had been studying English.
You had been studying English.
He had been studying English.
She had been studying English.
It had been studying English.
We had been studying English.
They had been studying English.
You had been studying English.
Subject + Had + Not + Been + Verb + ING + Complement +.
Subject Had + Not Been Verb + ING Complement (s) +.
I had not (hadn’t) been studying English.
You had not (hadn’t) been studying English.
He had not (hadn’t) been studying English.
She had not (hadn’t) been studying English.
It had not (hadn’t) been studying English.
We had not (hadn’t) been studying English.
They had not (hadn’t) been studying English.
You had not (hadn’t) been studying English.

Had + Subject + Been + Verb + ING + Complement + ?
Had Subject Been Verb + ING Complement (s) +?
Had I been speaking English?
Had you been speaking English?
Had he been speaking English?
Had she been speaking English?
Had it been speaking English?
Had we been speaking English?
Had they been speaking English?
Had you been speaking English?
Wh / Word + Had + Subject + Been + Verb + ING + Complement + ?
Wh / Word Had Subject Been Verb + ING Complement +?
What had I been doing ?
Where had you been studying English?
Why had he been crying all day long?
What had she been drinking at the bar?
Where had it been sleeping ?
Why had we been talking about it?
Where had they been studying French?
Why had you been speaking English?
9) Simple Future Tense With the Auxiliary “Be Going To”: Simple Future Tense structures
containing the particle “Be Going To” express future scheduled plans. Those are actions
that are already planned and scheduled. As a matter of fact, those actions are really likely
to happen in a close future.
Subject + Am / Are / Is + Going To + Verb + Complement +.
Subject Am / Are / Is “Going To” Verb Complement + .
I am going to study Biology.
You are going to eat fast food.
He is going to marry her.
She is going to buy a nice dress.
It is going to sleep deeply.
We are going to dance tonight.
They are going to rent a car.
You are going to get sick.
Subject + Am / Are / Is + Not + Going To + Verb + Complement +.
Subject Am / Are / Is + Not “Going To” Verb Complement + .
I am not (I’m not) going to study Biology.
You are not (aren’t) going to eat fast food.
He is not (isn’t) going to marry her.
She is not (isn’t) going to buy a nice dress.
It is not (isn’t) going to sleep deeply.
We are not (aren’t) going to dance tonight.
They are not (aren’t) going to rent a car.
You are not (aren’t) going to get sick.

Am / Are / Is + Subject + Going To + Verb + Complement + ?
Am / Are / Is Subject “Going To” Verb Complement + ?
Am I going to study Biology?
Are you going to eat fast food?
Is he going to marry her?
Is she going to buy a nice dress?
Is it going to sleep deeply?
Are we going to dance tonight?
Are they going to rent a car?
Are you going to get sick?
Wh / Word + Am / Are / Is + Subject + Going To + Verb + Complement + ?
Wh / Word Am / Are / Is Subject Going To Verb Complement +?
Where am I going to stay tonight?
How are you going to do it?
Why is he going to study Math?
Who is she going to study with?
Where is it going to stay tonight?
Why are we going to pray for him?
Where are they going to get together?
Why are you going to talk to him?

10) Future Progressive With the Auxiliary “Be Going To”: Simple Future Tense structures
are used for scheduled actions that are going to take place in a future in a progressive way.
Subject + Am / Are / Is + Going To + Be + Verb + ING + Complement +.
Subject Am / Are / Is “Going To” Be Verb + ING Complement + .
I am going to be studying Biology.
You are going to be eating fast food.
He is going to be marrying her.
She is going to be buying a nice dress.
It is going to be sleeping deeply.
We are going to be dancing tonight.
They are going to be renting a car.
You are going to be getting sick.
Subject + Am / Are / Is + Not + Going To + Be + Verb + ING + Complement +.
Subject Am / Are / Is + Not “Going To” Be Verb + ING Complement + .
I am not (I’m not) going to be studying Biology.
You are (aren’t) going to be eating fast food.
He is (isn’t) going to be marrying her.
She is (isn’t) going to be buying a nice dress.
It is (isn’t) going to be sleeping deeply.
We are (aren’t) going to be dancing tonight.
They are (aren’t) going to be renting a car.
You are (aren’t) going to be getting sick.

Am / Are / Is + Subject + Going To + Be + Verb + ING + Complement + ?
Am / Are / Is Subject “Going To” Be Verb + ING Complement + ?
Am I going to be studying Biology?
Are you going to be eating fast food?
Is he going to be marrying her?
Is she going to be buying a nice dress?
Is it going to be sleeping deeply?
Are we going to be dancing tonight?
Are they going to be renting a car?
Are you going to be getting sick?
Wh / Word + Am / Are / Is + Subject + Going To + Be + Verb + ING + Complement + ?
Wh / Word Am / Are / Is Subject Going To Be Verb + ING Complement +?
Where am I going to be studying tonight?
Where are you going to be eating that?
Why is he going to be studying Math?
Who is she going to be working with?
Where is it going to be sleeping tonight?
Why are we going to be doing that for him?
Where are they going to be living together?
Why are you going to be crying about the test?

11) Future Perfect Tense With the Auxiliary “Be Going To”: Future Perfect Tense
structures are used to indicate that an action will have already taken place by the time
another action has just started.
Subject + Am / Are / Is + Going To + Have + Past Participle + Complement +.
Subject Am / Are / Is “Going To” Have Past Participle Complement + .
I am going to have eaten by that time.
You are going to have eaten by that time.
He is going to have eaten by that time.
She is going to have eaten by that time.
It is going to have eaten by that time.
We are going to have eaten by that time.
They are going to have eaten by that time.
You are going to have eaten by that time.
Subject + Am / Are / Is + Not + Going To + Have + Past Participle + Complement +.
Subject Am / Are / Is + Not “Going To” Have Past Participle Complement + .
I am (I’m not) going to have eaten by that time.
You are not (aren’t) going to have eaten by that time.
He is not (isn’t) going to have eaten by that time.
She is not (isn’t) going to have eaten by that time.
It is not (isn’t) going to have eaten by that time.
We are not (aren’t) going to have eaten by that time.
They are not (aren’t) going to have eaten by that time.
You are not (aren’t) going to have eaten by that time.

Am / Are / Is + Subject + Going To + Have + Past Participle + Complement + ?
Am / Are / Is Subject “Going To” Have Past Participle Complement + ?
Am I going to have eaten by that time?
Are you going to have eaten by that time?
Is he going to have eaten by that time?
Is she going to have eaten by that time?
Is it going to have eaten by that time?
Are we going to have eaten by that time?
Are are going to have eaten by that time?
Are you going to have eaten by that time?
Wh / Word + Am / Are / Is + Subject + Going To + Have + Past Participle + Complement + ?
Wh / Word Am / Are / Is Subject “Going To” Have Past Participle Complement + ?
What am I going to have eaten by that time?
What are you going to have eaten by that time?
What is he going to have eaten by that time?
What is she going to have eaten by that time?
What is it going to have eaten by that time?
What are we going to have eaten by that time?
What are are going to have eaten by that time?
What are you going to have eaten by that time?
12) Future Perfect Progressive Tense With the Auxiliary “Be Going To”: Future Perfect
Tense structures are used to indicate that an action will have already taken place by the
time another action has just started. The action will be in progress in the future.
Subject + Am / Are / Is + Going To + Have + Been + Verb + ING + Complement +.
Subject Am / Are / Is “Going To” Have Been Verb + ING Complement + .
I am going to have been working by that time.
You are going to have been working by that time.
He is going to have been working by that time.
She is going to have been working by that time.
It is going to have been working by that time.
We are going to have been working by that time.
They are going to have been working by that time.
You are going to have been working by that time.
Subject + Am / Are / Is + Not + Going To + Have + Been + Verb + ING + Complement +.
Subject Am / Are / Is + Not “Going To” Have Been Verb + ING Complement + .
I am (I’m not) going to have been working by that time.
You are not (aren’t) going to have been working by that time.
He is not (isn’t) going to have been working by that time.
She is not (isn’t) going to have been working by that time.
It is not (isn’t) going to have been working by that time.
We are not (aren’t) going to have been working by that time.
They are not (aren’t) going to have been working by that time.
You are not (aren’t) going to have been working by that time.
Am / Are / Is + Subject + Going To + Have + Been + Verb + ING + Complement + ?
Am / Are / Is + Not Subject “Going To” Have Been Verb + ING Complement + ?
Am I going to have been working by that time?
Are you going to have been working by that time?
Is he going to have been working by that time?
Is she going to have been working by that time?
Is it going to have been working by that time?
Are we going to have been working by that time?
Are they going to have been working by that time?
Are you going to have been working by that time?
Wh / Word + Am / Are / Is + Subject + Going To + Have + Been + Verb + ING + Complement + ?
Wh / Word Am / Are / Subject “Going to” Have Been Verb + ING Complement + ?
Is
Where am I going to have been working by that time?
Where are you going to have been working by that time?
Where is he going to have been working by that time?
Where is she going to have been working by that time?
Where is it going to have been working by that time?
Where are we going to have been working by that time?
Where are they going to have been working by that time?
Where are you going to have been working by that time?
13) With the Auxiliary “Will”: Simple Future Tense structures containing the auxiliary “Will”
are used to indicate spontaneity and willingness. The action is not planned or scheduled.
For example, in a conversation, if one of the speakers volunteers to do something without
being asked to do it, that person is really likely to use the structure “Will + Verb” instead of
using the grammatical pattern “Be Going To”. The auxiliary “Will” is also used to indicate
that an action will happen for sure. When the speaker is so sure about the fact that the
action is going to happen for real, he/she might use the auxiliary “Will”.
Subject + Will + Verb (IT MUST BE CONJUGATED IN SIMPLE FORM) + Complement + .
Subject Will + Verb Complement (s) +.
I will help you.
You will help them.
He will help you.
She will help you.
It will help you.
We will help you.
They will help you.
You will help them.
Subject + Will Not (Won’t) + Verb (Simple Form) + Complement + .
Subject Will + Not Verb Complement (s) +.
I will not (won’t) help you.
You will not (won’t) help them.
He will not (won’t) help you.
She will not (won’t) help you.
It will not (won’t) help you.
We will not (won’t) help you.
They will not (won’t) help you.
You will not (won’t) help them.

13.3) Yes / No Questions
Will + Subject + Verb (Simple Form) + Complement + ?
Will Subject Verb Complement (s) +?
Will I help you?
Will you help them?
Will he help you?
Will she help you?
Will it help you?
Will we help you?
Will they help you?
Will you help them?
Wh/ Word + Will + Verb (Simple Form) + Complement + ?
Wh / Word Will Subject Verb Complement (s) +?
What will I help you with?
How will you help them?
Why will he help you?
What will she help you with?
How will it help you?
Why will we help you?
Why will they help you?
Why will you help them?
14) Future Progressive with “Will”: Simple Future Progressive Tense structures are used to
describe actives which will take place in the future. The action will be in progress at the
moment of using this grammatical tense.
Subject + Will + Be + Verb + ING + Complement +.
Subject Will Be Verb + ING Complement(s) + .
I will be cooking tomorrow.
You will be studying tomorrow.
He will be working tomorrow.
She will be writing tomorrow.
It will be reading tomorrow.
We will be eating tomorrow.
They will be coming tomorrow.
You will be buying a car tomorrow.
Subject + Will Not (Won’t) + Be + Verb + ING + Complement+.
Subject Will Not (Won’t) Be Verb + ING Complement(s) + .
I will not (won’t) be cooking tomorrow.
You will not (won’t) be studying tomorrow.
He will not (won’t) be working tomorrow.
She will not (won’t) be writing tomorrow.
It will not (won’t) be reading tomorrow.
We will not (won’t) be eating tomorrow.
They will not (won’t) be coming tomorrow.
You will not (won’t) be buying a car really soon.

Will + Subject + Verb + ING + Complement +?
Will Subject Be Verb + ING Complement(s) +?
Will I be cooking tomorrow?
Will you be studying tomorrow?
Will he be working tomorrow?
Will she be writing tomorrow?
Will it be reading tomorrow?
Will we be eating tomorrow?
Will they be coming tomorrow?
Will you be buying a car really soon?
Wh / Word + Will + Subject + Be + Verb + ING + Complement + ?
Wh / Word Will Subject Be Verb + ING Complement +?
Where will I be studying English next year?
What will you be doing tomorrow?
What will he be studying tomorrow?
When will she be coming back?
Where will it be eating tomorrow?
Why will we be doing this?
Where will they be studying French?
Why will you be reading that book?
15) Future Perfect Tense: The Future Perfect Tense expresses actions in the future that
indicate that one action will be finished by the time another action takes place. For example:
• The train will leave the station at 9 a.m. You will arrive at the station at 9:15 a.m. When you
arrive, the train will have left.
Look at some more examples:
• By the time John arrives, I will have left the house.

• By the time she calls me, I will have gone to bed.
Subject + Will + Have + Past Participle (P.P.) + Complement + .
Subject Will + Have Past Participle Complement (s) +.
I will have eaten by that time tomorrow.
You will have eaten by that time tomorrow.
He will have eaten by that time tomorrow.
She will have eaten by that time tomorrow.
It will have eaten by that time tomorrow.
We will have eaten by that time tomorrow.
They will have eaten by that time tomorrow.
You will have eaten by that time tomorrow.
Subject + Will + Not + Have + Past Participle (P.P.) + Complement + .
Subject Will + Not + Have Past Participle Complement (s) +.
I will not (won’t) have eaten by that time tomorrow.
You will not (won’t) have eaten by that time tomorrow.
He will not (won’t) have eaten by that time tomorrow.
She will not (won’t) have eaten by that time tomorrow.
It will not (won’t) have eaten by that time tomorrow.
We will not (won’t) have eaten by that time tomorrow.
They will not (won’t) have eaten by that time tomorrow.
You will not (won’t) have eaten by that time tomorrow.

Will + Subject + Past Participle (P.P.) + Complement + ?
Will Subject Have Past Participle Complement (s) +?
Will I have spoken English by that time?
Will you have spoken English by that time?
Will he have spoken English by that time?
Will she have spoken English by that time?
Will it have spoken English by that time?
Will we have spoken English by that time?
Will they have spoken English by that time?
Will you have spoken English by that time?
Wh / Word + Will + Subject + Have + Past Participle (P.P.) + Complement + ?
Wh / Word Will Subject Have Past Participle Complement+?
Where will I have eaten by this time tomorrow?
Where will you have been by this time tomorrow?
Why will he have cried by this time tomorrow?
What will she have done by this time tomorrow?
Where will it have gone by this time tomorrow?
What will we have studied by this time tomorrow?
What will they have done by this time tomorrow?
Why will you have suffered by this time tomorrow?
16) Future Perfect Progressive: The Future Perfect Progressive Tense indicates a
continuous action that will be completed at some point in the future. This tense is formed
with the modal "WILL" plus the modal "HAVE" plus "BEEN" plus the Present Participle of
the verb (with an -ing ending): "Next Thursday, I will have been working on this project for
three years."
Subject + Will + Have + Been + Verb + ING + Complement + .
Subject Will Have + Been Verb + ING Complement (s) +.
I will have been studying English.
You will have been studying English.
He will has been studying English.
She will has been studying English.
It will has been studying English.
We will have been studying English.
They will have been studying English.
You will have been studying English.
Subject + Will + Not + Have + Been + Verb + ING + Complement + .
Subject Will + Not (Won’t) Have + Been Verb + ING Complement +.
I will not (won’t) have been studying English.
You will not (won’t) have been studying English.
He will not (won’t) have been studying English.
She will not (won’t) have been studying English.
It will not (won’t) have been studying English.
We will not (won’t) have been studying English.
They will not (won’t) have been studying English.
You will not (won’t) have been studying English.

Will + Subject + Have + Been + Verb + ING + Complement + ?
Will Subject Have + Been Verb + ING Complement (s) +?
Will I have been speaking English by this time tomorrow?
Will you have been speaking English by this time tomorrow?
Will he have been speaking English by this time tomorrow?
Will she have been speaking English by this time tomorrow?
Will it have been speaking English by this time tomorrow?
Will we have been speaking English by this time tomorrow?
Will they have been speaking English by this time tomorrow?
Will you have been speaking English by this time tomorrow?
Wh / Word + Will + Subject + Have + Been + Verb + ING + Complement + ?
Wh / Word Will Subject Have + Been Verb + ING Complement +?
What will I have been doing by this time tomorrow?
Where will you have been studying by this time tomorrow?
Why will he have been crying by this time tomorrow?
What will she have been drinking by this time tomorrow?
Where will it have been sleeping by this time tomorrow?
What will we have been studying by this time tomorrow?
Where will they have been studying by this time tomorrow?
Why will you have been speaking by this time tomorrow?

REVIEW
GRAMMAR TENSE AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
Simple Present She works hard. She does not work hard.
Present Progressive She is working hard. She is not working hard.
Present Perfect She has worked hard. She has not worked hard.
Present Perfect Progressive She has been working hard. She has not been working hard.
Simple Past She worked hard. She did not work hard.
Past Progressive She was working hard. She was not working hard.
Past Perfect She had worked hard. She had not worked hard.
Past Perfect Progressive She had been working hard. She had not been working hard.
Simple Future (Will) She will work hard. She will not work hard.
Future Progressive (Will) She will be working hard. She will not be working hard.
Future Perfect (Will) She will have worked hard. She will not have worked hard.
Future Perfect Progressive (Will) She will have been working hard. She will have not been working hard.
Simple Future (Be Going To) She is going to work hard. She is not going to work hard.
Future Progressive (Be Going To) She is going to be working hard. She is not going to be working hard.
Future Perfect (Be Going To) She is going to have worked hard. She is not going to have worked hard.
Present Perfect Progressive (Be Going to) She is going to have been working hard. She is not going to have been working
hard.
Passive Voice and Active Voice
Spanish differs from English drastically. As a matter of fact, English native speakers have
several grammatical patterns which are considered really complex while Spanish speakers use
less complicated grammatical patterns. For example, students learning English as a second
language have such a hard time when learning English Passive Voice Patterns because they do
not use those structures in Spanish.
It is also important to understand that English speakers use Passive Voice Structures
instead of Active Voice Patterns. Remember that Spanish speakers almost never use Passive
Voice Patterns due to the fact that Spanish is considered an active language. Take a look at the
example provided above:
ACTIVE: Mary buys some flowers.
PASSIVE: Some flowers are bought by Mary.
ACTIVE: Mary bought a house.
PASSIVE: A house was bought by Mary.
The main difference between Passive and Active Voice is highly related to the grammatical
Structure that performs the action of the whole sentence. For example, in the case of Active
Sentences, the subject of the sentence is the one performing the action of it while in the case of
Passive Sentences, the Direct Object is the one getting the action of the structure. In order to get
English naturalness, it is so important to use the same patterns that native speakers use at the
moment of speaking. In fact, Passive Voice is considered a distinguishing characteristic of English.
There are several grammatical patterns that should be followed to change Active
Sentences into Passive ones and/or vice-versa. Look at the ones provided below:
1) SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

DIRECT OBJECT + AM / ARE / IS + PAST PARTICIPLE + BY – PHRASE + .
Costa Ricans speak Spanish. Spanish is spoken by Costa Ricans.
Subject Verb D.O. Subject Verb By - Phrase
2) PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
DIRECT OBJECT + AM / ARE / IS + BEING + PAST PARTICIPLE + BY – PHRASE +.
She is sending an e-mail. An e-mail is being sent by her.
Subject Verb D.O. Subject Verb By – Phrase
3) PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

DIRECT OBJECT + HAS / HAVE + BEEN + PAST PARTICIPLE + BY – PHRASE +.
Peter has bought a house. A house has been bought by Peter.

4) PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

DIRECT OBJECT + HAS / HAVE + BEEN + BEING + PAST PARTICIPLE + BY – PHRASE+.
Mary has been making some copies. Some copies have been being made by Mary.
5) SIMPLE PAST TENSE

DIRECT OBJECT + WAS / WERE + PAST PARTICIPLE + BY – PHARSE +.
Mary took a test yesterday. A test was taken by Mary yesterday.

Subject Verb D.O. Complement Subject Verb By – Phrase Adverbial
6) PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE

DIRECT OBJECT + WAS / WERE + BEING + PAST PARTICIPLE + BY – PHRASE +.
Chelsea was doing some homework. Some homework was being done by Chelsea.
7) PAST PERFECT TENSE

DIRECT OBJECT + HAD + BEEN + PAST PARTICIPLE + BY – PHRASE +.
Mary had made a terrible mistake. A terrible mistake had been made by Mary.
8) PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

DIRECT OBJECT + HAD + BEEN + BEING + PAST PARTICIPLE + BY – PHRASE +.
Mary had been doing some homework. Some homework had been being done by Mary.
9) SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE (WITH “WILL”)

DIRECT OBJECT + WILL + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE + BY – PHRASE + .
They will buy a house. A house will be bought by them.

10) FUTURE PROGRESSIVE TENSE (WITH “WILL”)
DIRECT OBJECT + WILL + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE + BY – PHRASE +.
Mary will be doing some homework. Some homework will be done by Mary.
11) FUTURE PERFECT TENSE (WITH “WILL”)

DIRECT OBJECT + WILL + HAVE + BEEN + PAST PARTICIPLE + BY – PHRASE +.
She will have bought a house by next year. A house will have been bought by her.
Subject Verb D.O. Complement Subject Verb By – Phrase
12) FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE (WITH “WILL”)

DIRECT OBJECT + WILL + HAVE + BEEN + BEING + PAST PARTICIPLE + BY –
PHRASE +.
They will have been serving the dinner. Dinner will have been being served by them.
13) SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE (WITH “BE GOING TO”)

DIRECT OBJECT + AM/ARE/IS + GOING TO + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE + BY –
PHRASE + .
They are going to buy a house. A house is going to be bought by them.

14) FUTURE PROGRESSIVE TENSE (WITH “BE GOING TO”)

DIRECT OBJECT + AM/ARE/IS + GOING TO + BE + BEING + PAST PARTICIPLE +
BY – PHRASE + .
She is going to be doing some homework. Some homework is going to be being done by her.
15) FUTURE PERFECT TENSE (WITH “BE GOING TO”)

DIRECT OBJECT + AM/ARE/IS + GOING TO + HAVE + BEEN + PAST PARTICIPLE +
BY – PHRASE + .
She is going to have bought a house. A house is going to have been bought by her.
16) FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE (WITH “BE GOING TO”)

DIRECT OBJECT + AM/ARE/IS + GOING TO + HAVE + BEEN + BEING + PAST
PARTICIPLE + BY – PHRASE + .
They are going to have been serving dinner. Dinner is going to have been being served by them.
Subject Verb D.O Subject Verb By – Phrase
SUMMARY
SIMPLE PRESENT
Mary teaches French. French is taught by Mary.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Mary is teaching French. French is being taught by Mary.
PRESENT PERFECT
Mary has taught French. French has been taught by Mary.
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Mary has been teaching French. French has been being taught by Mary.
SIMPLE PAST
Mary taught French. French was taught by Mary.
PAST PROGRESSIVE
Mary was teaching French. French was being taught by Mary.
PAST PERFECT
Mary had taught French. French had been taught by Mary.
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Mary had been teaching French. French had been being taught by Mary.
SIMPLE FUTURE (WILL)

Mary will teach French. French will be taught by Mary.
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE (WILL)

Mary will be teaching French. French will be being taught by Mary.
FUTURE PERFECT (WILL)

Mary will have taught French. French will have been taught by Mary.
FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (WILL)

Mary will have been teaching French. French will have been being taught by Mary.
SIMPLE FUTURE (BE GOING TO)

Mary is going to teach French. French is going to be taught by Mary.
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE (BE GOING TO)

Mary is going to be teaching French. French is going to be being taught by Mary.
FUTURE PERFECT (BE GOING TO)

Mary is going to have taught French. French is going to have been taught by Mary.
FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (BE GOING TO)

Mary is going to have been teaching French. French is going to have been being taught by Mary.

Verbal Tenses 2021

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Verbal Tenses 2021

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Grammatical Review

Written by Professor MSc. Greivin Alberto Umaña Sánchez

1.a.1) Affirmative Sentences:

Subject + Am / Are / Is + Complement (Subject Complement or Adverbial) +.

Subject Am / Are / Is Complement (s) + .

You are nice.

They are brothers.

You are my best friends.

1.a.2) Negative Sentences:

Subject + Am / Are / Is + Not + Complement (Subject Complement or Adverbial) +.

Subject Am / Are / Is + Not Complement (s) +.

I am not (am not) here.

You are not (aren’t) nice.

He is not (isn’t) handsome.

She is not (isn’t) beautiful.

It is not (isn’t) my dog.

They are not (aren’t) brothers.

You are not (aren’t) my best friends.

1.a.3) Yes / No Questions:

Am / Are / Is + Subject + Complement + (Subject Complement or Adverbial) +?

Am / Are / Is Subject Complement (s) +?

Are you nice?

Are they brothers?

Are you my best friends?

1.a.4) Wh / Questions or Information Questions:

Wh / Word + Am / Are / Is + Subject + Complement + ?

Wh / Word Am / Are / Is Subject Complement (s) +?

How are you today?

Why are we tired?

Where are they now?

Why are you here?

1.b.1) Affirmative Sentences:

Subject + Verb (IT MUST BE CONJUGATED) + Complement + .

Subject Verb Complement (s) +.

You speak English.

She speaks English.

They speak English.

You speak English.

Rules for Third Singular – Person Verbs

Subject Verb Complement (s) +.

She goes to the beach.

She kisses me.

She washes her face.

She fixes her car.

Subject Verb Complement (s) +.

She studies French.

Subject Verb Complement (s) +.

She plays chess.

4) The verb “To Have” has its own conjugation (Has).

Subject Verb Complement (s) +.

She has a problem.

5) Any other verb, you just add “-s” to the verb.

Subject Verb Complement (s) +.

I want some water.

She wants some water.

1.b.2) Negative Sentences: In order to make negative sentences in English, it is important to

DO = (I – YOU – WE – THEY – YOU)

Subject Do Not / Does Not Complement (s) +.

I do not (don’t) speak English.

You do not (don’t) speak English.

He does not (doesn’t) speak English.

She does not (doesn’t) speak English.

It does not (doesn’t) speak English.