Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Reinforced Concrete
Design-II
By: Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
www.drqaisarali.com

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 1

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Course Introduction

 OBE Course Content Fall 2019

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Grading Policy

 Mid Term = 20 %

 Final Term = 60 %

 Class participation = 20 %
 Assignments = 08 % (3 Assignments)

 Quizzes = 12 % (3 Quizzes)
Assignments & Quizzes Schedule

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Lectures Availability

 Previous version of all lectures are available on the

website.

 Updated lecture will be upload upon completion.

www.drqaisarali.com

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Lecture-01

Introduction
By: Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
www.drqaisarali.com

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Topics

 Concept of Demand and Capacity

 Flexural Design of Beams using ACI Recommendations

 Shear Design of Beams using ACI Recommendations

 Examples

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Objectives

At the end of the lecture students will be able to;

 Explain Difference between Demand and Capacity

 Compare Working stress method with Strength Design

method

 Analyze and Design Beams for shear and flexure using

ACI Recommendations

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 7

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Concept of Capacity and Demand

 Demand
 Demand on a structure refers to all external actions.

 Gravity, wind, earthquake, snow are external actions.

 These actions when act on the structure will induce internal

disturbance(s) in the structure in the form of stresses (such
as compression, tension, bending, shear and torsion).

The internal stresses are also called load effects.

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Concept of Capacity and Demand

 Capacity

 The overall ability of a structure to carry an imposed

demand.

Applied Load
Beam will resist the (Demand)

applied load up to its

capacity and will fail
when demand exceeds
capacity

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 9

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Concept of Capacity and Demand

 Failure

 Occurs when Capacity is less than Demand.

 To avoid failure, capacity to demand ratio should be kept

greater than one, or at least equal to one.

 It is, however, intuitive to have some margin of safety i.e., to

have capacity to demand ratio more than one. How much?

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Concept of Capacity and Demand

 Failure

Failure (Capacity < Demand)

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Concept of Capacity and Demand

 Example 1.1

 Calculate demand in the form of stresses or load effects on

the given concrete pad of size 12″ × 12″.

50 Tons
Concrete pad

12″
12″

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Concept of Capacity and Demand

 Example 1.1

 Solution: Based on convenience either the loads or the load

effects as demand are compared to the load carrying
capacity of the structure in the relevant units.

Demand in the form of load: 50 Tons

Capacity of the pad in the form
Load = 50 Tons
of resistance should be able to
carry a stress of 765.27 psi.
Demand in the form of Load effects:
In other words, the compressive
The effect of load on the pad will be
strength of concrete pad
a compressive stress equal to load
(capacity) should be more than
divided by the area of the pad. 12″
765.27 psi (demand).
Load Effect=(50 × 2204)/ (12 × 12)
= 765.27 psi
12″

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Concept of Capacity and Demand

 Example 1.2

 Determine capacity to demand ratio for the pad of example

1.1 for the following capacities given in the form of
compressive strength of concrete (i) 500 psi (ii) 765.27 psi
(iii) 1000 psi (iv) 2000 psi. Comment on the results?

50 Tons

12″
12″
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Concept of Capacity and Demand

 Example 1.2
 Solution: As calculated in example 1.1, demand = 765.27 psi.
Therefore capacity to demand ratios are as under:
i. Capacity/ Demand = 500 / 765.27 = 0.653 (Failure)

ii. 765.27/ 765.27 = 1.0 (Capacity just equal to Demand)

iii. 1000/ 765.27 = 1.3 (Capacity is 1.3 times greater than Demand)

iv. 2000/ 765.27 = 2.6 (Capacity is 2.6 times greater than Demand)

 In (iii) and (iv), there is some margin of safety normally called as

factor of safety.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Concept of Capacity and Demand

 Safety Factor
 It is always better to have a factor of safety in our designs.

 It can be achieved easily if we fix the ratio of capacity to

demand greater than 1.0, say 1.5, 2.0 or so, as shown in
example 1.2.

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Concept of Capacity and Demand

 Safety Factor
 For certain reasons, however, let say we insist on a factor of
safety such that capacity to demand ratio still remains 1.0.
Then there are three ways of doing this:
 Take an increased demand instead of actual demand (load),
e.g. 70 ton instead of 50 ton in the previous example,

 Take a reduced capacity instead of actual capacity such as

1500 psi for concrete whose actual strength is 3000 psi

 Doing both.

 How are these three situations achieved?

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Concept of Capacity and Demand

 Working Stress Method
 In the Working Stress or Allowable Stress Design method,
the material strength is knowingly taken less than the actual
e.g. half of the actual to provide a factor of safety equal to
2.0.

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Concept of Capacity and Demand

 Strength Design Method
 In the Strength Design method, the increased loads and the
reduced strength of the material are considered, but both based on
scientific rationale. For example, it is quite possible that during the
life span of a structure, dead and live loads increase.

 The factors of 1.2 and 1.6 used by ACI 318-14 (Building code
requirements for structural concrete, American Concrete Institute
committee 318) as load amplification factors for dead load and live
load respectively are based on probability based research studies.

 Note: We shall be following ACI 318-14 throughout this course.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Concept of Capacity and Demand

 Strength Design Method
 Similarly, the strength is not reduced arbitrarily but
considering the fact that variation in strength is possible due
to imperfections, age factor etc. Strength reduction factors
are used for this purpose.

 Factor of safety in Strength Design method is thus the

combined effect of increased load and reduced strength,
both modified based on a valid rationale.

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Concept of Capacity and Demand

 About Ton
 1 metric ton = 1000 kg or 2204 pound

 1 long ton: In the U.S., a long ton = 2240 pound

 1 short ton: In the U.S., a short ton = 2000 pound

 In Pakistan, the use of metric ton is very common; therefore

we will refer to Metric Ton in our discussion.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Concept of Capacity and Demand

 Example 1.3
 Design the 12″ × 12″ pad to carry a load of 200 tons. The
area of the pad cannot be increased for some reasons.
 Concrete strength (fc′) = 3 ksi, therefore

 Allowable strength = fc′/2 = 1.5 ksi (for Working Stress method)

200 Tons
Concrete pad

12″
12″
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Concept of Capacity and Demand

 Example 1.3
 Solution:
 Demand in the form of load (P) = 200 Tons = 200 × 2204/1000 = 440.8 kips

 Demand in the form of load effects (Stress) = (200 × 2204)/ (12 × 12)

= 3061.11 psi = 3.0611 ksi

 Capacity in the form of strength = 1.5 ksi (less than the demand of 3.0611 ksi).

 There are two possibilities to solve this problem:

 Increase area of the pad (geometry); it cannot be done as required in the example.

 Increase the strength by using some other material; using high strength concrete,
steel or other material; economical is to use concrete and steel combine.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Concept of Capacity and Demand

 Example 1.3
 Solution:
 Let us assume that we want to use steel bar reinforcement of yield strength fy = 40 ksi. Then
capacity to be provided combinedly by both materials should be at least equal to the
demand. And let us follow the Working Stress approach, then:

 {P = Rc + Rs (Demand=Capacity)} (Force units)

 Capacity of pad = Acfc′/2 + Asfy/2 (Force units)

 Therefore,

440.8 = (144 × 3/2) + (As × 40/2)

 As = 11.24 in2 (Think on how to provide this much area of steel? This is how compression
members are designed against axial loading).

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Concept of Capacity and Demand

 Example 1.4
 Check the capacity of the plain concrete beam given in figure
below against flexural stresses within the linear elastic range.
Concrete compressive strength (fc′) = 3 ksi

2.0 kip/ft

20″
20′-0″

12″

Beam section
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 25

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Concept of Capacity and Demand

 Example 1.4
 Solution:
 M = wl2/8 = {2.0 × (20)2/8} × 12 = 1200 in-kips

 Self-weight of beam (w/ft) = (12 × 20 × 0.145/144) = 0.24167 k/ft

 Msw (moment due to self-weight of beam) = (0.24167×202×12/8) = 145

in-kips

 M (total) = 1200 + 145 = 1345 in-kips

 In the linear elastic range, flexural stress in concrete beam can be

calculated as:

 ƒ = My/I (linear elastic range)

 Therefore, M = ƒI/y

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Concept of Capacity and Demand

 Example 1.4
 Solution:
 y = (20/2) = 10″ ; I = 12 × 203/12 = 8000 in4

 ƒ =?

 The lower fibers of the given beam will be subjected to tensile

stresses. The tensile strength of concrete (Modulus of rupture) is
given by ACI code as 7.5 f′ୡ, (ACI 24.5.2.1).

 Therefore, ƒtension = 7.5 f′ୡ = 7.5 × 3000 = 411 psi

 Hence M = Capacity of concrete in bending = 411 × 8000/ (10 × 1000)

= 328.8 in-kips

 Therefore, Demand = 1345 in-kips and Capacity = 328.8 in-kips

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 27

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Flexural Design of Beams Using ACI

Recommendations

 Load combinations: ACI 318-14, Section 5.3.

Table 5.3.1 - Load combinations

Load combination Equation Primary load

U = 1.4D (5.3.1a) D

U = 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) (5.3.1b) L

U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.5W) (5.3.1c) Lr or S or R

U = 1.2D + 1.0W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) (5.3.1d) W

U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S (5.3.1e) E

U = 0.9D + 1.0W (5.3.1f) W

U = 0.9D + 1.0E (5.3.1g) E

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Flexural Design of Beams Using ACI

Recommendations

 Strength Reduction Factors: ACI 318-14, Section 21.2.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Flexural Design of Beams Using ACI

Recommendations
 Design:
 ΦMn ≥ Mu (ΦMn is Mdesign or Mcapacity)

For ΦMn = Mu

 As = Mu/ {Φfy (d – a/2)}

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Flexural Design of Beams Using ACI

Recommendations
 Design:

 ρmin = 3 fc′ /fy ≥ 200/fy (ACI 9.6.1.2)

 ρmax = 0.85β1(fc′/fy){εu/(εu + εt)}

 Where,

εu = 0.003

εt = Net tensile strain (ACI 21.2.2). When εt = 0.005, Φ = 0.9 for

flexural design.

β1= 0.85 (for fc′ ≤ 4000 psi (ACI 22.2.2.4.3)

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Flexural Design of Beams Using ACI

Recommendations
 Design:

ρmax and ρmin for various values of fc′ and fy

Table 01: Maximum & Minimum Reinforcement Ratios

fc′ (psi) 3000 4000 5000

fy (psi) 40000 60000 40000 60000 40000 60000

ρmin 0.005 0.0033 0.005 0.0033 0.0053 0.0035

ρmax 0.0203 0.0135 0.027 0.018 0.0319 0.0213

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Shear Design of Beams using ACI

Recommendations

 ΦVc = (Capacity of concrete in shear) = Φ2 f′ୡ bwd (ACI 22.5.5.1)

 When ΦVc/2 ≥ Vu, no web reinforcement is required.

 When ΦVc ≥ Vu, theoretically no web reinforcement is required.

However as long as ΦVc/2 is not greater than Vu, ACI 10.6.2.2
recommends minimum web reinforcement.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 33

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Shear Design of Beams using ACI

Recommendations

 Maximum spacing and minimum reinforcement

requirement as permitted by ACI 9.7.6.2.2 and
10.6.2.2 shall be minimum of:

 smax = Avfy/(50bw),

 d/2

 24 inches

 Avfy/ {0.75 f′ୡ bw}

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Shear Design of Beams using ACI

Recommendations

 When ΦVc < Vu, web reinforcement is required as:

Vu = ΦVc + ΦVs

ΦVs = Vu – ΦVc

ΦAvfyd/s = Vu – ΦVc

s = ΦAvfyd/(Vu – ΦVc)

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Shear Design of Beams using ACI

Recommendations

 Check for Depth of Beam:

ΦVs ≤ Φ8 f′ୡ bwd (ACI 22.5.1.2)

If not satisfied, increase depth of beam.

 Check for Spacing:

ΦVs ≤ Φ4 f′ୡ bwd (ACI 10.7.6.5.2)

If not satisfied, reduce maximum spacing requirement by one

half.

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Shear Design of Beams using ACI

Recommendations

Placement of Shear Reinforcement

Sd = Design Spacing (ΦVc < Vu )

Smax = Maximum Spacing (ΦVc > Vu)

“Vu” is the shear force at distance “d” from the face of the support.
“ΦVc” and “ΦVc/2” are plotted on shear force diagram.
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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 1.5

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Design the beam shown below as per ACI 318-14.

W D.L = 1.0 kip/ft

W L.L = 1.5 kip/ft

20′-0″

Take f ′c = 3 ksi & fy = 40 ksi

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Example 1.5

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:
 Step No. 01: Sizes.
 For 20′ length, a 20″ deep beam would be appropriate
(assumption).

 Width of beam cross section (bw) = 14″ (assumption)

W D.L = 1.0 kip/ft

W L.L = 1.5 kip/ft 20″

14″
20′-0″
Beam section
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 39

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 1.5

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:
 Step No. 02: Loads.
 Self weight of beam = γcbwh = 0.15 × (14 × 20/144) = 0.292 kips/ft

 W u = 1.2D.L + 1.6L.L (ACI 5.3)

= 1.2 × (1.0 + 0.292) + 1.6 × 1.5 = 3.9504 kips/ft

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Example 1.5

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:
 Step No. 03: Analysis.
 Flexural Analysis:

Mu = W u l2/8 = 3.9504 × (20)2 × 12/8 = 2370.24 in-kips

3.9504 kip/ft
 Analysis for Shear in beam:

The design shear force is find at a distance of d 33.74 kips

39.50
from the face of support as given below. SFD

Vu = 39.5 × {10 – (17.5/12)}/10 = 33.74 k 2370.24

BMD

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 41

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 1.5

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for flexure:

 ΦMn ≥ Mu (ΦMn is Mdesign or Mcapacity)

 For ΦMn = Mu

 ΦAsfy(d – a/2) = Mu

 As = Mu/ {Φfy (d – a/2)}

 Calculate “As” by trial and success method.

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Example 1.5

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for flexure:

 First Trial:

 Assume a = 4″

 As = 2370.24 / [0.9 × 40 × {17.5 – (4/2)}] = 4.25 in2

 a = Asfy/ (0.85fc′bw)

 = 4.25 × 40/ (0.85 × 3 × 14) = 4.76 inches

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE-416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 43

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 1.5

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for flexure:

 Second Trial: • As = 2370.24 / [0.9 × 40 × {17.5 – (4.76/2)}] = 4.35 in2

• a = 4.35 × 40/ (0.85 × 3 × 14) = 4.88 inches

 Third Trial: • As = 2370.24 / [0.9 × 40 × {17.5 – (4.88/2)}] = 4.37 in2

• a = 4.37 × 40/ (0.85 × 3 × 14) = 4.90 inches

 Close enough to the previous value of “a” so that As = 4.37 in2 O.K

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Example 1.5

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for flexure:

 Check for maximum and minimum reinforcement allowed by ACI:

 ρmin = 3 f′ୡ /fy ≥ 200/fy (ACI 9.6.1.2)

 3 × 3000 /40000 = 0.004

 200/40000 = 0.005

 Therefore, ρmin = 0.005

 Asmin = ρminbwd = 0.005 × 14 × 17.5 = 1.225 in2

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 1.5
 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:
 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for flexure:

 ρmax = 0.85β1(fc′/fy){εu/(εu + εt)}

 εt = Net tensile strain (ACI 21.2.2). When εt = 0.005, Φ = 0.9 for flexural design.

 β1= 0.85 (for fc′ ≤ 4000 psi (ACI 22.2.2.4.3)

 ρmax = 0.85 × 0.85 × (3/40) × (0.003/(0.003+0.005) = 0.0203 = 2 % of area of

concrete.

 Asmax = 0.0203 × 14 × 17.5 = 4.974 in2

 Asmin (1.225) < As (4.37) < Asmax (4.974) O.K

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Example 1.5

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for flexure:

 Bar Placement: 10 #6 bars will provide 4.40 in2 of steel area which is
slightly greater than required.

 Other options can be explored. For example,

 8 #7 bars (4.80 in2),
 6 #8 bars (4.74 in2),
 or combination of two different size bars.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 1.5

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for flexure:

 Curtailment of flexural reinforcement:

 Positive steel can be curtailed 50 % at a distance (l/8) from face of

the support.

 For Curtailment and bent up bar details refer to the following figures
provided at the end of this lecture:
 Graph A2 and A3 in “Appendix A” of Nilson 13th Ed.
 Figure 5.15 of chapter 5 in Nilson 13th Ed.

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Example 1.5

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for Shear:

 Vu = 33.74 kips

 ΦVc = (Capacity of concrete in shear) = Φ2 f′ୡ bwd

= 0.75×2× 3000 ×14×17.5/1000 = 20.13 k (Φ=0.75, ACI 21.2.1)

 As ΦVc < Vu, Shear reinforcement is required.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 1.5

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for Shear:

 Assuming #3, 2 legged (0.22 in2), vertical stirrups.

 Spacing required (Sd) = ΦAvfyd/ (Vu – ΦVc)

= 0.75×0.22×40×17.5/ (33.74–20.13) ≈ 8.5″

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Example 1.5

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for Shear:

 Maximum spacing and minimum reinforcement requirement as

permitted by ACI 9.7.6.2.2 and 10.6.2.2 is minimum of:
 smax = Avfy/(50bw) =0.22 × 40000/(50 × 14) = 12.57″
 smax = d/2 = 17.5/2 = 8.75″
 smax = 24″
 Avfy/ 0.75√(fc′)bw = 0.22×40000/ {(0.75×√(3000)×14} =15.30″
 Therefore smax = 8.75″

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 1.5

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for Shear:

 Other checks:

 Check for depth of beam:

ΦVs ≤ Φ8 f′ୡ bwd (ACI 22.5.1.2)

Φ8 f′ୡ bwd = 0.75 × 8 × 3000 × 14 × 17.5/1000 = 80.52 k

ΦVs = Vu – ΦVc = 33.74 – 20.13 =13.61 k < 80.52 k, O.K.

 Therefore depth is O.K. If not, increase depth of beam.

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Example 1.5

 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for Shear:

 Other checks:

 Check if “ΦVs ≤ Φ4 f′ୡ bwd” (ACI 10.7.6.5.2):

 If “ΦVs ≤ Φ4 f′ୡ bwd”, the maximum spacing (smax) is O.K. Otherwise

reduce spacing by one half.

 13.61 kips < 40.26 kips O.K.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 1.5
 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:
 Step 05: Drafting (Shear Reinforcement)

3.9504 kip/ft

33.74 kips
39.50
kips 20.13 kips
10.06 kips

x1
x2

x1 = (10.06)(10)/(39.50) ≈ 2.5 ft
x2 = (20.13)(10)/(39.50) ≈ 5.0 ft

Note:
As Sd ≈ Smax we will provide sd up to 7.5 ft from
the face of support. Beyond this point, theoretically
no reinforcement is required, however, we will
provide #3 2-legged stirrups @ 12 in c/c.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 1.5
 Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI:
 Step 05: Drafting (Flexural Reinforcement)

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

3D Model
 SketchUp Model

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Summary

 Load Combinations

 Capacity and Demand

 Working stress method and Strength design method

 For Flexure Design ; ΦMn ≥ Mu (ΦMn is Mdesign or Mcapacity)

 As = Mu/ {Φfy (d – a/2)}

 ρmin = 3 fc′ /fy ≥ 200/fy

 ρmax = 0.85β1(fc′/fy){εu/(εu + εt)}

 Asmin < As < Asmax

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Summary

 For shear design ; ΦVc = Φ2 ܎′‫ ܋‬bwd

 s = ΦAvfyd/(Vu – ΦVc) ; S < Smax

 ΦVs ≤ Φ8 ࢌ′ࢉ bwd (check for depth of beam)

 ΦVs ≤ Φ4 ܎′‫ ܋‬bwd (check for Spacing)

 Food for Thought: Why flexural reinforcement is compared

with maximum and minimum requirements of ACI?

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References

 ACI 318-14

 Design of Concrete Structures (13th Ed.) by Nilson,

Darwin and Dolan

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Appendix

Exact curtailments lengths for simply supported positive moments (to be measured from face of the support)

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Appendix

L1 L1 L2 L2
4 3 3 3

L1 L2 L2
8 8 8

L1 L2

Figure: Cutoff for bars in approximately equal spans with uniformly distributed
loads for 50% curtailment

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The End

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