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ASTM E1417 - E1417M Standard Practice For Liquid Penetrant Testing Rev. 16
ASTM E1417 - E1417M Standard Practice For Liquid Penetrant Testing Rev. 16
1. Scope* priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
conducting liquid penetrant examination of nonporous metal,
2. Referenced Documents
and nonmetal components.
2.1 The following documents form a part of this practice to
NOTE 1—This practice replaces MIL-STD-6866.
the extent specified herein:
1.2 The penetrant examination processes described in this
2.2 ASTM Standards:2
practice are applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance
D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and
(in-service) examinations. These processes are applicable for
Bituminous Materials by Distillation
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the detection of discontinuities, such as lack of fusion,
D2512 Test Method for Compatibility of Materials with
corrosion, cracks, laps, cold shuts, and porosity, that are open
Liquid Oxygen (Impact Sensitivity Threshold and Pass-
or connected to the surface of the component under examina-
Fail Techniques)
tion.
D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-
1.3 Caution must be exercised in the usage of elevated leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Cou-
temperature with components manufactured from thermoplas- lometric Karl Fischer Titration
tic materials. Also, some cleaners, penetrants, and developers E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General
can have a deleterious effect on nonmetallic materials such as Industry
plastics. Prior to examination, tests should be conducted to E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
ensure that none of the cleaning or examination materials are Testing
harmful to the components to be examined. E1135 Test Method for Comparing the Brightness of Fluo-
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch- rescent Penetrants
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; E2297 Guide for Use of UV-A and Visible Light Sources and
therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Meters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle
Combining values from the two systems may result in non- Methods
conformance with the standard. E3022 Practice for Measurement of Emission Characteris-
tics and Requirements for LED UV-A Lamps Used in
1.5 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement
Fluorescent Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Testing
between the cognizant engineering organization and the
supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering 2.3 ASNT Standards:3
organization. ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-
cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Liquid contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved June 15, 2016. Published July 2016. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E1417/E1417M – 13. Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box
DOI: 10.1520/E1417_E1417M-16. 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
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shall be performed after completion of all operations that could 7.1 Surface Preparation—All surfaces to be examined shall
cause surface-connected discontinuities or operations that be clean, dry, and free of soils, oil, grease, paint and other
could expose discontinuities not previously open to the surface. coatings (except as allowed by 6.8.2), corrosion products,
Such operations include, but are not limited to, grinding, scale, smeared metal, welding flux, chemical residues, or any
welding, straightening, machining, and heat treating. other material that could prevent the penetrant from entering
6.8.1 Surface Treatment—Final penetrant examination may discontinuities, suppress dye performance, or produce unac-
be performed prior to treatments that can smear the surface but ceptable background. Cleaning methods, including etching,
not by themselves cause surface discontinuities. Such treat- selected for a particular component shall be consistent with the
ments include, but are not limited to, vapor blasting, deburring,
sanding, buffing, sandblasting, lapping, or peening. Perfor-
mance of final penetrant examination after such surface treat-
ments requires that etching be included in the precleaning
operation unless otherwise agreed on between the cognizant
engineering organization and the NDT facility.
NOTE 2—Final penetrant examination should always precede peening.
6.8.2 Surface Coatings—All coatings and other surface
conditions, such as, paint, plating, corrosion, etc. shall be
removed from the area to be examined prior to penetrant
examination. The penetrant examination shall precede any
surface finish, such as anodize, except for inservice parts that
may be examined without removing the anodize.
6.9 Material and Process Limitations—Not all penetrant
sensitivity levels, materials, and process methods are appli-
cable to all examination requirements. The sensitivity level
shall be adequate for the intended purpose of the examination.
Unless there is an approval for deviation given by the cogni-
zant engineering organization, the following selections are
mandatory or forbidden, as indicated:
6.9.1 Forms a and b (dry powder and water soluble)
developers shall not be used with Type II (visible dye)
penetrant systems. This is not intended to prohibit the use of a
Form f developer that has been qualified with a particular Type
II system in accordance with AMS 2644.
6.9.2 Type II penetrant examination shall not be used for
final acceptance examination of aerospace products. In
addition, Type II penetrant examination shall not be used prior
to a Type I penetrant examination of the same surface. This is
not intended to eliminate the use of in-process Type II FIG. 1 Process Flow Chart
volume, shall be no higher than specified by the penetrant developer may be removed after the development time by light
system supplier and shall not exceed that for which the system tapping or light air blow-off not exceeding 5 psi [34 kPa].
was qualified. While immersed, the emulsifier or part should be Minimum and maximum developer dwell times shall be 10 min
mildly agitated. Dwell time shall be the minimum required for and 4 h, respectively. Dry developers shall not be used with
adequate surface penetrant removal, but unless otherwise Type II penetrants.
approved by the cognizant engineering organization, shall not 7.5.2 Nonaqueous Developers—Components, or areas re-
exceed 2 minutes. quiring examination, shall be dry before application of the
(2) For spray or flowing applications, the concentration developer. Nonaqueous developer shall be applied by spraying.
shall not exceed 5 %. Spray applications may include fixed For Type I penetrants, the developer shall be applied as a
spray nozzles, spray wands, pump sprayers, or spray bottles uniform thin coating over the entire surface to be inspected.
provided the concentration is tested and meets the requirments For Type II penetrants, the developer shall be applied over the
of 7.8.2.6. Dwell time shall be the minimum required for entire surface to form a uniform, white coating to provide
adequate surface penetrant removal, but unless otherwise suitable color contrast for the penetrant indications. The
approved by the cognizant engineering organization, shall not uniformity and thickness of the developer coating is important
exceed two minutes per surface area. for both types of penetrant systems. If the developer coating
7.3.4.3 Postrinse—After the application and dwell of the thickness is too heavy for Type I systems such that the metallic
hydrophilic emulsifier, the component being examined shall be surface is completely masked, the component shall be cleaned
rinsed with water. The spray rinse parameters of 7.3.1.1, and reprocessed. Unless otherwise specified, the minimum and
7.3.1.2, and 7.3.1.4 shall apply. Evidence of over-removal shall maximum development times for nonaqueous developers are
require the part to be cleaned and reprocessed. Excessive 10 min and 1 h respectively. For nonaqueous suspendable
background may be removed by additional (touchup) applica- developer, the developer container shall be frequently agitated
tion of the hydrophilic emulsifier provided its maximum between applications.
allowable dwell time is not exceeded. Additional rinsing of the 7.5.3 Aqueous Developer—Aqueous soluble developers
touch-up area will be required after application and dwell of shall not be used with Type II penetrants or Type I, Method A
the hydrophilic emulsifier. If careful touch-up application of penetrants. Aqueous suspendable developers can be used with
the hydrophilic emulsifier does not produce an acceptable both Type I and Type II penetrants. Aqueous developers may
background, the part shall be cleaned and reprocessed. Manual be applied to the component after rinsing. Developers shall be
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Soluble and Suspendable
Penetrant System PerformanceC Daily 7.8.3 Concentration of the emulsifier solution shall be checked at
Water-Washable Penetrant Removability As required 7.8.3.2 initial makeup, during additions and at the intervals specified in
per 7.8.3
Emulsifier Removability As required 7.8.3.3
Table 1 using a refractometer. A longer period may be used if
per 7.8.3 a plan justifying this extension is prepared by the NDT facility
Comparative Penetrant Sensitivity As required 7.8.3.4 and approved by the CEO. Refractometer values obtained shall
per 7.8.3
Black Light IntensityB Daily 7.8.4.1
be compared to actual values obtained from known concentra-
Black Light Integrity Weekly 7.8.4.1 tions of emulsifier. For immersion applications, the
Special UV lighting Daily 7.8.4.2 concentration, as percent of volume, shall be no higher than
Battery Powered UV-A lights Prior to and 6.7.4.1,
after use 7.8.4.2(1)
that specified by the penetrant system supplier and shall not
Visible Light Intensity Weekly 7.8.4.3 exceed that for which the system was qualified. For spray or
Light Meter CalibrationB Semi-annually 7.8.4.4 flowing applications, the concentration shall not exceed 5 %.
Examination Area CleanlinessA Daily 7.8.4.5
Examination Area Ambient Light Intensity Quarterly 7.8.4.5 7.8.2.7 Dry Developer Condition—Recycled or reused dry
Water Wash Pressure CheckA Start of each 7.8.4.6 developer shall be checked as specified in Table 1 to check for
working shift
Water Pressure Gage CalibrationB Semi-annually 7.8.4.6
fluorescence and to ensure it is fluffy and not caked. Caked dry
Water Wash Temperature CheckA Start of each 7.8.4.6 developer is unsatisfactory and shall be replaced. To check for
working shift fluorescence, apply a thin layer of in-use developer to a 4-in.
Water Temperature Gage CalibrationB Semi-annually 7.8.4.6
Drying Oven CalibrationB Quarterly 7.8.4.7
[10-cm] or greater flat test panel using the same method of
Air Pressure Gauge Check Start of each 7.8.4.9 application used for production parts, and observe under a
working shift black light. Dry developer exhibiting ten or more fluorescent
Air Pressure Gauge Calibration Semi-annually 7.8.4.9
specks in a 4-in. [10-cm] diameter circle is unsatisfactory and
A
Need not be recorded. shall be replaced. The test panel selected shall be non-
B
The maximum time between verifications or checks may be extended when
substantiated by technical data and approved by the Cognizant Engineering fluorescent and non-reflective and have a working surface color
Organization.
C
which provides a good contrast with the developer powder.
Not required for Method C examinations.
7.8.2.8 Aqueous Developer Contamination—Soluble and
suspendable aqueous developers shall be checked as specified
in Table 1 for fluorescence and coverage. Immerse a clean
of contamination or breakdown. When any of the above aluminum panel, about 3 by 10 in. [8 by 25 cm] in the in-use
conditions are determined to be detrimental, the material shall developer, dry it, and observe it under a black light. Observed
be discarded or otherwise corrected, as appropriate. fluorescence or failure to uniformly wet the panel is unsatis-
7.8.2.2 Penetrant Brightness—Brightness tests of in-use factory and the developer shall be discarded or otherwise
fluorescent penetrants shall be conducted at the intervals corrected, as appropriate.
specified in Table 1. Tests shall be in accordance with Test 7.8.2.9 Aqueous Developer Concentration—Soluble and
Method E1135 with a representative sample of the unused suspendable aqueous developer concentration shall be main-
penetrant serving as the reference. Brightness values less than tained and checked with a hydrometer or in accordance with
90 % of the unused penetrant brightness are unsatisfactory and the manufacturer’s instructions at the intervals specified in
the in-use penetrants shall be discarded or otherwise corrected, Table 1. Concentration shall be in accordance with the manu-
as appropriate. facturer’s recommendation and shall be replaced or corrected
7.8.2.3 Water Content of Water-Based Water-Washable accordingly.
Penetrants—The water content of water-based Method A 7.8.3 Penetrant System Performance—The penetrant sys-
penetrants shall be checked at the intervals specified in Table 1 tem’s overall performance shall be checked as specified in
using a refractometer. The water content must be maintained Table 1. The check shall be performed by processing a known
according to the manufacturer’s recommendation. defect standard through the system using in-use penetrant,
7.8.2.4 Water Content of Non-Water-Based Water-Washable emulsifier (if used) and developer and appropriate processing
Penetrants—Water content of non-water-based Method A pen- parameters. The resulting indications will then be compared to
etrants shall be checked at the intervals specified in Table 1 in the indications obtained using unused penetrant, emulsifier (if
accordance with Test Method D95, Test Method D6304, or used) and developer. This comparison may be made with
controls shall be calibrated at intervals specified in Table 1 in or functional requirements of the component preclude etching,
accordance with MIL-STD-45662, ANSI/NCSL Z540, or dyeing, or stamping. Items such as bolts, nuts, or other small
ISO 10012. parts may be identified by conspicuously marking each pack-
7.8.4.7 Drying Oven Calibration—The temperature control- age.
ling device and the temperature indicating device, if separate 7.9.4 Symbols—Each component that has successfully
from the controller, on the drying oven shall meet the require- passed examination shall be marked as follows:
ments of 6.6.2 and shall be calibrated at intervals specified in 7.9.4.1 When etching or stamping is applicable, symbols
Table 1 in accordance with the requirements of MIL-STD- shall be used. The stamping may contain an identification
45662, ANSI/NCSL Z540, or ISO 10012. symbol or supplier number of the facility and a unique number
7.8.4.8 Timers—Timing devices used to measure or monitor or symbol identifying the examiner. Except for specialized
processing times, such as dwell times and eye adaptation times, applications, use the symbol “P” to denote 100 % examination.
need not be calibrated. All components, in the lot sampled, accepted on sampling basis
7.8.4.9 Air Pressure Gauges—Air pressure gauges that are shall be marked with the symbol “P” enclosed by an ellipse.
used to regulate air pressure of hydro-air spray guns, removal 7.9.4.2 When dyeing is used, maroon dye shall be used to
of water prior to drying, and blow off of dry developer shall be denote components accepted on a 100 % examination basis.
checked and calibrated at intervals specified in Table I and in Yellow dye shall be used to denote a sampling basis when
accordance with MIL-STD-45662, ANSI/NCSL Z540, or ISO sampling is permitted.
10012.
7.9 Marking and Identification—Components successfully 8. Keywords
passing the penetrant examination shall be identified and 8.1 dye liquid penetrant examination; dye penetrant exami-
marked as follows: nation; fluorescent liquid penetrant examination; fluorescent
7.9.1 Marking—Marking shall be applied in a manner and penetrant examination; liquid penetrant examination; liquid
location that is harmless to the component, or its intended penetrant testing; nondestructive; nondestructive evaluation;
function, and to preclude removal, smearing, or obliteration by nondestructive examination; nondestructive testing; penetrant
subsequent handling. When subsequent processing would re- examination; penetrant testing
ANNEX
(Mandatory Information)
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee E07 has identified the location of selected editorial changes to this standard since the last issue
(E1417/E1417M – 13) that may impact the use of this standard. (June 15, 2016).
(1) Added E3022 to the list of Reference Documents. (2) Revised 6.6.1.2 and 7.8.4.1(1) to refer to E3022.
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