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Smbus Level 2 Battery Charger With Remote Sense: General Description Features
Smbus Level 2 Battery Charger With Remote Sense: General Description Features
KIT
ATION
EVALU BLE
AVA ILA
MAX8731
The MAX8731 is an SMBus™ programmable multichem- ♦ 0.5% Battery Voltage Accuracy
istry battery charger. The MAX8731 uses a minimal ♦ 3% Input Current-Limit Accuracy
command set to easily program the charge voltage,
charge current, and adapter current limit. ♦ 3% Charge-Current Accuracy
♦ SMBus 2-Wire Serial Interface
The MAX8731 charges one to four Li+ series cells and
delivers up to 8A charge current. The MAX8731 drives ♦ Cycle-by-Cycle Current Limit
n-channel MOSFETs for improved efficiency and Battery Short-Circuit Protection
reduced cost. Low-offset current-sense amplifiers pro- Fast Response for Pulse Charging
vide high accuracy with 10mΩ sense resistors. Fast System-Load-Transient Response
The MAX8731 current-sense amplifiers provide high ♦ Dual-Remote-Sense Inputs
accuracy (3% at 3.5A) and also provide fast cycle-by-
cycle current-mode control to protect against battery ♦ Monitor Outputs for
short circuit and system load transients. Adapter Current (4% Accuracy)
The charger employs dual remote-sense, which reduces AC Adapter Detection
charge time by measuring the feedback voltage directly ♦ 11-Bit Battery Voltage Setting
at the battery, improving accuracy of initial transition into ♦ 6-Bit Charge-Current/Input-Current Setting
constant-voltage mode. The MAX8731 provides 0.5% ♦ 8A (max) Battery Charger Current
battery voltage accuracy directly at the battery terminal.
♦ 11A (max) Input Current
The MAX8731 provides a digital output that indicates the
presence of the AC adapter, as well as an analog output ♦ +8V to +26V Input Voltage Range
that indicates the adapter current within 4% accuracy. ♦ Charges Li+, NiMH, and NiCd Battery Chemistries
The MAX8731 is available in a small 5mm x 5mm,
28-pin, thin (0.8mm) QFN package. An evaluation kit is Ordering Information
available to reduce design time. The MAX8731 is avail- PART TEMP RANGE PIN-PACKAGE
able in lead-free packages.
MAX8731ETI+ -40°C to +85°C 28 Thin QFN (5mm x 5mm)
SMBus is a trademark of Intel Corp. +Indicates lead-free packaging.
Applications
Notebook Computers Typical Operating Circuit
Tablet PCs EXTERNAL
LOAD
Medical Devices
OPTIONAL
Portable Equipment with Rechargeable Batteries
CSSP CSSN
Pin Configuration ACIN
DHI N
DCIN LX
TOP VIEW ACOK
PGND
FBSB
FBSA
CSIN
CSIP
LDO
DLO
MAX8731 DLO N
21 20 19 18 17 16 15 REF
PGND
BST
DCIN 22 14 BATSEL CSIP
GND CSIN
LX 23 13 ACOK SELECTOR BATSEL
ACIN
REF
CCS
CCI
CCV
DAC
THIN QFN
5mm x 5mm
For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact Maxim/Dallas Direct! at
1-888-629-4642, or visit Maxim’s website at www.maxim-ic.com.
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
MAX8731
DCIN, CSSN, CSIN, FBSA, FBSB to GND..............-0.3V to +28V VDD, SCL, SDA, BATSEL, ACIN, ACOK, VCC to GND,
CSSP to CSSN, CSIP to CSIN, PGND to GND ......-0.3V to +0.3V LDO to PGND ......................................................-0.3V to +6V
BST to GND ............................................................-0.3V to +32V Continuous Power Dissipation (TA = +70°C)
BST to LX..................................................................-0.3V to +6V 28-Pin Thin QFN
DHI to LX.................................................-0.3V to +(VBST + 0.3)V (derate 20.8mW/°C above +70°C) ........................1666.7 mW
DLO to PGND..........................................-0.3V to +(LDO + 0.3)V Operating Temperature Range ...........................-40°C to +85°C
LX to GND .................................................................-6V to +28V Junction Temperature ......................................................+150°C
CCI, CCS, CCV, DAC, REF, Storage Temperature Range .............................-60°C to +150°C
IINP to GND...........................................-0.3V to (VVCC + 0.3)V Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s) .................................+300°C
Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional
operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to
absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(VDCIN = VLX = VCSSP = VCSSN = 19V, VBST - VLX = 4.5V, VFBSA = VFBSB = VCSIP = VCSIN = 16.8V, BATSEL = GND = PGND = 0,
CLDO = 1µF, VCC = LDO, CREF = 1µF, CDAC = 0.1µF, VDD = 3.3V, ACIN = 2.5V; pins CCI, CCV, and CCS are compensated per
Figure 1; TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.)
2 _______________________________________________________________________________________
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
MAX8731
(VDCIN = VLX = VCSSP = VCSSN = 19V, VBST - VLX = 4.5V, VFBSA = VFBSB = VCSIP = VCSIN = 16.8V, BATSEL = GND = PGND = 0,
CLDO = 1µF, VCC = LDO, CREF = 1µF, CDAC = 0.1µF, VDD = 3.3V, ACIN = 2.5V; pins CCI, CCV, and CCS are compensated per
Figure 1; TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.)
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 3
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
MAX8731
(VDCIN = VLX = VCSSP = VCSSN = 19V, VBST - VLX = 4.5V, VFBSA = VFBSB = VCSIP = VCSIN = 16.8V, BATSEL = GND = PGND = 0,
CLDO = 1µF, VCC = LDO, CREF = 1µF, CDAC = 0.1µF, VDD = 3.3V, ACIN = 2.5V; pins CCI, CCV, and CCS are compensated per
Figure 1; TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.)
4 _______________________________________________________________________________________
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
MAX8731
(VDCIN = VLX = VCSSP = VCSSN = 19V, VBST - VLX = 4.5V, VFBSA = VFBSB = VCSIP = VCSIN = 16.8V, BATSEL = GND = PGND = 0,
CLDO = 1µF, VCC = LDO, CREF = 1µF, CDAC = 0.1µF, VDD = 3.3V, ACIN = 2.5V; pins CCI, CCV, and CCS are compensated per
Figure 1; TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.)
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 5
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
MAX8731
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(VDCIN = VLX = VCSSP = VCSSN = 19V, VBST - VLX = 4.5V, VFBSA = VFBSB = VCSIP = VCSIN = 16.8V, BATSEL = GND = PGND = 0,
CLDO = 1µF, VCC = LDO, CREF = 1µF, CDAC = 0.1µF , VDD = 3.3V, ACIN = 2.5V; pins CCI, CCV, and CCS are compensated per
Figure 1; TA = -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 2)
PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
CHARGE-VOLTAGE REGULATION
16.632 16.968 V
ChargingVoltage() = 0x41A0
-1 +1 %
12.466 12.717 V
ChargingVoltage() = 0x3130
Battery Full-Charge Voltage and -1 +1 %
Accuracy 8.316 8.484 V
ChargingVoltage() = 0x20D0
-1 +1 %
4.129 4.255 V
ChargingVoltage() = 0x1060
-1.5 +1.5 %
CHARGE-CURRENT REGULATION
CSIP to CSIN Full-Scale Current-
78.22 83.05 mV
Sense Voltage
RS2 (Figure 1) = 10mΩ; 7.822 8.305 A
ChargingCurrent()= 0x1f80 -3 +3 %
RS2 (Figure 1) = 10mΩ; 3.809 4.126 A
Charge Current and Accuracy
ChargingCurrent() = 0x0f80 -4 +4 %
RS2 (Figure 1) =10mΩ;
30 400 mA
ChargingCurrent() = 0x0080
Charge-Current Gain Error Based on ChargeCurrent() = 128mA and 8.064A -2 +2 %
FBSA/FBSB/CSIP/CSIN Input
0 19 V
Voltage Range
Adapter present, not charging, ICSIP + ICSIN + ILX + IFBS,
5
VFBS_ = VLX = VCSIN = VCSIP = 19V
Battery Quiescent Current Adapter absent, ICSIP + ICSIN + ILX + IFBSA + IFBSB + µA
ICSSP + ICSSN, VFBS_= VLX = VCSIN = VCSIP = 19V, 1
VDCIN = 0V
VAdapter = 26V, VBattery = 16.8V, not charging 500 µA
IDCIN + VAdapter = 19V, Charging 1 mA
Adapter Quiescent Current ICSSP + VBattery = 16.8V Not charging 500 µA
ICSSN VAdapter = 8V, Charging 1 mA
VBattery = 4V Not charging 500 µA
6 _______________________________________________________________________________________
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
MAX8731
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
(VDCIN = VLX = VCSSP = VCSSN = 19V, VBST - VLX = 4.5V, VFBSA = VFBSB = VCSIP = VCSIN = 16.8V, BATSEL = GND = PGND = 0,
CLDO = 1µF, VCC = LDO, CREF = 1µF, CDAC = 0.1µF , VDD = 3.3V, ACIN = 2.5V; pins CCI, CCV, and CCS are compensated per
Figure 1; TA = -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 2)
PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
INPUT-CURRENT REGULATION
CSSP to CSSN Full-Scale
VFBS_ = 19V 103.3 116.6 mV
Current-Sense Voltage
RS1 (Figure 1) = 10mΩ;
-6 +6
InputCurrent() = 11004mA or 3584mA
Input Current Accuracy %
RS1 (Figure 1) = 10mΩ;
-5 +5
InputCurrent() = 2048mA
Input Current-Limit Gain Error Based on InputCurrent() = 1024mA and 11004mA -5 +5 %
Input Current-Limit Offset Based on InputCurrent() = 1024mA and 11004mA -1 +1 mV
CSSP/CSSN Input Voltage Range 8 26 V
IINP Transconductance VCSSP - CSSN = 110mV 2.7 3.3 mA/V
IINP Offset Based on VCSSP - CSSN = 110mV and 20mV -1.5 +1.5 mV
VCSSP - CSSN = 110mV -5 +5
IINP Accuracy VCSSP - CSSN = 55mV or 35mV -4 +4 %
VCSSP - CSSN = 20mV -10 +10
IINP Output Voltage Range 0 3.5 V
SUPPLY AND LINEAR REGULATOR
DCIN, Input Voltage Range 8.0 26.0 V
DCIN Undervoltage-Lockout DCIN falling 7
V
Trip Point DCIN rising 7.85
VCSSP - VCSIN falling 9 21
POWER_FAIL Threshold mV
VCSSP - VCSIN rising 160 271
LDO Output Voltage 8.0V < VDCIN < 28V, no load 5.25 5.55 V
LDO Load Regulation 0 < ILDO < 30mA 100 mV
LDO Undervoltage-Lockout
VDCIN = 8.0V, VLDO falling 3.20 5.15 V
Threshold
VDD Range 2.7 5.5 V
VDD UVLO Rising 2.7 V
VDD Quiescent Current DCIN < 6V, VDD = 5.5V, SCL = SDA = 5.5V 27 µA
REFERENCE
REF Output Voltage 0 < IREF < 500µA 4.053 4.139 V
REF Undervoltage-Lockout
REF falling 3.9 V
Trip Point
ACOK
ACOK Sink Current VACOK = 0.4V, ACIN = 1.5V 1 mA
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 7
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
MAX8731
8 _______________________________________________________________________________________
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
MAX8731
(VDCIN = VLX = VCSSP = VCSSN = 19V, VBST - VLX = 4.5V, VFBSA = VFBSB = VCSIP = VCSIN = 16.8V, BATSEL = GND = PGND = 0,
CLDO = 1µF, VCC = LDO, CREF = 1µF, CDAC = 0.1µF , VDD = 3.3V, ACIN = 2.5V; pins CCI, CCV, and CCS are compensated
per Figure 1; TA = -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 2)
Note 1: Devices participating in a transfer will timeout when any clock low exceeds the 25ms minimum timeout period. Devices that
have detected a timeout condition must reset the communication no later than the 35ms maximum timeout period. Both a
master and a slave must adhere to the maximum value specified as it incorporates the cumulative stretch limit for both a
master (10ms) and a slave (25ms).
Note 2: Specifications to -40°C are guaranteed by design, not production tested.
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 9
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
MAX8731
MAX8731 toc03
MAX8731 toc02
0.8 INPUT CURRENT LIMIT = 3.584A
4
INPUT CURRENT-LIMIT ERROR (%)
IINP ERROR vs. SYSTEM CURRENT IINP ERROR vs. SYSTEM CURRENT IINP ERROR vs. INPUT CURRENT
1.0 2.5 MAX8731 toc05
10
MAX8731 toc04
MAX8731 toc06
0.8 INPUT CURRENT LIMIT = 2.048A 8
VBATT = 12.6V
0.6 2.0 6
NOT SWITCHING MAXIMUM
0.4 4
IINP ERROR (%)
IINP ERROR (%)
MAX8731 toc09
MAX8731 toc07
ChargeCurrent( ) = 128mA
8
TRICKLE-CHARGE CURRENT ERROR (%)
CHARGE-CURRENT LIMIT ERROR (%)
-5
CHARGE-CURRENT ERROR (%)
6 MAXIMUM
2
4 3.072A 3.968A
-10
2
0 0 -15
-2
8.064A -20
-4
TYPICAL -2
-6 MINIMUM
-25
-8
-10 -4 -30
0 2 4 6 8 3 6 9 12 15 18 0 3 6 9 12 15 18
CHARGE-CURRENT SETTING (A) BATTERY VOLTAGE (V) BATTERY VOLTAGE (V)
10 ______________________________________________________________________________________
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
Typical Operating Characteristics (continued)
MAX8731
(Circuit of Figure 1, adapter = 19.5V, ChargeVoltage() = 16.8V, ChargeCurrent() = 3.854A, InputCurrent() = 3.584A, TA = +25°C,
unless otherwise noted.)
MAX8731 toc10
MAX8731 toc11
0.4 0.2
0.2 0.1
2 CELLS
0.0 0.0
-0.4 -0.2
3 CELLS
-0.6 -0.3
4 8 12 16 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
CHARGE-VOLTAGE SETTING (V) CHARGE CURRENT (A)
20µs/div 200µs/div
MAX8731 toc15
95 -5
CHARGER OFF
90 4 CELLS -10
3 CELLS
LDO ERROR (mV)
EFFICIENCY (%)
85 2 CELLS -15
80 -20
75 -25
70 -30
65 -35
60 -40
0 2 4 6 8 0 20 40 60 80 100
CHARGE CURRENT (A) ILDO (mA)
______________________________________________________________________________________ 11
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
MAX8731
LDO LINE REGULATION REF LOAD REGULATION REF ERROR vs. TEMPERATURE
0 MAX8731 toc16 0.20 0.3
MAX8731 toc17
MAX8731 toc18
NOT SWITCHING
0.15
-1 0.2
0.10
-2 0.1
LDO ERROR (mV)
-3 0 0.0
-0.05
-4 -0.1
-0.10
-5 NOT SWITCHING -0.2
-0.15
-6 -0.20 -0.3
8 13 18 23 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
VDCIN (V) IREF (mA) TEMPERATURE (°C)
400 12.5
4 BATTERY VOLTAGE
350 12.0
FREQUENCY (kHz)
300 11.5
2
250 11.0
1
200 CHARGE CURRENT 10.5
150 0 10.0
0 5 10 15 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
VADAPTER - VBATTERY (V) TIME (h)
MAX8731 toc22
2.0
ChargeVoltage( ) = 4.192V 1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0 NOT SWITCHING
0.5
0.5
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20
ADAPTER VOLTAGE (V) BATTERY VOLTAGE (V)
12 ______________________________________________________________________________________
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
Pin Description
MAX8731
PIN NAME FUNCTION
1, 12 GND Analog Ground. Connect directly to the paddle.
2 ACIN AC Adapter Detect Input. ACIN is the input to an uncommitted comparator.
3 REF 4.096V Voltage Reference. Bypass REF with a 1µF capacitor to GND.
4 CCS Input Current Regulation Loop-Compensation Point. Connect 0.01µF from CCS to GND.
5 CCI Output Current Regulation Loop-Compensation Point. Connect 0.01µF from CCI to GND.
6 CCV Voltage Regulation Loop-Compensation Point. Connect 10kΩ in series with 0.01µF to GND.
7 DAC DAC Voltage Output. Bypass with 0.1µF from DAC to GND.
Input Current Monitor Output. IINP sources the current proportional to the current sensed across
8 IINP
CSSP and CSSN. The transconductance from (CSSP - CSSN) to IINP is 3mA/V.
9 SDA SMBus Data I/O. Open-drain output. Connect an external pullup resistor according to SMBus specifications.
10 SCL SMBus Clock Input. Connect an external pullup resistor according to SMBus specifications.
11 VDD Logic Circuitry Supply-Voltage Input. Bypass with a 0.1µF capacitor to GND.
AC Detect Output. This open-drain output is high impedance when ACIN is greater than REF/2. The
13 ACOK ACOK output remains low when the MAX8731 is powered down. Connect a 10kΩ pullup resistor from
VCC to ACOK.
Battery Voltage Select Input. Drive BATSEL high to select battery B, or drive BATSEL low to select battery A.
14 BATSEL
Any change of BATSEL immediately stops charging. Charging begins again in approximately 10ms.
Remote Sense Input for the Output Voltage of Battery A. Connect a 100Ω resistor from FBSA to the
15 FBSA
battery connector, and a 10nF capacitor from FBSA to PGND.
Remote Sense Input for the Output Voltage of Battery B. Connect a 100Ω resistor from FBSB to the
16 FBSB
battery connector, and a 10nF capacitor from FBSB to PGND.
17 CSIN Charge Current-Sense Negative Input
18 CSIP Charge Current-Sense Positive Input. Connect a 10mΩ current-sense resistor between CSIP and CSIN.
19 PGND Power Ground
Low-Side Power MOSFET Driver Output. Connect to low-side n-channel MOSFET. DLO drives
20 DLO
between LDO and PGND.
Linear-Regulator Output. LDO is the output of the 5.4V linear regulator supplied from DCIN. LDO also
21 LDO directly supplies the DLO driver and the BST charge pump. Bypass with a 1µF ceramic capacitor
from LDO to PGND.
22 DCIN Charger Bias Supply Input. Bypass DCIN with a 0.1µF capacitor to PGND.
High-Side Power MOSFET Driver Source Connection. Connect to the source of the high-side n-channel
23 LX
MOSFET.
24 DHI High-Side Power MOSFET Driver Output. Connect to the high-side n-channel MOSFET gate.
25 BST High-Side Power MOSFET Driver Power-Supply Connection. Connect a 0.1µF capacitor from BST to LX.
26 VCC Device Power-Supply Input. Connect to LDO through an RC filter as shown in Figure 1.
27 CSSN Input Current-Sense Negative Input
28 CSSP Input Current-Sense Positive Input. Connect a 10mΩ current-sense resistor between CSSP and CSSN.
29 BP Backside Paddle. Connect the backside paddle to analog ground.
______________________________________________________________________________________ 13
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
MAX8731
ADAPTER
INPUT
R2
100kΩ
R1
150kΩ
D1 CSSP
DCIN
C1 RS1
ACIN 10mΩ SYSTEM
1µF
LOAD
CSSN
R3 VCC
49.9kΩ C12 CIN1 CIN2
N 10µF 10µF
1µF
R12
MAX8731 33Ω
R7 CSIP RS2
C3
10kΩ 10mΩ
0.1µF
CSIN
D3 VOUT
CCV R13 COUT1 COUT2
1kΩ 10µF
CCI 10µF
R8
C5 LDO SELECTOR
10kΩ
0.01µF BATSEL
R10
C4 100Ω
0.01µF CCS FBSB
C6 FBSA
REF
0.01µF DAC GND R9
BP 100Ω
C7 C8 BATTERY BATTERY
1µF 0.1µF A B
14 ______________________________________________________________________________________
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
charge current-regulation loop is in control as long as third loop (CCS) takes control and reduces the charge
MAX8731
the selected battery voltage is below the charge volt- current when the adapter current exceeds the input
age set point. When the selected battery voltage reach- current limit set by the InputCurrent() command.
es its set point, the voltage-regulation loop takes control A functional diagram is shown in Figure 2.
and maintains the battery voltage at the set point. A
150mV 2V
(750mA FOR RS2 = 10mΩ) (10A FOR RS2 = 10mΩ)
MAX8731
CSSP BST
POWER-FAIL
ZCMD IMAX HIGH-
SIDE DHI
CSIN
100mV ENABLE DRIVER
ACIN
IMIN LX
LEVEL
VCC DC-DC SHIFT
ACOK
CONVERTER LDO
LVC
CCI 5.4V
GMV LINEAR DCIN
REGULATOR
VCC
GMI CHARGE VOLTAGE( )
+100mV
4.096V
CCS REFERENCE
REF
CSI
CSA: CURRENT-SENSE
AMPLIFIER GMS SMBus LOGIC
SCL
11-BIT DAC CHARGE VOLTAGE ( )
A = 1V/V
CSS CSA
SDA
6-BIT DAC CHARGE CURRENT ( )
A = 20V/V
GM VDD
6-BIT DAC INPUT CURRENT ( )
CSA
A = 20V/V
IINP
CSSN
CSSP
CSIP
CSIN
BATSEL
FBSB
FBSA
DAC
______________________________________________________________________________________ 15
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
Setting Charge Voltage range, with 16mV resolution. Set ChargeVoltage()
MAX8731
To set the output voltage, use the SMBus to write a 16- below 1.024V to terminate charging. Upon reset, the
bit ChargeVoltage() command using the data format ChargeVoltage() and ChargeCurrent() values are
listed in Table 1. The ChargeVoltage() command uses cleared and the charger remains off until both the
the Write-Word protocol (see Figure 3). The command ChargeVoltage() and the ChargeCurrent() command
code for ChargeVoltage() is 0x15 (0b00010101). The are sent. Both DHI and DLO remain low until the charg-
MAX8731 provides a 1.024V to 19.200V charge voltage er is restarted.
16 ______________________________________________________________________________________
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
Setting Charge Current Setting Input Current Limit
MAX8731
To set the charge current, use the SMBus to write a 16- System current normally fluctuates as portions of the
bit ChargeCurrent() command using the data format system are powered up or put to sleep. By using the
listed in Table 2. The ChargeCurrent() command uses input-current-limit circuit, the output-current require-
the Write-Word protocol (see Figure 3). The command ment of the AC wall adapter can be lowered, reducing
code for ChargeCurrent() is 0x14 (0b00010100). When system cost.
RS2 =10mΩ, the MAX8731 provides a charge current The total input current, from a wall cube or other DC
range of 128mA to 8.064A, with 128mA resolution. Set source, is the sum of the system supply current and the
ChargeCurrent() to 0 to terminate charging. Upon reset, current required by the charger. When the input current
the ChargeVoltage() and ChargeCurrent() values are exceeds the set input current limit, the MAX8731
cleared and the charger remains off until both the decreases the charge current to provide priority to sys-
ChargeVoltage() and the ChargeCurrent() commands tem load current. As the system supply rises, the avail-
are sent. Both DHI and DLO remain low until the charger able charge current drops linearly to zero. Thereafter,
is restarted. the total input current can increase without limit.
The MAX8731 includes a foldback current limit when The internal amplifier compares the differential voltage
the battery voltage is low. If the battery voltage is less between CSSP and CSSN to a scaled voltage set by
than 2.5V, the charge current is temporarily set to the InputCurrent() command (see Table 3). The total
128mA. The ChargeCurrent() register is preserved and input current is the sum of the device supply current,
becomes active again when the battery voltage is high- the charger input current, and the system load current.
er than 2.5V. This function effectively provides a fold- The total input current can be estimated as follows:
back current limit, which protects the charger during
short circuit and overload.
______________________________________________________________________________________ 17
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
Remote Sense
⎡ (ICHARGE × VBATTERY ) ⎤
MAX8731
IINPUT = ILOAD + ⎢ ⎥ + IBIAS The MAX8731 features dual remote sense, which allows
⎢⎣ (VIN × η) ⎥⎦ the rejection of board resistance and selector resistance
when used in either single- or dual-battery systems. To
where η is the efficiency of the DC-DC converter (typi- fully utilize remote sensing, connect FBS_ directly to the
cally 85% to 95%). battery interface through an unshared battery sense
To set the input current limit, use the SMBus to write a trace in series with a 100Ω resistor, and 10nF capacitor
16-bit InputCurrent() command using the data format (see Figure 1). In single-battery systems, connect
listed in Table 3. The InputCurrent() command uses the BATSEL directly to GND and use only FBSA.
Write-Word protocol (see Figure 3). The command Remote sensing cancels the effect of impedance in
code for InputCurrent() is 0x3F (0b00111111). When series with the battery. This impedance normally caus-
RS1 = 10mΩ, the MAX8731 provides an input-current- es the battery charger to prematurely enter constant-
limit range of 256mA to 11.004A, with 256mA resolu- voltage mode with reducing charge current. The result
tion. InputCurrent() settings from 1mA to 256mA result is that the last 20% of charging takes longer than nec-
in a current limit of 256mA. Upon reset the input current essary. When in constant-voltage mode, the remaining
limit is 256mA. charge time is proportional to the total resistance in
Charger Timeout series with the battery. Remote sensing reduces
The MAX8731 includes a timer to terminate charging if charge time according to the following equation:
the charger does not receive a ChargeVoltage() or
RPack
ChargeCurrent() command within 175s. If a timeout t CVRS = t CV 0 ×
occurs, both ChargeVoltage() and ChargeCurrent() RPack + RBoard
commands must be resent to reenable charging.
18 ______________________________________________________________________________________
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
where RPack is the total resistance in the battery pack, VDD Supply
MAX8731
RBoard is the board resistance in series with the battery The VDD input provides power to the SMBus interface.
charge path, tCV0 is the constant-voltage charge time Connect VDD to LDO, or apply an external supply to
without remote sense, and tCVRS is the constant-volt- VDD to keep the SMBus interface active while the sup-
age charge time with remote sense. ply to DCIN is removed. When VDD is biased the inter-
The MAX8731 includes a safety feature, which limits the nal registers are maintained. Bypass VDD to GND with
charge voltage when FBS_ or the selector is discon- a 0.1µF or greater ceramic capacitor.
nected. The MAX8731 guarantees that CSIN does not Operating Conditions
regulate more than 200mV above the selected charg- The MAX8731 has the following operating states:
ing voltage. This also limits the extent to which remote
sense can cancel charge-path impedance. • Adapter Present: When DCIN is greater than 7.5V,
the adapter is considered to be present. In this con-
Input Current Measurement dition, both the LDO and REF function properly and
Use IINP to monitor the system-input current sensed battery charging is allowed:
across CSSP and CSSN. The voltage at IINP is propor-
a) Charging: The total MAX8731 quiescent current
tional to the input current by the equation:
when charging is 1mA (max) plus the current required
to drive the MOSFETs.
VIINP = IINPUT x RS1 x GIINP x R8 b) Not Charging: To disable charging, set either
ChargeCurrent() or ChargeVoltage() to zero. When the
where I INPUT is the DC current supplied by the AC adapter is present and charging is disabled, the total
adapter, GIINP is the transconductance of IINP (3mA/V adapter quiescent current is less than 1mA and the
typ), and R8 is the resistor connected between IINP total battery quiescent current is less than 5µA.
and ground. Typically, IINP has a 0 to 3.5V output volt-
• Adapter Absent (Power Fail): When VCSSP is less
age range. Leave IINP open if not used.
than VCSIN + 10mV, the MAX8731 is in the power-fail
LDO Regulator state, since the DC-DC converter is in dropout. The
An integrated low-dropout (LDO) linear regulator pro- charger does not attempt to charge in the power-fail
vides a 5.4V supply derived from DCIN, and delivers over state. Typically, this occurs when the adapter is
30mA of load current. The LDO powers the gate drivers absent. When the adapter is absent, the total MAX8731
of the n-channel MOSFETs. See the MOSFET Drivers quiescent battery current is less than 1µA (max).
section. LDO has a minimum current limit of 35mA. This
allows the MAX8731 to work with 87nC of total gate • VDD Undervoltage (POR): When VDD is less than
charge (both high-side and low-side MOSFETs). Bypass 2.5V, the VDD supply is in an undervoltage state and
LDO to PGND with a 1µF or greater ceramic capacitor. the internal registers are in their POR state. The
SMBus interface does not respond to commands.
AC Adapter Detection When VDD rises above 2.5V, the MAX8731 is in a
The MAX8731 includes a hysteretic comparator that power-on reset state. Charging does not occur until
detects the presence of an AC power adapter. When the ChargeVoltage() and ChargeCurrent() com-
ACIN is greater than 2.048V, the open-drain ACOK out- mands are sent. When V DD is greater than 2.5V,
put becomes high impedance. Connect 10kΩ pullup SMBus registers are preserved.
resistance between LDO and ACOK. Use a resistive
voltage-divider from the adapter’s output to the ACIN The MAX8731 allows charging under the following conditions:
pin to set the appropriate detection threshold. Select 1) DCIN > 7.5V, LDO > 4V, REF > 3.1V
the resistive voltage-divider not to exceed the 6V
2) VCSSP > VCSIN + 210mV (15mV falling threshold)
absolute maximum rating of ACIN.
3) VDD > 2.5V
______________________________________________________________________________________ 19
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
SMBus Interface Communication starts when the master signals a
MAX8731
The MAX8731 receives control inputs from the SMBus START condition, which is a high-to-low transition on
interface. The MAX8731 uses a simplified subset of the SDA, while SCL is high. When the master has finished
commands documented in System Management Bus communicating, the master issues a STOP condition,
Specification V1.1, which can be downloaded from which is a low-to-high transition on SDA, while SCL is
www.smbus.org. The MAX8731 uses the SMBus Read- high. The bus is then free for another transmission.
Word and Write-Word protocols (Figure 3) to communi- Figures 4 and 5 show the timing diagram for signals on
cate with the smart battery. The MAX8731 performs the SMBus interface. The address byte, command
only as an SMBus slave device with address byte, and data bytes are transmitted between the
0b0001001_ (0x12) and does not initiate communica- START and STOP conditions. The SDA state changes
tion on the bus. In addition, the MAX8731 has two iden- only while SCL is low, except for the START and STOP
tification (ID) registers (0xFE): a 16-bit device ID conditions. Data is transmitted in 8-bit bytes and is
register and a 16-bit manufacturer ID register (0xFF). sampled on the rising edge of SCL. Nine clock cycles
The data (SDA) and clock (SCL) pins have Schmitt-trig- are required to transfer each byte in or out of the
ger inputs that can accommodate slow edges. Choose MAX8731 because either the master or the slave
pullup resistors (10kΩ) for SDA and SCL to achieve rise acknowledges the receipt of the correct byte during the
times according to the SMBus specifications. ninth clock cycle. The MAX8731 supports the charger
commands as described in Table 4.
a) Write-Word Format
SLAVE COMMAND LOW DATA HIGH DATA
S W ACK ACK ACK ACK P
ADDRESS BYTE BYTE BYTE
7 BITS 1b 1b 8 BITS 1b 8 BITS 1b 8 BITS 1b
MSB LSB 0 0 MSB LSB 0 MSB LSB 0 MSB LSB 0
PRESET TO ChargerMode() = 0x12 D7 D0 D15 D8
0b0001001 ChargeCurrent() = 0x14
ChargeVoltage() = 0x15
AlarmWarning() = 0x16
InputCurrent() = 0x3F
b) Read-Word Format
SLAVE COMMAND SLAVE LOW DATA HIGH DATA
S W ACK ACK S R ACK ACK NACK P
ADDRESS BYTE ADDRESS BYTE BYTE
7 BITS 1b 1b 8 BITS 1b 7 BITS 1b 1b 8 BITS 1b 8 BITS 1b
MSB LSB 0 0 MSB LSB 0 MSB LSB 1 0 MSB LSB 0 MSB LSB 1
Preset to ChargerSpecInfo() = 0x11 PRESET TO D7 D0 D15 D8
0b0001001 ChargerStatus() = 0x13 0b0001001
LEGEND:
S = START CONDITION OR REPEATED START CONDITION P = STOP CONDITION
ACK = ACKNOWLEDGE (LOGIC-LOW) NACK = NOT ACKNOWLEDGE (LOGIC-HIGH)
W = WRITE BIT (LOGIC-LOW) R = READ BIT (LOGIC-HIGH)
MASTER TO SLAVE
SLAVE TO MASTER
20 ______________________________________________________________________________________
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
MAX8731
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
tLOW tHIGH
SMBCLK
SMBDATA
A = START CONDITION F = ACKNOWLEDGE BIT CLOCKED INTO MASTER J = ACKNOWLEDGE CLOCKED INTO MASTER
B = MSB OF ADDRESS CLOCKED INTO SLAVE G = MSB OF DATA CLOCKED INTO SLAVE K = ACKNOWLEDGE CLOCK PULSE
C = LSB OF ADDRESS CLOCKED INTO SLAVE H = LSB OF DATA CLOCKED INTO SLAVE L = STOP CONDITION, DATA EXECUTED BY SLAVE
D = R/W BIT CLOCKED INTO SLAVE I = SLAVE PULLS SMBDATA LINE LOW M = NEW START CONDITION
E = SLAVE PULLS SMBDATA LINE LOW
A B C D E F G H I J K
tLOW tHIGH
SMBCLK
SMBDATA
A = START CONDITION E = SLAVE PULLS SMBDATA LINE LOW I = ACKNOWLEDGE CLOCK PULSE
B = MSB OF ADDRESS CLOCKED INTO SLAVE F = ACKNOWLEDGE BIT CLOCKED INTO MASTER J = STOP CONDITION
C = LSB OF ADDRESS CLOCKED INTO SLAVE G = MSB OF DATA CLOCKED INTO MASTER K = NEW START CONDITION
D = R/W BIT CLOCKED INTO SLAVE H = LSB OF DATA CLOCKED INTO MASTER
______________________________________________________________________________________ 21
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
MAX8731
22 ______________________________________________________________________________________
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
Clamping the other two control loops close to the low- IMIN must be high, IMAX must be low, and OVP must
MAX8731
est control loop ensures fast transition with minimal be low for the controller to initiate a new cycle. If the
overshoot when switching between different control peak inductor current exceeds the IMAX comparator
loops (see the Compensation section). threshold or the output voltage exceeds the OVP
threshold, then the on-time is terminated. The cycle-by-
Continuous-Conduction Mode cycle current limit effectively protects against overcur-
With sufficient charge current, the MAX8731’s inductor rent and short-circuit faults.
current never crosses zero, which is defined as contin-
uous-conduction mode. The regulator switches at If during the off-time the inductor current goes to zero,
400kHz (nominal) if VCSIN < 0.88 x VCSSP. The con- the ZCMP comparator output pulls high, turning off the
troller starts a new cycle by turning on the high-side low-side MOSFET. Both the high- and low-side
MOSFET and turning off the low-side MOSFET. When MOSFETs are turned off until another cycle is ready to
the charge-current feedback signal (CSI) is greater begin. ZCOMP causes the MAX8731 to enter into dis-
than the control point (LVC), the CCMP comparator out- continuous-conduction mode (see the Discontinuous
put goes high and the controller initiates the off-time by Conduction section).
turning off the high-side MOSFET and turning on the There is a 0.3µs minimum off-time when the (VCSSP -
low-side MOSFET. The operating frequency is gov- VCSIN) differential becomes too small. If VCSIN ≥ 0.88 x
erned by the off-time and is dependent upon VCSIN and VCSSP, then the threshold for the 0.3µs minimum off-
VCSSP. The off-time is set by the following equation: time is reached. The switching frequency in this mode
varies according to the equation:
V −V
t OFF = 2.5µs × CSSP CSIN f=
1
VCSSP L × IRIPPLE
+ 0.3µs
The on-time can be determined using the following VCSSN − VBATT
equation:
______________________________________________________________________________________ 23
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
Compensation tance, GMV = 0.125µA/mV. The DC-DC converter
MAX8731
The charge-voltage and charge-current regulation transconductance is dependent upon the charge-cur-
loops are independent and compensated separately at rent sense resistor RS2:
the CCV, CCI, and CCS.
1
CCV Loop Compensation GMOUT =
The simplified schematic in Figure 7 is sufficient to A CSI × RS2
describe the operation of the MAX8731 when the volt-
age loop (CCV) is in control. The required compensa- where ACSI = 20V/V, and RS2 = 10mΩ in the typical
tion network is a pole-zero pair formed with CCV and application circuits, so GMOUT = 5A/V. The loop-trans-
RCV. The zero is necessary to compensate the pole fer function is given by:
formed by the output capacitor and the load. RESR is
the equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the charger LTF = GMOUT × RL × GMV × ROGMV
output capacitor (COUT). RL is the equivalent charger (1 + sCOUT × RESR )(1 + sCCV × RCV )
output load, where RL = ∆VBATT / ∆ICHG. The equiva- ×
(1 + sCCV × ROGMV )(1 + sCOUT × RL )
lent output impedance of the GMV amplifier, ROGMV, is
greater than 10MΩ. The voltage amplifier transconduc- The poles and zeros of the voltage loop-transfer func-
tion are listed from lowest frequency to highest frequen-
cy in Table 5.
FBS_ Near crossover CCV is much lower impedance than
GMOUT ROGMV. Since CCV is in parallel with ROGMV, CCV dom-
inates the parallel impedance near crossover.
RESR RL Additionally, RCV is much higher impedance than CCV
and dominates the series combination of RCV and CCV,
COUT so near crossover:
CCV
GMV
ROGMV × (1+ sCCV × RCV )
RCV ROGMV ≅ RCV
(1+ sCCV × ROGMV )
ChargeVoltage( )
CCV
1
CCV Pole f P _ CV = Lowest frequency pole created by CCV and GMV’s finite output resistance.
2πROGMV × CCV
1 Output pole formed with the effective load resistance RL and the output
Output f P _ OUT =
2πRL × COUT capacitance COUT. RL influences the DC gain but does not affect the
Pole
stability of the system or the crossover frequency.
1 Output ESR Zero. This zero can keep the loop from crossing unity gain if
Output f P _ OUT = fZ_OUT is less than the desired crossover frequency; therefore, choose a
Zero 2πRL × COUT
capacitor with an ESR zero greater than the crossover frequency.
24 ______________________________________________________________________________________
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
C OUT is also much lower impedance than R L near GMOUT = 5A/V
MAX8731
crossover so the parallel impedance is mostly capaci- COUT = 2 x 10µF
tive and:
FOSC = 400kHz
RL ⋅ 1 RL = 0.2Ω
≅
(1+ sCOUT × RL ) sCOUT FCO_CV = 50kHz
To ensure that the compensation zero adequately can-
If RESR is small enough, its associated output zero has cels the output pole, select fZ_CV ≤ fP_OUT:
a negligible effect near crossover and the loop-transfer
function can be simplified as follows:
CCV ≥ (RL / RCV) COUT
RCV
LTF = GMOUT × GMV
sCOUT C CV ≥ 400pF (assuming 2 cells and 2A maximum
charge current.)
Setting LTF = 1 to solve for the unity-gain frequency
yields: Figure 8 shows the Bode plot of the voltage-loop fre-
quency response using the values calculated above.
RCV CCI Loop Compensation
fCO _ CV = GMOUT × GMV ×
2π × COUT The simplified schematic in Figure 9 is sufficient to
describe the operation of the MAX8731 when the bat-
For stability, choose a crossover frequency lower than tery current loop (CCI) is in control. Since the output
1/10 the switching frequency. For example, choose a capacitor’s impedance has little effect on the response
crossover frequency of 50kHz and solve for RVC using of the current loop, only a simple single pole is required
the component values listed in Figure 1 to yield RCV = to compensate this loop. ACSI is the internal gain of the
10kΩ: current-sense amplifier. RS2 is the charge current-
sense resistor (10mΩ). ROGMI is the equivalent output
2π × COUT × fCO _ CV impedance of the GMI amplifier, which is greater than
RCV = ≅ 10kΩ 10MΩ. GMI is the charge-current amplifier transcon-
GMV × GMOUT
ductance = 1µA/mV. GMOUT is the DC-DC converter
GMV = 0.125µA/mV transconductance = 5A/V.
80 0
CSIP CSIN
60 GMOUT
RS2
PHASE (DEGREES)
MAGNITUDE (dB)
40 -45
CSI
20
0 -90
CCI
-20 MAG GMI
PHASE
-40 -135 CCI ROGMI
0.1 1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M
ChargeCurrent( )
FREQUENCY (Hz)
______________________________________________________________________________________ 25
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
The loop-transfer function is given by: CCS Loop Compensation
MAX8731
100 0 ADAPTER
INPUT
MAG
80 PHASE CSSP
60 InputCurrent( ) CSS RS1
MAGNITUDE (dB)
40 CSSI
-45
20 GMS
CCS GMIN
-20
Figure 10. CCI Loop Response Figure 11. CCS Loop Diagram
26 ______________________________________________________________________________________
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
The crossover frequency is given by: the device). Unlike the DLO output, the DHI output uses
MAX8731
a 50ns (typ) delay time to prevent the low-side MOSFET
GMS from turning on until DHI is fully off. The same consider-
fCO _ CS =
2πCCS ations should be used for routing the DHI signal to the
high-side MOSFET.
For stability, choose a crossover frequency lower than The high-side driver (DHI) swings from LX to 5V above
1/10 the switching frequency: LX (BST) and has a typical impedance of 3Ω sourcing
and 1Ω sinking. The low-side driver (DLO) swings from
DLOV to ground and has a typical impedance of 1Ω
CCS = 5 × GMS /(2πfOSC ) sinking and 3Ω sourcing. This helps prevent DLO from
being pulled up when the high-side switch turns on, due
Choosing a crossover frequency of 30kHz and using to capacitive coupling from the drain to the gate of the
the component values listed in Figure 1 yields CCS > low-side MOSFET. This places some restrictions on the
5.4nF. Values for CCS greater than 10 times the mini- MOSFETs that can be used. Using a low-side MOSFET
mum value may slow down the current-loop response with smaller gate-to-drain capacitance can prevent
excessively. Figure 12 shows the Bode plot of the input these problems.
current-limit-loop frequency response using the values Design Procedure
calculated above.
MOSFET Selection
MOSFET Drivers Choose the n-channel MOSFETs according to the maxi-
The DHI and DLO outputs are optimized for driving mum required charge current. The MOSFETs must be
moderate-sized power MOSFETs. The MOSFET drive able to dissipate the resistive losses plus the switching
capability is the same for both the low-side and high- losses at both VDCIN(MIN) and VDCIN(MAX).
sides switches. This is consistent with the variable duty
factor that occurs in the notebook computer environ- For the high-side MOSFET, the worst-case resistive
ment where the battery voltage changes over a wide power losses occur at the maximum battery voltage
range. There must be a low-resistance, low-inductance and minimum supply voltage:
path from the DLO driver to the MOSFET gate to pre-
VFBS _
vent shoot-through. Otherwise, the sense circuitry in the PDCONDUCTION(HighSide) = × ICHG2 × RDS(ON)
MAX8731 interprets the MOSFET gate as “off” while VCSSP
there is still charge left on the gate. Use very short,
wide traces measuring 10 to 20 squares or less Generally a low-gate charge high-side MOSFET is pre-
(1.25mm to 2.5mm wide if the MOSFET is 25mm from ferred to minimize switching losses. However, the
RDS(ON) required to stay within package power-dissi-
pation limits often limits how small the MOSFET can be.
100 0
The optimum occurs when the switching (AC) losses
MAG
80 PHASE
equal the conduction (RDS(ON)) losses. Calculating the
power dissipation in N1 due to switching losses is diffi-
60 cult since it must allow for difficult quantifying factors
PHASE (DEGREES)
MAGNITUDE (dB)
______________________________________________________________________________________ 27
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
where tTRANS is the driver’s transition time and can be These calculations provide an estimate and are not a sub-
MAX8731
or during dropout:
PDQRR (Low Side) = QRR2 × VDCIN × fSW + (0.05 × IPEAK × 0.4V)
28 ______________________________________________________________________________________
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
Input Capacitor Selection
MAX8731
The input capacitor must meet the ripple current
AC-TO-DC SYSTEM
requirement (IRMS) imposed by the switching currents. CONVERTER POWER
Nontantalum chemistries (ceramic, aluminum, or OS- (ADAPTER) SUPPLIES
CON) are preferred due to their resilience to power-up
surge currents:
⎛ V ⎞
BATT ( VDCIN − VBATT )
IRMS = ICHG ⎜ ⎟ MAX8731 BATT+
⎜ VDCIN ⎟ SMART-BATTERY SMART
⎝ ⎠ CHARGER/ BATTERY
POWER-SOURCE BATT-
The input capacitors should be sized so that the temper- SELECTOR
ature rise due to ripple current in continuous conduction SMBus SMBus
does not exceed approximately 10°C. The maximum rip- CONTROL CONTROL
SIGNALS SIGNALS
ple current occurs at 50% duty factor or VDCIN = 2 x FOR
FOR
VBATT, which equates to 0.5 x ICHG. If the application of BATTERY BATTERY
interest does not achieve the maximum value, size the
input capacitors according to the worst-case conditions. SYSTEM HOST
(KEYBOARD CONTROLLER)
Output Capacitor Selection
The output capacitor absorbs the inductor ripple current Figure 13. Typical Smart-Battery System
and must tolerate the surge current delivered from the
battery when it is initially plugged into the charger. As configurations and chemistries. Microcontroller pro-
such, both capacitance and ESR are important parame- grams can perform frequent tests on the battery’s state
ters in specifying the output capacitor as a filter and to of charge and dynamically change the voltage and cur-
ensure stability of the DC-DC converter (see the rent applied to enhance safety. Multiple batteries can
Compensation section). Beyond the stability require- also be utilized with a selector that is programmable over
ments, it is often sufficient to make sure that the output the SMBus.
capacitor’s ESR is much lower than the battery’s ESR.
Either tantalum or ceramic capacitors can be used on the Setting Input Current Limit
output. Ceramic devices are preferable because of their The input current limit should be set based on the cur-
good voltage ratings and resilience to surge currents. rent capability of the AC adapter and the tolerance of
the input current limit. The upper limit of the input cur-
Applications Information rent threshold should never exceed the adapter’s mini-
Smart-Battery System Background mum available output current. For example, if the
Information adapter’s output current rating is 5A ±10%, the input
Smart-battery systems have evolved since the concep- current limit should be selected so that its upper limit is
tion of the smart-battery system (SBS) specifications. less than 5A × 0.9 = 4.5A. Since the input current-limit
Originally, such systems consisted of a smart battery accuracy of the MAX8731 is ±3%, the typical value of
and smart-battery charger that were compatible with the the input current limit should be set at 4.5A / 1.03 ≈
SBS specifications and communicated directly with one 4.36A. The lower limit for input current must also be
another using SMBus protocols. Modern systems still considered. For chargers at the low end of the spec,
employ the original commands and protocols, but often the input current limit for this example could be 4.36A ×
use a keyboard controller or similar digital intelligence to 0.95, or approximately 4.14A.
mediate the communication between the battery and the Layout and Bypassing
charger (Figure 13). This arrangement permits consider- Bypass DCIN with a 1µF ceramic to ground (Figure 1).
able freedom in the implementation of charging algo- D1 protects the MAX8731 when the DC power source
rithms at the expense of standardization. Algorithms can input is reversed. Bypass VDD, DCIN, LDO, VCC, DAC,
vary from the simple detection of the battery with a fixed and REF as shown in Figure 1.
set of instructions for charging the battery to highly com-
plex programs that can accommodate multiple battery
______________________________________________________________________________________ 29
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
Good PC board layout is required to achieve specified not go through vias. The resulting top-layer sub-
MAX8731
noise immunity, efficiency, and stable performance. The ground plane is connected to the normal inner-
PC board layout artist must be given explicit instruc- layer ground plane at the paddle. Other
tions—preferably, a sketch showing the placement of high-current paths should also be minimized, but
the power-switching components and high-current rout- focusing primarily on short ground and current-
ing. Refer to the PC board layout in the MAX8731 evalu- sense connections eliminates approximately 90%
ation kit for examples. A ground plane is essential for of all PC board layout problems.
optimum performance. In most applications, the circuit 2) Place the IC and signal components. Keep the
will be located on a multilayer board, and full use of the main switching node (LX node) away from sensitive
four or more copper layers is recommended. Use the analog components (current-sense traces and REF
top layer for high-current connections, the bottom layer capacitor).
for quiet connections, and the inner layers for uninter-
rupted ground planes. Important: The IC must be no further than 10mm
from the current-sense resistors. Quiet connections
Use the following step-by-step guide: to REF, CCS, DAC, CCV, CCI, ACIN, and VCC
1) Place the high-power connections first, with their should be returned to a separate ground (GND)
grounds adjacent: island. The analog ground is separately worked
a) Minimize the current-sense resistor trace from power ground in Figure 1. There is very little
lengths, and ensure accurate current sensing current flowing in these traces, so the ground island
with Kelvin connections. need not be very large. When placed on an inner
layer, a sizable ground island can help simplify the
b) Minimize ground trace lengths in the high-cur- layout because the low-current connections can be
rent paths. made through vias. The ground pad on the back-
c) Minimize other trace lengths in the high-current side of the package should also be connected to
paths. this quiet ground island.
Use > 5mm wide traces in the high-current 3) Keep the gate-drive traces (DHI and DLO) as short
paths. as possible (L < 20mm), and route them away from
d) Connect C1 and C2 to high-side MOSFET the current-sense lines and REF. These traces
(10mm max length). Place the input capacitor should also be relatively wide (W > 1.25mm).
between the input current-sense resistor and 4) Place ceramic bypass capacitors close to the IC.
drain of the high-side MOSFET. The bulk capacitors can be placed further away.
e) Minimize the LX node (MOSFETs, rectifier cath- Place the current-sense input filter capacitors under
ode, inductor (15mm max length)). Keep LX on the part, connected directly to the GND pin.
one side of the PC board to reduce EMI radiation. 5) Use a single-point star ground placed directly
f) Since the return path of DHI is LX, route DHI near below the part at the PGND pin. Connect the power
LX. Optimally, LX and DHI should overlap. The ground (ground plane) and the quiet ground island
same principle is applied to DLO and PGND. at this location.
g) Ideally, surface-mount power components are
flush against one another with their ground termi-
Chip Information
nals almost touching. These high-current TRANSISTOR COUNT: 10,234
grounds are then connected to each other with a PROCESS: BiCMOS
wide, filled zone of top-layer copper, so they do
30 ______________________________________________________________________________________
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
Package Information
MAX8731
(The package drawing(s) in this data sheet may not reflect the most current specifications. For the latest package outline information
go to www.maxim-ic.com/packages.)
QFN THIN.EPS
D2
D CL b 0.10 M C A B
D2/2
D/2
k
MARKING L
AAAAA E/2
E2/2
(NE-1) X e CL E2
E
PIN # 1 I.D.
DETAIL A e/2 0.35x45°
PIN # 1
I.D. e
(ND-1) X e DETAIL B
L1 L CL CL
L L
e e
0.10 C
A
0.08 C
C A1 A3
PACKAGE OUTLINE,
16, 20, 28, 32, 40L THIN QFN, 5x5x0.8mm
______________________________________________________________________________________ 31
SMBus Level 2 Battery Charger with
Remote Sense
Package Information (continued)
MAX8731
(The package drawing(s) in this data sheet may not reflect the most current specifications. For the latest package outline information
go to www.maxim-ic.com/packages.)
Maxim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim product. No circuit patent licenses are
implied. Maxim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time.
32 ____________________Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408-737-7600
© 2006 Maxim Integrated Products Printed USA is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products. Inc.