Accepted Manuscript International Journal of Applied Mechanics

Accepted manuscript to appear in IJAM
Accepted Manuscript
International Journal of Applied Mechanics
by UNIVERSITY OF NEW ENGLAND on 04/25/20. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.
Article Title: Lateral behaviors of nested tube systems under quasi-static condition
Author(s): Trong Nhan Tran, Arameh Eyvazian, Quirino Estrada, Duc Hieu Le, Nhat
Tan Nguyen, Huu Son Le
DOI: 10.1142/S1758825120500465
Received: 27 January 2020

Int. J. Appl. Mechanics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
Accepted: 23 March 2020
To be cited as: Trong Nhan Tran et al., Lateral behaviors of nested tube systems under
quasi-static condition, International Journal of Applied Mechanics, doi:
10.1142/S1758825120500465
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Lateral behaviors of nested tube systems under quasi-static condition
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Trong Nhan Tran1,2 *, Arameh Eyvazian3, Quirino Estrada4, Duc Hieu Le5, Nhat Tan Nguyen6, Huu
Son Le7
1
Division of Computational Mechatronics, Institute for Computational Science, Ton Duc Thang
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University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
2
Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City,
Vietnam
3
Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Qatar University,
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P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar

4
Institute of Technology and Engineering, Autonomous University of Juarez City (UACJ), Ciudad
Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico
5
Faculty of Automobile Technology, Hanoi University of Industry, HaNoi, Vietnam
6
VIETNAM - JAPAN Center, Hanoi University of Industry, HaNoi, Vietnam
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7
Faculty of Automobile Technology, Van LangUniversity, Ho Chi Minh City,Vietnam
Abstract
A study is made to investigatethe compression behavior of different nested tube systems
made of mild steel under lateral compression. The nested tube systems including stacked groups
of circular, rectangular and square tubes arebuiltfor application in narrow compressive zones.The
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deformation mode ofthese systems isobservedand their lateral compression behaviorare

identified. The desirable stepwise energy absorption is obtained by designing the nested tube
system.The load response revealed that there is no appearance of the peak compressive load in
the case of a circular-circular tube (CCT) system, while a circular-rectangular tube (CRT) system
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offers bigger peak compressive load compared with that of acircular-square tube (CST). The
energy absorptions of CCT and CRT systems are smallestand greatest, respectively. This study
also estimates the energy absorption capacity of these system. By implementingthe “plastic hinge

*
Corresponding Author:TrongNhan Tran - Ton Duc Thang University - Vietnam.
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E-mail address: trantrongnhan@tdtu.edu.vn.

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line” concept of the modified simplified super folding element (MSSFE) theory and
superposition principle, the analytical models predicting compressive load of the nested tube
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systemsare introduced. The analytical investigationsare comparedwith data obtained from tests
on these systems. Excellent correlation is observed between the theoretical and experimental
data.
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Keywords:Nested structure;Lateral compression behavior;Energy absorption; Crashworthiness;
Theoretical analysis.
1. Introduction
The pursuit for more effective energy absorptionhas resulted in a soaring curiosity in
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nested tube systems, which is now attractive owing to its economic and structural advantages
such as low price and good energy absorption. The structure for energy absorptionis designed
such that the load exerted on the structure is absorbed by the structure’s crushing behavior, and
the transmitted load to the occupant compartment is decreased.Tarigopula et al.[2006]showed
that the energy absorption capacity of such parts played an important role in improving the
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crashworthiness of the structure without increasing the structure’s weight. Many studies of the
crushing response or energy absorption characteristics concerned either on non-circular or
circular tube systems under various loading casesweremade over the last three decades including
experimental, theoretical, and simulation investigations in case of axial or oblique loading. Li et
al. [2018] combined taper and hierarchy structures to improve the crashworthiness indexes of the
thin-walled structures. By using this combination, the hierarchical tapered tube’s crashworthiness
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indexes including mean crushing force and crushing force efficiency were significantly improved
compared with those of the corresponding tapered or hierarchical tube. Zhou et al. [2019] applied
the kirigami approach to design the discontinuous kirigami cruciform structure. To improve its
crashworthiness performance, a cutout was introduced into the structure. This combination
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showed the decrease in impact peak force and increase in energy absorption of the new structure.
The work on lateral behavior of the nested structures has received much less attention, although
there have been severalones investigating the crushing behavior of astructure under lateral
loading and proposing the deformation mechanism to interpret crushing process.For example,
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Olabi et al.[2008]described the behavior and energy absorption capacity of the various oblong
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nested tube structures under dynamic impact. By applying a modification, the optimized energy
absorber showed a better force-displacement curve, compared with its counterparts. However,
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they tested only oblong nested structures.Wang et al. [2015]carried out a study ofthe lateral
impact of nested circular tubes and developed the analytical models ofthe crushing load based on
a perfectly plastic material idealization. Besides, they showed the desirable stepwise energy
obtained by using two- or three-tube systems.
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As aneffective way towards estimating the energy absorption capacity of the structures
subjected to impact loading, their compression behavior is generally first investigated.For
instance, Reddy and Reid[1978] considered the influence of the strain rate on the lateral behavior
of a circular tube. To analyze the energy absorption under compression, the tube’s profile was
divided into four quadrants. Nevertheless, he consideredonly single circular tube by utilizing
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standard elastic theory. Another work of Reddy and Reid[1980] investigated the lateral crushing
process of the aluminum and mild steel tubes. Their work showeda good agreement between
experiment and theory for forces and deflections up to the collapse force and strain force PI.
Gutar and Khullar[1993] conducted an investigation of the lateral behavior of single square and
rectangular tubes. They revealed that the plastic hinge lines were developed first at the middle of
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the vertical and horizontal walls, and thereafter at tube corners. Additionally, they pointed out
that the compression behavior of the rectangular tube is similar to that of square one. Gupta et al.
[2005] analyzed the lateral compression of the circular tubes. In their work, the deformation
mechanism and failure behavior of the tubeswere discussed to understand the role of the
equivalent strain rate and strain. They brought in new understanding on the development of the
plastically deformed zonesin circular tube.Eyvazian et al. [2012]performed an experimental
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study on the crushing behavior of the circular tubes under lateral load. The effect of the
corrugations on the energy absorption of the tubes including corrugation number, amplitude, and
mixed corrugations was investigated to understand its effect on energy absorption
capacity. Anyhow, a much more experimental test would be required to consider the impact of
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the failure mechanism on tube’s energy absorption. Niknejad et al.[2013]investigated the lateral
collapse of the rectangular tubesand dependence of the specific energy absorption on tube
parameters. To predict the compression load during plastic deformation process, they just
estimated the bending energy at plastic hinge lines, while ignoring membrane energy. Niknejad
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and Rahmani [2014]also carried out another investigation on hexagonal columns under lateral
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loading and declared that the compressive force was proportional to the tube’s parameters. In this
paper, they examined only the bending energy to predict the compression force. In fact, the
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membrane energy should be involved to estimate this force.
Furthermore, some authors investigated different structures such as nested tube
structures, or multi-cell structures under lateral compression. Morris et al.[2006]performedthe
numerical and experimental investigations tostudy the compression ofthe nested tube systems
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under two quasi-static loading cases: the lateral loading with 1) vertical, and 2) inclined side
constraints. Their works indicated that the energy absorption of the systems considered is
increased by applying the constraints.Another study of Morris et al.[2007]presented the quasi-
static analysis of the non-circular andcircular tube systems. By comparing these systems, they
showed that the EIPSS system exhibited better crush efficiency than CIPSS. Additionally, these
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systemscould be used as an energy absorber.Niknejad and Orojloo [2016]studied the nested

foam-filled tube systems under lateral compression. They compared the energy absorption
capacity of all structures at different loading anglesand showed that the specific energy
absorption of the foam-filled structure was greater than that of the corresponding non-filled
structure. Tran[2017]studied thelateral crushing behaviors of the multi-cell tubes under lateral
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loading. His work indicated that the extensional membrane areacould be estimated based
onthecollapsing displacement. The coefficient of the area varied in the range from 0.1 to 0.18.
Hu et Yu [2013] analyzed the behavior of the hexagonal honeycombs under low speed impact. In
their work, an analytical solution based on the collapse mechanism and energy method was
proposed to estimate the crushing strength of the honeycomb. Notwithstanding, they did not pay
attention the applications of the honeycombs. Baroutaji et al. [2015]addressed the energy
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absorption of the circular tubes under lateral compression. Theyfound that the crushing force was
more considerable in smaller tubes. The tubes with larger thickness, and smaller diameter and
width were suitable for application as energy absorber. Later, Baroutaji et al. [2016]performed a
studyon three different nested tube structures under lateral static and dynamic loadings and
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concluded that the energy absorption of the system could be enhanced by selection of the
appropriate system. Besides, their works showed that the influence of the strain rate and inertia
effects on nested structures were negligible at the applied speed.
There are studies on the energy absorption in case of lateral loading, which are published
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in the past thirty years. However, these studies have been limited to the
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experimentalornumericalsimulation, but the theoretical analysis is infrequently proposed so far.
Generally, the structures examined under lateral loading are single tube, multi-cell tube or nested
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structure. Regarding the nested structures, the component tubes investigatedare circular,
oblongor ellipse one. In this study, three different nested tube structures using stacked groups of
rectangular,square, and circular tubes are then built anda series of tests areperformedusing an
Instronuniversal testing machine for the lateral loading. The compression responsesof these
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systems are investigated.Besides, the effect of the structure on the energy absorption and
compressive load of these systems is examined. The estimation of the energy absorption capacity
among these system is also carried out in this study. Based on the energy method and
superposition principle, the analytical models of the average compressive load are developed for
these nested tube systems.
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2. Experimentalcompression procedure
The tubeis made of steel. To obtain the mechanical properties of the materials, a tensile
test of the mild steel iscarried out. The true stress-strain curve is illustrated in Fig. 1.The yield
stressand ultimate stressof this steel are 218 MPa and 316 MPa, respectively. The specimens are
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cut from the steel tubeavailable in the market. The wall thickness and the length of each
specimenare 1.2 mm and 70 mm, respectively.
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Fig. 1 Tensile test and true stress-strain curve of the mild steel
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Twenty-four tubes are severed from three different tube types including circular,
rectangular, and square tubes respectively. There are three different systemsconsisting of
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circular-circulartube (CCT), circular-rectangulartube (CRT), and circular-squaretube
(CST)systems as seen in Fig. 2.The geometry definitions and test number of each type of system
are presentedin Table 1. These systemsare experimentally and theoretically investigated with
four test samples representing each group, resulting in a total of twelve specimens to be tested
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witha quasi-static loading condition. Figure 3reveals the experimental setup of the lateral loading
condition.
The specimen is centrally positioned on the lower platen of the machine. First the CCT
and CRT systems are tested in order, and theCST systemis loaded later on. The gaps between the
outer and the inner tubes for the CCT, CRT, and CST systems are approximately 14mm, 40mm,
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and 40mm, respectively. Velocities ranging from1 to 14mm/minhave been applied by

mostscientists in the quasi-static lateral load tests. For example, Fan[2015] investigated lateral
behavior of triangular tubes at speed of 2.5 mm/min.In this study, the experiment of the
respective samples is accordinglyperformed on a machineInstron 4204 at a loading rate of
3mm/min. The load of 50 kN is the maximum capacity of this machine loading frame. The
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process of compressionis continued until there is hardly any gap between the upper and lower
halves of the tubes at the middle. The deformed profiles of the samplesare taken at different
stages by a camera.Thecompressive load–displacement curve of each test sampleis recorded
bythe software of the machine.
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AC
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CCT
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3
2
1
Nested tube system
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(mm)
D = 90
Outer tube
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(mm)
d = 76
Inner tube
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L
70
(mm)
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1.2
(mm)
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Fig. 3 Experimental setup
Fig. 2 Nested tube systems: (a) CCT, (b) CRT, and (c) CST
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4
1
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2
CRT D = 90 b x h = 25 x 50 70 1.2
3
4
1
2
CST D = 90 a x a = 50 x 50 70 1.2
3
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4
Table 1. Parameters of the nested tube systems
3. Analysis of compressionprocess
For these systems, the initial gap allows two component tubes to deform successively as
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loading proceeded, thus the reason for the non-monotonous increase in compressive load during
the whole of the compressive stroke. Fig. 4 presents the typical responses of three nested tube
systems compressed under lateral load. This figure shows that the linear portion of the curve is
the elastic region. After the elastic range, the compressive load typically is constant or slightly
rises because of plastic deformation in this stage. The compressive displacementtakes place more
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quickly on account of compression.The deformation, which continues in stage B ofwhole

structure,makes the compressive load rise to a higher plateau. It is evident that
thecharacteristicsof stage B are similar to thoseof stage A. Therefore, the desirable stepwise
energy absorption is obtained by designing these systems.The load-displacement curves also
show that the change of the compressive load is accordingly controlled by the compression
behavior.Additionally, the response of the CCT system is different from those of the CRT and
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CST systems. However, the response during the first stage is the same regarding three nested
tube systems.
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Fig. 4. Typical compressive load – compressive displacement curves and average compressive load obtained
by experiment (red dashed line)
During a lateral loading condition, the compression causing the fluctuation of the
compressive load around anaverage value happensin the component tubes ofthe tubular system.
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A theoretical investigation is the most effective approach to rank the compressive strength of a
structure. To appraise the effectiveness of a structure, the single parameter as the average
compressive load  Pave  determined by the average value of the compressive loadis enough. In
work of Tran et al.[2014], the aim of a theoretical solution of a structure is to create the relation
between the average compressive load and energy absorption in the compression process by the
principle of virtual work. The experimental value of Pave , which is presented by the dash line in
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Fig. 4, is hence given a characterization as the constant force with a corresponding quantity of
50% displacement.
It is observed that the compression behavior of a specific system is affected by its
structure. Therefore, deformed profiles at different stages of lateral crushing for the CCT, CRT,
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and CST systems are introduced in Figs. 5, 6, and 7 respectively.
3.1. Compression process of the CCT system

When the CCT system is laterally compressed, the deformation profile is observed in Fig.
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5. Basically, CCT includes two circular tubes with a gap between them. Since there is a gap
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between inner and outer tube, the two tubes of the CCT deform in sequence under the
compression of the upper platen. Thence the CCT’s deformation causes a non-monotonic
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increase in load throughout the stroke. A noteworthy upsurge in load is noticed towards the end
of the compression process for CCT (seen in Fig. 4a). This increase was due to the self-contact
and material strain hardening that occurs in the system. This leads to a larger overall load
claimed to compress the system.
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During the stage A of the CCT system, the outer tube is first compressed whereas the
deformation does not happen in the inner tube. Due to the fact that the collapse resistance of the
circular tube is small, the compressive load increases slightly in this stage. The outer tube
continued to deform until the contact between the inner and outer tubes happened. Therefore,
stage B starts just after the outer tube touches the inner one. When contact is established between
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the inner and outer tubes, an increase in load is observed due to the collapse resistance of the
inner tube being launched. After contact, deformation of the inner tube also takes place. The
simultaneous deformation of both tubes causes the rise of the compressive load, for which the
whole nested tube system keeps collapsing until the compression process is finished. By
observing the compression process in Fig. 5, the deformed profile of the inner tube is similar to
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that of the outer tube in stage B.

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Fig. 5. Progressive folding of the cross-sectionCCT under lateral loading
In the stage A, only the outer tube is crushed under compression. Its crush has created the
plastic hinge lines at A, C, B, and D, respectively. The outer tube continues to deform until the
contact of the inner and outer tube happen. After contacting, the deformation of the inner one
takes place. By observing the crushing process in Figs. 5(c) and 5(d), it can be seen that the
deformed profile of the inner tube is similar to that of the outer tube in stage B. Accordingly,
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there are six moving PHLs formed on each tube. The bending of the sides touches the upper and
lower platens such as A5A6, A7A8, A9A10 and C1C2 progress so much that they become almost
plat in stage B. At the end of the compression process in Figs. 5(e) and 5(f), there are two new
PHLs formed at A1 and A2 which raise crush load dramatically.
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3.2. Compression process of the CRT system

The CRT system consists of one rectangular tube inside one circular tube, with a gap
between the tubes; both tubes have the same wall-thickness. The typical load-compressive
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extension curve of the CRT system is illustrated in Fig. 4(b), with the deformation history of
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thetypical sample described in Fig. 6. Due to the existence of a gap, the two component tubes
deform sequentially.Observing the load response in Fig. 4(b), points out that a significant
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increase in load is recognized at a compressive extension of 38 mm. This increase is due to the
collapse of the rectangular tube. At a displacementof approximately 71.5 mm, the compressive
load begins to rise again due to the self-contact of the inner tube. This increment induces a bigger
inclusive load needed to squeeze the structure.
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Fig. 6. Progressive folding of the cross-sectionCRT under lateral loading
Forthe circular tube, the compression behavior in stage A of the CRT system is similar to
that of the CCT system. After exhausting the gap between the inner and outer tube, the stage B
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begin at the momentof contact between the outer and inner tubes, and the whole structureis
compressed until the end of the compression process (Fig. 6). Asthe contact between the two
component tubes is formed, a rise in load is noticed due to the collapse resistance of the
rectangular tube being initiated.The synchronous collapse of the whole systemincreases the
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compressive load, which results in a greater overall energy absorption required during the
compression process.
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Being circular tube, the crushing process in stage A of CRT system is similar to that of
CCT system. There are four PHLs including two stationary and two moving plastic hinge lines
constituted on the outer tubeat I, J,K and H, respectively.After exhausting the gap of the inner
and outer tubes, the inner one begins to crush until ending crushing process. As shown in Figs.
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6(c, d) of the stage B, there are twelve new PHLs involving four PHLs at E5, E6, G1, G2 and eight
PHLs at E1, E2, E3, E4, E7, E8, E9, E10 developed on outer and inner tube, respectively. Figs. 6(e)
and 6(f) show the termination of the stage B in which the contact between inner and outer tubes
increase crush load fiercely.
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3.3. Compression process of the CST system

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Fig. 7. Progressive folding of the cross-sectionCST under lateral loading.
The CST system is composed of one circular and one square tube. However, Figs. 4, 6,
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and 7 reveal the parallelism in the load response and compression behavior of the CRT and CST
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systems. At displacements of approximately 37.5 and 62.5 mm, the CST starts to experience a
notable rise in compressive load. This rise is due to the bending resistance and self-contact of the
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square tube, which results in a considerable compressive load demanded to collapse the system.
Furthermore, the simultaneous deformation of whole structure is attributable to the increase of
the compressive load, which requires more energy absorption to compress the structure.
It is similar to the formation of the PHLson CRT system, four PHLs are taken shape at I,
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K, J, and L on outer tube in stage A and twelve PHLs are created, respectively, at I5, I6, K1, K2
and I1, I2, I3, I4, I7, I8, I9, I10 on outer and inner tubes in stage B. The sharp rises in compressive
load at the end of the stage B due to the contact of the outer and inner tubes as shown in Fig. 7(f).
4. Analytical solutions
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W Wouter tube Winner tube
= +
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(a)
= + (b)
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= +
(c)
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Fig. 8. Superposition principle in stage B for a) CCT system, b) CRT system, c) CST system
The compression process in the metallic nested tube system is theoretically studied. The
theoretical relationships are acquiredadoptingthe “plastic hinge line” concept and superposition
principle. The compressive load, as stated by the compression process of the nested tube system,
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is governed by the PHLs, and will be estimated through the bending angles and membrane
elements’ area.
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In Figs. 5, 6, and 7, the deformation profile of the outer tube of the CCT system is the
same as that of the CRT and CST systems while the inner tube deformation of CRT and CST is
different from that of CCT. In the case of the nested circular tube system, the superposition
principle combines with the “plastic hinge line” concept of the MSSFE theory to develop the
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average compressive load’s formula. The superposition principle is illustrated in Fig. 8for all
nested tube systems in stage B. This principle stated that the dissipation energy of a nested tube
system during a compression process is the sum of energies that are dissipated by each
component tube.
With regards to the lateral loading condition, the simplified super folding element theory of Chen
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and Wierzbicki[2001]is modified to study the crushing mode of the nested tube structure. In the
MSSFE theory, the basic folding element (BFE) containing one plastic hinge line and two
membrane elements is proposed (Fig. 9). Moreover, the following assumptions are made: (i) the
elastic strain energy stored in tubes being smaller than the input energy, the material of the tube
being assumed as rigid-plastic; (ii) the tube system being not extensible; (iii) the wall thickness
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of the tube remains unchanged during the whole deformation process.
Initial position of the panel
Bending angle α Bending angle α

Area of the membrane
element
A 2
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Flange Plastic Flange Plastic

(panel) hinge line (panel) hinge line
Bending angle α Bending angle α

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(a): for circular tube (b): for square and rectangular tube (c)
Fig. 9. Basic folding element (BFE) in case of nested tube system

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As mentioned above, sum of the energy dissipations of the compression process inthe
tube system is equal to the external work of compressive load executed on system. For that
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reason, we get
P  Wm  Wb , (1)
where Wm and W b denote the membrane and bending energy, and  is the compressive
displacement.
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Let the flanges of the tube rotate an angle 𝛼, the PHLs are developed on tube. The PHL’s
appearance makes the energy absorbed in membrane andbending. By conforming to the
assumption of the basic folding element in MSSFE theory, the energy dissipated in membrane is
determined integrating the areas of the membrane elements at PHLs as shown in Fig. 9. That is
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m m
Wm     0tdAi    0tAi , (2)
i 1 Ai i 1
where m is the number of the PHL; 𝜎 226.73 𝑀𝑃𝑎 is the flow stress; t is the
wall thickness; Ai   i 2 is the membrane element’s area; and i is area’s coefficient at the ith
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PHL and depends on tube profile and location of the PHL.

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Fig. 10. Deformation profile at some point in time and bending angle of the tube’s inclined wall
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The bending energy is crucially dependent on the fully plastic bending moment of the
flange 𝑀 , the PHL’s length 𝐿 , and the bending angle 𝛼 . The energy dissipated in bending
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is correspondingly calculated as follows
m m
Wb  2  M 0 Ldi  2M 0 L i (3)
i 1  i 1
𝜎𝑡
where the fully plastic bending moment of the flanges is 𝑀 4. It is hard to calculate
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precisely the bending and membrane energy. As a result, a few parameters such as area’s
coefficient and bending angle should be proposed to determine the energy absorbed in bending
and membrane deformations.To estimate the stretching length and mean load, Wierzbicki et al.
[1992] assumed the tentative values of the eccentricity parameter (m). Huang and Lu [2003]also
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assumed the arbitrary value of the effective plastic hinge length to predict mean load.For the sake
of convenience, this coefficient, μ, is defined of 0.1 for two stages of all systems.
Fig. 10 shows the collapse mode for three nested tube systems at some point in time. In
this figure, the deformation profile of the outer tube of CCT is the same those of CRT and CST
while inner tube’s deformation of CRT and CST is different from that of CCT. In addition,
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lateral compressions of these nested tube systems include the symmetry of the deformation about
two mutually perpendicular axes. Fig. 10 also displays the simplification in regard to the bending
angles in stage B of tube’s inclined wall that are alternate angles.
4.1. Compressive load of circular-circular tube (CCT) system

4.1.1.Compressive load in stage A
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As shown in Fig 11(a), there are four PHLs at A, B, C, and D on outer tube in stage A of
the CCT system as shown in Fig. 11(a). Due to deformation’s symmetry about the perpendicular
axes, the energy dissipated in bending and membrane at these PHLs are assumed to be equal.
That means the bending angles and the areas of the membrane elements at the PHLs are the
same.
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A basic folding element (BFE) encompasses one extensional rectangular elements and
one plastic hinge line. The extensional membrane elements at plastic hingeline play an
importantrole affecting on the energy absorption in membrane. In other words, the effect of the
extension membrane element on the membrane energy is expressed by area’s coefficient.
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According to Eq. (2),the membrane energy of the CCT system in stage A is then estimated as
follows
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 A  4 0 t CCT  A A
WmCCT 2
(4)
In first stage, the rotation of the panels at PHLs is tiny. Two bending angles of π/52
developed at PHL that has observable effect on the CCT system’s energy absorption in bending.
Its corresponding bending energy is thus determined by Eq. (3)
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WbCCT  4 M 0 L  2 cir tube  (5)
Substituting Eqs. (4) and (5) into Eq. (1), the energy balance for an increment of
verticaldisplacement is
 A  Wb  A  4 0 t  CCT  A A  4 M 0 L  2 cir  tube  ,

PACCT  A  WmCCT CCT 2
(6)
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𝑃
Under the stationary condition of the compressive load 𝑀 0, the
tL cir  tube

compressive displacement can be obtained  A  . To substitute this value into Eq. (6)
2  CCT  A
and transforming it, the compressive load of the CCT in stage A is

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tL cir  tube  t2 2  CCT  A

PACCT  4 0 t  CCT  A  4 0 L  2 cir  tube   0.784 0 t 3 2 L1 2 1 2  CCT
12
A
(7)
2  CCT  A 4 tL cir  tube
Eq. (7) is the analytical model predicting the compressive load in stage A for CCT
system. Figs. 5, 6, and 7 show the same crushing behavior in stage A for three types of nested
tube system. Then, Eq. (7) is also valid for predicting the compressive load in stage A for CRT
and CST systems. This means
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PACCT  PACST  PACRT . (8)
4.1.2.Compressive load in stage B

During the stage B, plastic deformation mechanism carries on progressing. Fig. 11b
EP
shows there are a total of twelve PHLs needed for CCT system to collapse under crushing, which
consist of six PHLs at A5, A6, B, C1, C2, D on outer tube and six PHLs at A2, A4, A7, A8, A9, A10
on inner tube. Since PHLs at A and C on outer tube in stage A are divided into four new PHLs
A5, A6, C1, and C2, it is evident that the energy absorptions at PHLs A5, A6, C1, and C2 are a half
C
of those of PHLsat A and C. As a result of the similar crushing behavior of the inner and outer
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tubes, a similar conclusion can be made for the absorption energies of PHLs at A7, A8 and A9,
A10 regarding those of PHLs atA1 and A3. Because of the progress of the bending angle at PHLs
CR
in stage B, the bending angle in stage B is double the bending angle in stage A and equal to
π/26.The bending angle and the area of the membrane element at corresponding PHLs of the
inner and outer tubes are considered to be equivalent.
Due to the creation of new plastic hinge lines, the compressive load reaches a new level.
US
With twelve PHLs, the energy dissipation in membrane and bending of the CCT system in stage
B is estimated by the following expressions
2 1
 B   0t CCT  B B  4  8  .
WmCCT (9)
 2
AN
 1
 B  M 0 L  2 cir tube   4  8  .
WbCCT (10)
 2
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TE
C EP
Fig. 11. Crushing behavior in stage A, B and load – displacement curves for CCT system
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The total internal energy after compression consists of the energy dissipated by bending
CR
Wb and by membrane area Wm. Since the internal energy should be equal to the work of the
corresponding compressive load, this relationship can be expressed as
2 1  1
 B  Wb  B   0t CCT  B B  4  8   M 0 L  2 cir tube   4  8  ,
PBCCT  B  WmCCT CCT
(11)
 2  2
US
𝑃
Setting the stationary condition of the crushing load 𝑀 0, the compressive
displacement in stage B is evaluated as𝛿 . Substituting the value of δB into (11)
gives the general theoretical expression for the compressive load of CCT in stage B
AN
tL cir tube  1   0t 2 2CCT  B  1

PBCCT   0t CCT  B  4  8  L  2 cir tube  48 
2CCT  B  2 4 tL cir tube  2 (12)
 2.2188 0t 3 2 L1 2 1 2 CCT
12
B
DM
Combining Eq. (7) and (11) gives the average compressive load of CCT as follows
PACCT  PBCCT
CCT
Paverage   1.501 0t 3 2 L1 2 1 2 CCT
12
. (13)
2
4.2. Compressive load of circular-rectangular tube (CRT)system

The compressive load in stage A of CRT system is estimated by Eq. (7).This section
TE
builds theoretical formulas to predict the compressive load in stage B and average compressive
load. There are a total of fourteen PHLs developed on CRT system comprising six PHLs at E5,
E6, G1, G2, F, H on outer tube and eight PHLs at E1, E2, E3, E4, E7, E8, E9, E10 on inner tube as
shown in Fig. 12. The experimental results in Figs. 5 and 6 indicate that outer tube’s deforming
behavior of the CRT system is similar to that of the CCT system. Conclusions concerning the
EP
energy absorption due to deformation of CCT system’s outer tube are therefore applied to the
outer tube of the CRT system. Regarding the inner rectangular tube, the buckling of tube’s walls
brings about the deformation of the corners. It points out that the buckling of the vertical and
horizontal walls has had the considerable effect, whereas the influenceof the deformation at
C
corners has least effect on compressive load. The absorbed energies due to the deformation on
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horizontal wall and at corners are then determined based on the absorption energy of the
buckling on the vertical wall.
CR
As stated in previous sections, the membrane energy depends on the area of the
extensional membrane element and the bending energy is dependent on the bending angle at
PHLs. The bending and membrane energies at E8 and E10 are double those at E7, E9, and are
eight times those at E1, E2, E3, and E4. The corresponding bending angles of PHLs at E8, E10on
US
inner tube and at F, H on outer one are of π/7 and π/26, respectively. The energies absorbed by
the plastic hinge lines in case of membrane deformation and bending are then determined by
2 1 1 1
 B   0t CRT  B B  2  4  2  2  4    0t CRT  B B  A
WmCRT 2
(14)
 2 2 8

AN 1 
 1  1
 B  M 0 L  2 cir tube   2  4    2 rec tube   2  2
WbCRT  4   M 0 L  B  (15)
  2  2 8 
According to the principle of balance energy, the work of the corresponding compressive
load should be equal to the internal energy due to deformation. That means
 B  Wb  B   0 t  CRT  B B  A   M 0 L  B 
PBCRT  B  WmCRT CRT 2
(16)
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C EP
AC
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Fig. 12. Crushing behavior in stage A, B and load – displacement curves for CRT system
CR
𝑃
The stationary condition 𝑀 0 should be used, which leads to𝛿
. Substituting  B into Eq. (16) and transforming this equation, the compressive load
in stage B of CRT system is determined by the following equation
US
tL  B   0t 2 4CRT  B  A
PBCRT   0t CRT  L  B
4 CRT  B  A  4 tL  B  (17)
 3.131 0t 3 2 L1 2 1 2 CRT
12
B
By combining Eq. (8) and (17), the average compressive load of CRT is
AN
PACRT  PBCRT
CRT
Paverage   1.958 0t 3 2 L1 2 1 2 CRT
12
. (18)
2
4.3. Compressive load of circular-square tube (CST) system

DM
TE
C EP
Fig. 13. Crushing behavior in stage A, B and load – displacement curves for CST system
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The formulas for predicting compressive loads of CST system are built similar to those of
CR
CRT system. Plastic deformation mechanism and compressive load-displacement curves of CST
system under lateral compression arise as depicted in Fig. 13. Although the inner tube of CST
system is different from that of CRT system. In other words, square section is a special condition
of the rectangular one. However, Figs. 6 ,7, 12, and 13 show a similarity of the lateral crushing
US
behavior between CRT and CST systems. There are also fourteen PHLs developed on CST
system in stage B consisting of six PHLs at I5, I6, K1, K2, J, L on outer tube and eight PHLs at I1,
I2, I3, I4, I7, I8, I9, I10 on inner tube. Conclusions concerning the CRT system are accordingly
applied for the CST system, or otherwise the compressive load in stage B for CST systems can
be determined using Eq. (17).
AN
Similar to the case of CRT tube, the average compressive load of CST is
PACST  PBCST
CST
Paverage   1.958 0t 3 2 L1 2 1 2 CCT
12
. (19)
2
5. Discussion and estimation of energy absorption

DM
5.1. Behavior and validation of theoretical analysis
Experiment Analytical solution

Nested
tube Compressive Compressive Average Compressive Compressive Average
system load in load in compressive load in load in compressive
stage A (kN) stage B (kN) load (kN) stage A (kN) stage B (kN) load (kN)
1 0.838 2.854 1.846
TE
2 0.879 2.841 1.860

CCT 1.096 3.101 2.099
3 1.066 3.315 2.191
4 1.035 3.172 2.104
1 1.084 3.761 2.423
2 0.814 3.938 2.376
CRT 1.096 4.377 2.736
EP
3 1.152 4.675 2.914

4 0.85 4.312 2.581
1 1.132 3.805 2.469
2 1.223 4.144 2.684
CST 1.096 4.377 2.736
3 0.854 3.825 2.340
4 0.882 4.594 2.738
C
Table 2.Tested and predicted average compressiveloads for three nested tube systems
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Twelve tests in case of lateral loading are carried out for three nested tube systems.
Experimental collapse sequences for all systems are shown in Figs. 5, 6, and 7. A similar
CR
deformation mode is offered by both CRT and CSTsystems, while the CCT deformation mode is
different to that of CRT and CST. However, the compression behavior of these systems are
identical due to the outer tubes being circular in the first stage, and different due to the various
shape of the inner tubes in the later stage. A gap, which existed in the structures, made the two
US
component tubes compress in order to accomplish the compression.
AN
DM
TE
Fig. 14Scatter diagram of the compressive load in two stages for three nested tubesystems
Regarding the peak compressive load, there is no peak compressive load during the
EP
whole compression process for the CCT. While the CST offers the lower peak compressive load
compared with that of the CRT (seen in Figs. 11, 12, and 13). This can be attributed to the fact
that the inner quadrangular tube of the CRT and CST systemsmay explain the appearance of a
peak compressive load, and the collapse resistance of CRT is larger than that of CST and CCT
C
systems. Generally, the peak compressive load magnitude depends on the arrangement of the
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structure. For the nested tubes system having the same outer circular tube, the inner tube is used
as collapse resistance so that the geometric shape of the inner tube is the most dominating factor
CR
for peak compressive load.
The analytical solutions of the compressive load are derived based on the superposition
principle and energy method. To approve the theoretical solutions built in the section above,
experimental tests are carried out for all systems under lateral compression.The compressive
US
loads up to structure, which are used to compare with the experiment data, are calculated by Eqs.
(7), (12), (13), (17), (18), and (19) for three nested tube systems. Eq. (7) predicts the compressive
load in stage A for CCT, CRT, and CST systems. The predictable value of the compressive load
in stage B of CCT system is determined by Eq. (12), whereas the compressive load in stage B of
both CRT and CST system is computed by Eq. (17). The average compressive loads of CCT,
AN
CRT, and CST are predicted by Eqs. (13), (18), and (19), respectively.
DM
TE
EP
Fig. 15 Scatter diagram of the average compressive load for threenested tube systems
C
AC
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All values of the compressive load for all systems are listed in Table 2 which show the
compressive load in stage A for three systems being basically similar. However, the compressive
CR
load in stage B of CRT systems is larger than that of CCT and CST systems. The
comparisonsand standard deviations between the theoreticaland experimental results are
presented in Fig. 14 and 15. The result shows that these solutions can predict the compressive
loads of CCT, CRT, and CST systems under lateral loading with reasonable correlation,
US
comparing the experiment results.An effective support is therefore validated between the
analytical form and the experimental data in all tests.
5.2. Estimation of energy absorption

The capacity of the energy absorbing structure isgenerallyestimated using the following
AN
energy-based indexes: crushingload efficiency,effective crushing distance, load uniformity, and

specific energy absorption.In this investigation, we consideredspecific energy absorption (𝑆𝐸𝐴),
crushing load efficiency (𝐶𝐿𝐸), and structural mass (𝑚).
The index SEA isdefined as the absorbed energy (EA) per unit mass. Then, SEA can be
calculated as
DM
EA
SEA  . (20)
m
where m is the mass of the nested tube system.
For the nested tube system underlateral compression, CLE is definedas the ratio of the
compressive load in stage B to the average compressive load. That is, CLE can be computed as
Compressiveload in stage B
CLE  . (21)
TE
Average compressiveload
The energy absorption capacity, crushing load efficiency and mass of the three systems
are tabulated in Table 3 and compared in Fig. 16. Overall, the features of the CRT system, that
includes mass, crushing load efficiency and energy absorption, are more efficient than those of
EP
CST and CCT systems. As shown in Fig 16, CRT’s mass is smallest while it specific energy
absorption is largest, compared with mass and specific energy absorption of the corresponding
system CCT or CST. In addition, the crushing load efficiency of CRT system is more stable than
that of CST or CCT one. This result can be attributed to the interaction effect between the
C
distinct components of the system, i.e. inner and outer tubes, during the compression process.
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While the collapse of the nested tube system is happening, a contact between inner and outer
tubes of these systems occurs which in turn might affect the form of the compressive load-
CR
displacement curves. The contact effect depends principally on the shape of the component tubes
that constructs the nested tube system. Once the interaction between the two component tubes
happens, the inner tube thus forms a kind of resistance for the collapse of the outer tube. This
increases the compressive load of the system leading to an increase in energy absorption.
US
Nested Compressive Average
SEA
tube m (kg) EA (kJ) load in stage compressive CLE
(kJ/kg)
system B (kN) load (kN)
CCT1 0.218 0.573 2.854 1.846 1.546
AN
2 0.229 0.603 2.841 1.860 1.527

0.380
3 0.209 0.550 3.315 2.191 1.513
4 0.224 0.590 3.172 2.104 1.508
CRT1 0.250 0.948 3.761 2.423 1.553
2 0.283 1.074 3.938 2.376 1.657
0.264
3 0.251 0.952 4.675 2.914 1.605
4 0.296 1.123 4.312 2.581 1.671
DM
CST1 0.249 0.834 3.805 2.469 1.541

2 0.232 0.778 4.144 2.684 1.544
0.298
3 0.241 0.809 3.825 2.340 1.635
4 0.280 0.940 4.594 2.738 1.678
Table 3. Mass, energy absorption, load, and CLE of nested tube systems
In lateral loading, the energy absorption of nested tube system is heavily influenced by
the arrangement of the component tubes. In other words, this is due to the collapse resistanceof
TE
the inner tube for systems having the same outer tube. Regarding the circular, square, and
rectangular tubes in this work, the collapse resistance of the rectangular tube is the largest, and is
followed in order by the collapse resistance of the square and circular tubes. For all systems, the
interaction effect between two component tubes of CRT system is greatest, while the interaction
EP
effect between two component tubes of CCT one is smallest. In Fig. 16, CRT, with an inner
rectangular tube, displays the greatest energy absorption capacity. Whereas CCT, with an inner
circular tube, exhibits the smallest energy absorption capacity. CST is nearest CRT in energy
absorption capacity, however CRT’s mass is larger than that of CST. Therefore, it is a
C
disadvantage in terms of crashworthiness performance. According to the results displayed in Fig.

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16, the CCT and CRT systems absorb the least and the most amount of energy among three
tested systems, respectively.
CR
US
AN
DM
Fig. 16Mass and energy absorption for threenested tubesystems
Essentially, considering mass, crushing load efficiency and energy absorption metrics, it
can be expressed that CRT is the best system for energy absorption because it offers stable
crushing load efficiency and high energy absorption with relatively low weight.
TE
6. Conclusion
The lateral compression of different nested tube systems is addressed in the present
paper. According to the deformation behavior of all systems, the compression process divides
two different stages due to the gap between two component tubes. The inner tubes such as
EP
circular, rectangular, and square one act as a collapse resistance. The desirable stepwise energy
absorption is obtained by designing the nested tube system.
Both the CRT and CST systems offer a similar deformation mode, while the deformation
mode of the CST system is different to that of the CRT and CST systems. There is no peak
C
compressive load in case of the CCT system under lateral loading. The appearance of the peak
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compressive load in the CRT and CST systems is due to their inner quadrangular tube, which in
turn increases the recommended load and energy absorption for yielding and creation of plastic
CR
hinge lines.The compressive load and energy absorption of the CRT and CST systems arehigher
than those of the CCT system. Among these nested tube systems, the CRT system, which
exhibits outstanding energy absorption capacity, is better than the other systems.
This paper also proposes the theoretical formulas to the predict compressives load for the
US
nested tube systems using the “plastic hinge line” concept of the MSSFE theory and
superposition principle. It must be clear that the predicted values from the theoretical formulas
are considered as the constant values. Comparison between the experimental and the thoeretical
values shows a good agreement for all the nested tube systems. Such theoretical models provide
an effectivemeans to estimate the energy absorption capacity of the nested tubular system.
AN
Acknowledgement
This research is funded by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology
Development(NAFOSTED) under grant number107.99-2019.02.
DM
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Received: 27 January 2020

Accepted: 23 March 2020

Link to final version: https://doi.org/10.1142/S1758825120500465

P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar

deformation mode ofthese systems isobservedand their lateral compression behaviorare

E-mail address: trantrongnhan@tdtu.edu.vn.

obtained by using two- or three-tube systems.

systemscould be used as an energy absorber.Niknejad and Orojloo [2016]studied the nested

and 40mm, respectively. Velocities ranging from1 to 14mm/minhave been applied by

quickly on account of compression.The deformation, which continues in stage B ofwhole

and CST systems are introduced in Figs. 5, 6, and 7 respectively.

3.1. Compression process of the CCT system

claimed to compress the system.

that of the outer tube in stage B.

Fig. 5. Progressive folding of the cross-sectionCCT under lateral loading

3.2. Compression process of the CRT system

inclusive load needed to squeeze the structure.

Fig. 6. Progressive folding of the cross-sectionCRT under lateral loading

3.3. Compression process of the CST system

Fig. 7. Progressive folding of the cross-sectionCST under lateral loading.

W Wouter tube Winner tube

of the tube remains unchanged during the whole deformation process.

Initial position of the panel

Bending angle α Bending angle α

Flange Plastic Flange Plastic

Bending angle α Bending angle α

Fig. 9. Basic folding element (BFE) in case of nested tube system

PHL and depends on tube profile and location of the PHL.

4.1. Compressive load of circular-circular tube (CCT) system

Its corresponding bending energy is thus determined by Eq. (3)

 A  Wb  A  4 0 t  CCT  A A  4 M 0 L  2 cir  tube  ,

tL cir  tube

and transforming it, the compressive load of the CCT in stage A is

tL cir  tube  t2 2  CCT  A

PACCT  PACST  PACRT . (8)

4.1.2.Compressive load in stage B

displacement in stage B is evaluated as𝛿 . Substituting the value of δB into (11)

tL cir tube  1   0t 2 2CCT  B  1

4.2. Compressive load of circular-rectangular tube (CRT)system

in stage B of CRT system is determined by the following equation

4.3. Compressive load of circular-square tube (CST) system

5. Discussion and estimation of energy absorption

5.1. Behavior and validation of theoretical analysis

Experiment Analytical solution

2 0.879 2.841 1.860

3 1.152 4.675 2.914

5.2. Estimation of energy absorption

energy-based indexes: crushingload efficiency,effective crushing distance, load uniformity, and

2 0.229 0.603 2.841 1.860 1.527

CST1 0.249 0.834 3.805 2.469 1.541

disadvantage in terms of crashworthiness performance. According to the results displayed in Fig.

Fig. 16Mass and energy absorption for threenested tubesystems

walled equilateral triangular tubes. International Journal of Steel Structures15, 785-795.

velocity impact – theory and simulations. International Journal of Solids and

circular tube systems under quasi-static conditions. Journal of Materials Processing

section as the energy absorber. Thin-Walled Structures100, 113-123.

between rigid plates. International Journal of Solids and Structures16, 545-562.

subjected to lateral impact loading. Thin-Walled Structures91, 72-81.

Discontinuous Kirigami Cruciform Sandwich Panel. International Journal of Applied

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