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Engg - Materials - Effect of Alloying Element
Engg - Materials - Effect of Alloying Element
Engineering
Materials
EFFECT OF ALLOYING
ELEMENT
Chromium
Cheapest alloying element.
It form chromium carbide in steel and increase the
hardening power.
Chromium impedes grain growth in heating to some extent
and retains the hardness at elevated temperature.
In terms of mechanical properties:
Increase hardness
Decrease ductility
Increase tensile strength
Increase elastic limit
Toughness get slightly lowered.
It also imparts corrosion resistance.
Added in about 30 % of iron.
Nickel
Non-carbide forming element and soluble in any proportion to iron.
It prevents excess grain growth at elevated temperature.
It stabilize the austenite phase thus lowers the critical temperature of
steel. This helps during heat treatment.
Nickel can be added upto 50 %.
If added as 2 – 5%, it imparts:
Great strength
Good harness with high elastic limit
Good ductility
Good resistance to corrosion
Decreases machinability
Manganese
It forms manganese carbide which joins the iron carbide to a complex
unit.
It raises solubility of carbon, lowers the critical point and widens
hardening range.
For hard microstructures on quenching, manganese is more preferable
than nickel.
It is deoxidizer and desulphurizer.
It can be added in the range of 0.4 – 2.0 % and 11 to 14 %.
The lower % increases hardness, strength, wear resistance and tensile
strength.
It lowers the tendency of distortion during heat treatment.
The higher %, make the steel permanently non-magnetic and increase
work hardening properties.
Desulphurization of Hot Metal
Removal of sulphur from hot metal is called desulphurization of hot
metal.
Sulphur is a desirable element in steel when good machinability is
required from the steel product.
However it is an unwanted element in most of the applications of steel
due to the following reasons:
Sulphur affects both internal and surface quality of steel
Sulphur contributes to the steel brittleness and when it exists in sulphide
phase it acts as a stress raiser in steel products.
It forms undesirable sulphides which promotes granular weakness and
cracks in steel during solidification.
It has adverse effect on the mechanical properties.
It lowers the melting point and intergranular strength and cohesion of
steel.
Vanadium
forms complex carbide with carbon.
In combination with chromium and nickel greatly strengthen the steel.
0.15 – 2.0 % vanadium is used.
It acts as deoxdisers and also remove nitrogen.
Less than 0.2% addition of vanadium increases the:
Tensile strength
Elastic limit
Yield strength
Resistance to shock
Hardness.
Molybdenum
It retains grain growth at high temperature.
It provide good hardening.
It is added from 0.20 – 0.70 %.
It get dissolved into gamma and alpha phase of steel.
It is used to:
improve tensile strength
Improve wear resistance
Application: used in rolled sections as forging and casting.
Also applied where heat resistance is required, however due to high cost of
molybdenum applications are limited.
Tungsten
3. Tungsten in the form of tungsten carbide
Gives steel high hardness even at red heats.
Promotes fine grains
Resists heat
Promote strength at elevated temperatures
It is used with chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, or
manganese to produce high speed steel used in cutting
tools.
Tungsten steel is said to be "red-hard" or hard enough
to cut after it becomes red-hot.
Titanium
Hastelloy B-3
Hastelloy C-276
Hastelloy C-4
Hastelloy G
Hastelloy X
Hayens 250 alloy
Hayens 230 alloy
Haste alloy C-22
Common alloy steel
Alloy steel Additive range Applications
Nickel steels
A < 6 % nickel + 0.1 – 0.55 % C + 0.3 Used for parts subjected to alternate stresses,
– 0.8 % Mn impacts and shocks.
B 20 – 30 % Ni + 0.4 – 0.5 % C Extremely tough, highly resistance to sea water,
steam and hot gases.
It also have low coefficient of expansion therefore
used in steam turbines, combustion engines.
C 30 – 40 % Ni + < 1% other alloying Used in measuring instruments and devices as it
element has negligible coefficient of expansion.
D 50 % or more Ni Used in communication systems.
Nickel-chrome steel
Mild nickel 0.2 – 0.3 % C + 0.3 – 0.6 % Mn + 3 Used in crane shaft, axles, and parts where higher
chrome – 3.7 % Ni + 0.4 – 0.8 % Cr strength and lightness is required.
Medium nickel 0.25 – 0.35 % C + 0.25 – 0.55 % Mn Used in highly stressed parts such as connecting
chrome + 3 – 3.75 % Ni + 0.5 – 0.8 % Cr rods, piston rods, etc.
High tensile 0.3 % C + 0.5 % Mn + 4 % Ni + 1 – Used in highly stressed parts.
nickel chrome 1.5 % Cr
Air hardening 0.25 – 0.32 % C + 0.35 – 0.65 Mn + It is cooled in air. It is very tough, hard and
nickel chrome 3.75 – 4.5 % Ni + 1 – 1.5 % Cr strong. Used in gears, tubes, etc.
Cont...
Nickel chrome steel gets brittle when slowly cooled down after 500 C.
When tungsten and molybdenum is added into nickel chrome steel, it increases
the tensile strength.
Also on heating, resistance to softening increases.
Chromium Molybdenum Steel
Cr composition can be in the range of 0.4 – 10% with 0.2 – 1.5 % Mo.
Low composition steel:
It has good welding properties and applied in boilers, drums, boiler tubes
steam piping.
Medium composition steel:
Used for heavily loaded bolts, studs, gears, high pressure fittings, rotors,
shafts etc.
High % Cr:
Used for acid and corrosion resisting applications.
Cont...
Nickel chromium molybdenum steels
the brittleness of the steel get eliminated when 0.3 – 0.6 % Mo is added.
The addition of Mo to Ni-Cr steel enables the % of Mn leading to increased
strength whereas by addition of Mn reduce the requirement of Ni thus steel
gets cheaper.
Ni-Cr-Mo steel is Ni-Cr steel but quite less costly.
Nickel chromium vanadium steels
Never used as a sole alloying element, always used in conjunction with
Ni-Cr.
It directly affect the hardening of steel.
Not used beyond 0.2 %.
It is an very good deoxidizing agent, thus improve the mechanical
properties and fatigue strength.
Cont...
Chrome Silicon Manganese steel
Cr-Si-Mn steel is extensively used in engineering industries.
It contain 0.17 – 0.39 % C + 0.9 – 1.2% Si + 0.8 – 1.1% Mn + 0.8 –
1.0% Cr.
It has good weldability and ductility.
It can be easily formed and bent.
Steel with higher carbon available as plates, pipes, bars, etc.
Limitations:
Do have high hardness.
List of standards…