‫‪١‬‬

‫‪ .۶‬ﻓﺼﻞ ﺷﺸﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻳﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﯼ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﮑﯽ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭ ﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎ ﻣـﯽ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﮏ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﯽ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﮑﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﮑﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺤﯽ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ﻣـﺪﺍﺭ ‪ AC‬ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ‪ AC‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﮑﺎﺭ ﻣﯽ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﮑﯽ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻫﻤﯽ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊﻫﺎﯼ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻭﻟﯽ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬـﺎﯼ ﮐـﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍﹰ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ‪ ۲‬ﺗﻠﻔـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻫﻤﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺼﻒ ) ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ( ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻫﻤـﯽ ﺑـﻪ ‪ ۴‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑـﺮ ﮐـﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊﯼ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ۱۲‬ﺍﻟﯽ ‪ ۲۵‬ﮐﻴﻠﻮ ﻭﻟﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ‪ ۱۱۰‬ﺍﻟﯽ ‪ ۱۰۰۰‬ﮐﻴﻠﻮ ﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻋـﻼﻭﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ ﻭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﮐﻨﻨـﺪﻩ ﻫـﺎ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﮐﻨﻨـﺪﻩ ﻫـﺎ ﺍﻧـﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ )ﺷﮑﻞ ‪.(۶-۱‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ‪ :۶-۱‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﮑﯽ‬

‫ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭ ﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﺎﹰ ﻣﺘﺸﮑﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺪﻭﺭ ﻳﮏ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻓﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻬﺎ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺒـﻊ ﻭﻟﺘـﺎﮊ ﻣﺘﻨـﺎﻭﺏ‬
‫)ﺷﺒﮑﻪ( ﻭﺻﻞ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺷﺎﺭﯼ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺭ ) ‪ (ϕm‬ﺑﻪ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘـﻴﭻ ﻭ‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Transformers‬‬
‫‪۶۴‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺑﻨﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ‪ ١‬ﻭ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﯽ ﮐـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺭ ) ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ( ﻭﺻﻞ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻨﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ‪ ٢‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗـﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺳـﻴﻢ‬
‫ﭘﻴﭻ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﯼ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ‪ ٣‬ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﯽ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .۶,۲‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﯼ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ‪:‬‬
‫™ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﻨﺪﻩ‪ ٤‬ﮐﻪ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﯼ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫™ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﺎﻫﻨﺪﻩ‪ ٥‬ﮐﻪ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫™ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﮏ ﻓﺎﺯ‬
‫™ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎﺯ )ﺷﮑﻞ ‪( ۶-۲‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺗﯽ‪:‬‬
‫™ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻬﺎﯼ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ‪ ٦‬ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻗﻮﯼ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻬﺎﻳﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۱۱۰ kv‬ﻭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻬﺎﻳﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻓﺮﻋﯽ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ۲ – ۳۵ kv‬ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫™ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ ٧‬ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻴﺮﻥ ﻭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻟﺘـﺎﮊ ﺭﺍﻳـﺞ ﻫـﺮ‬
‫ﮐﺸﻮﺭﯼ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ ۲۰۸ ،۲۲۰‬ﻭ ‪ ۱۱۰‬ﻭﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺏ(‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻒ(‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪) :۶-۲‬ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺗﮏ ﻓﺎﺯ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻪ‪) .‬ﺏ( ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎﺯ‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Primary or Input Winding‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Secondary or Out Put Winding‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪Tertiary Winding‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪Step – up Transformer‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪Step – down Transformer‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪Power Transformer‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫‪Distribution Transformer‬‬
‫‪۶۵‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫™ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﯼ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺘﻮﻧﯽ‬
‫™ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﻳﺎ ﺯﺭﻫﯽ‪) ٢‬ﺷﮑﻞ ‪(۶-۳‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺯﺭﻫﯽ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﻭﺳﻂ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﮐﻨﺎﺭﯼ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﻳـﺎ ﺯﺭﻫـﯽ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺳـﺘﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻂ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﺍﮐﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﺷﺎﺭ ﮐﻢ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺸﺖ ﺷﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﮐﻢ ﻣـﯽ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﺑﻄﻮﺭﻳﮑـﻪ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳﺘﻮﻧﯽ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﮐﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﯽ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺿـﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﺘﻮﻧﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﯼ ﻳﮑـﯽ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﻫﺎ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭﻳﮑﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻳﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻮﺯﺩ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﯽ ﻋﻮﺽ ﮐﺮﺩ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻴﮑﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺯﺭﻫﯽ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻳﮑﯽ ﺑﺴﻮﺯﺩ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺯﺭﻫﯽ‪:‬‬
‫™ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﯼ‬
‫™ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺍﯼ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻗﻮﯼ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘـﻴﭻ ﻓﺸـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻗﻮﯼ ﻭ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﯼ ﻫﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﯼ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺭﺟﺢ ﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ‪ :۶-۳‬ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﯼ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺯﺭﻫﯽ‬

‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺧﻨﮏ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ‬
‫™ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺧﻨﮏ ﻳﺎ ﺧﺸﮏ‬
‫‪٣‬‬
‫™ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺭﻭ ﻏﻨﯽ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻫﻤﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺍﺑﯽ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﭘﺲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﯽ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﮐـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﯼ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺧﺸﮏ ﺧﻨﮏ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺨﻮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﭘﻨﮑﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﯽ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻬﺎﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻗﻮﯼ ﻭ ﭘﺮ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﻏﻮﻃﻪ ﻭﺭ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﻳـﮏ‬
‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﻭ ﺧﻨﮏ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻌﻬﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻳﻨﮏ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﮐﻠﻮﻓﻦ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻧﻮﻝ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۶۰‬ﮐﻴﻠﻮ ﻭﻟﺖ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Core Type Transformer‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Shell Type Transformer‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪Oil immersed‬‬
‫‪۶۶‬‬
 ‫‪ .۶,۳‬ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺳﻤﺒﻮﻟﻴﮏ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ ۶-۴‬ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﻤﺒﻮﻟﻴﮏ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺳﻤﺒﻮﻟﻴﮏ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻮﭘﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﭘﻼﺭﻳﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻬﺎﯼ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﺍﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻝ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻝ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻝ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨـﺎﻝ ﺑـﺪﻭﻥ ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ ﺑـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻳﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ‪ H‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻗﻮﯼ ) ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺑﺎﻻ( ﻭ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﻳﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ‪ X‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪H1‬‬
‫‪X1‬‬

‫‪H2‬‬
‫‪X2‬‬

‫)ﺍﻟﻒ‬
‫)ﺏ(‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ‪ :۶-۴‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺳﻤﺒﻮﻟﻴﮏ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ‪ ،‬ﺏ( ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭ ﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺁﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﺸﮑﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﺰﺽ‬
‫ﮐﺮﺩ ﻫﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺗﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺍﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﯼ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺗﺎ ‪ %۹۹‬ﻫﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺁﻝ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻣـﺮﻭﺯﯼ ﻓـﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ‪ :۶-۵‬ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻝ‬

‫ﻳﮏ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻝ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .۱‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﺷﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۲‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﮑﯽ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻏﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫‪ .۳‬ﺍﺗﻼﻑ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫‪ .۴‬ﺗﺮﺍﻭﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﯽ ﺍﻧﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﯼ ﻣﺤﺮﮐﻪ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﯽ ﮐﻤﯽ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺷﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪۶۷‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﯼ ﻣﺤﺮﮐﻪ ‪ MMF‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﺷـﺎﺭﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﯽ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ ϕm‬ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺷﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺷﺎﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪d‬‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﺭ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

‫‪e( t ) = − N 1‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬
‫) ‪⇒ φ( t ) = φm sin( ωt‬‬
‫‪⇒ ω = 2πf‬‬
‫) ‪⇒ e( t ) = N1 φm ω cos( ωt‬‬
‫ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ‪ t=0‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬

‫‪t = 0 ⇒ φ = 0 ⇒ e = eMax = N 1φm 2πf‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻟﺬﺍ‪:‬‬

‫‪eMax = E1 2‬‬
‫‪φm N1 ( 2)πf‬‬
‫= ‪E1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪E1 = 4.44 fN 1φm‬‬
‫)‪(۶-۱‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ E1 (۶-۱‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﻭﺭ ‪ N1‬ﮐﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷـﺎﺭ ‪ ϕm‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺴـﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﺎﺭ ﻧﺸﺘﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ϕm‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻟﺘـﺎﮊ ‪ Vp‬ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ‬

‫‪ Ip‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺷـﺎﺭ ﻣـﯽ‬

‫‪ϕLs‬‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﺭ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴـﻪ‪ ϕp‬ﺑـﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺨـﺶ‬

‫‪ϕLp‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .۱‬ﺷﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ϕm ١‬‬
‫‪ .۲‬ﺷﺎﺭ ﻧﺸﺘﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ‪ϕLp‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪φ p = φm + φ Lp‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪φs = φm + φLs‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ‪ ϕLs‬ﺷﺎﺭ ﻧﺸﺘﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﻓﺎﺭﺍﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Mutual Flux‬‬
‫‪۶۸‬‬
 ‫‪dφ p‬‬
‫‪V p (t ) = N p‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪dφ‬‬ ‫‪dφ‬‬
‫‪V p ( t ) = N p m + N p Lp‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬
‫) ‪Vp(t) = e p ( t ) + eLp ( t‬‬ ‫)‪ ep(t‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺷﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ϕm‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‪:‬‬

‫‪dφ s‬‬
‫‪Vs (t ) = N s‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪dφ‬‬ ‫‪dφ Ls‬‬
‫) ‪Vs (t‬‬ ‫‪= Ns m + Ns‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬
‫)‪Vs(t‬‬ ‫) ‪= e s ( t ) + e Ls ( t‬‬
‫)‪ es(t‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺷﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ϕm‬‬

‫) ‪dφm e p ( t ) e s ( t‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ‪:‬‬

‫‪dφ m‬‬
‫‪e p (t ) = N p‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪=a‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪Np‬‬ ‫‪Ns‬‬
‫‪dφ‬‬ ‫⇒‬
‫) ‪e s (t‬‬ ‫‪= Ns m‬‬ ‫) ‪e p (t‬‬ ‫‪Np‬‬
‫=‪a‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪dt‬‬ ‫) ‪es (t‬‬ ‫‪Ns‬‬ ‫)‪(۶-۲‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (۶-۲‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺷﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯﺍﻧﺠﺎﺋﻴﮑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻳـﮏ ﺗـﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺑـﺎ ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ‪ ϕm >> ϕLp‬ﻭ‬
‫‪ ϕm >> ϕLs‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺍﻫﻤﯽ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻬﺎ ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﻨﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ‬
‫ﻫﺎﯼ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ‪ RMS‬ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﻢ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪Vp‬‬ ‫‪Np‬‬
‫=‪a‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪(۶-۳‬‬
‫‪Vs‬‬ ‫‪Ns‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻬﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻝ ﻓﺮﺽ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﮐﺘﻴﻮ ﻭ ﺭﺍﮐﺘﻴﻮ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺻﺮﻑ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻑ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺭﯼ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﯼ ﻣﺤﺮﮐـﻪ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴـﯽ ‪ N2I2‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﯼ ﻣﺤﺮﮐﻪ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﻣـﯽ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ ﺧﻨﺜـﯽ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‬
‫)‪ .(N1I1‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪N1 I1 = N 2 I 2‬‬
‫‪I1 N 2 1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪I 2 N1 a‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (۶-۳‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺮ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪Vp‬‬ ‫‪Np‬‬ ‫‪Is‬‬
‫=‪a‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪(۶-۴‬‬
‫‪Vs‬‬ ‫‪Ns‬‬ ‫‪Ip‬‬

‫‪۶۹‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﯽ ﮐﺎﻫﻨﺪﻩ ‪ 120/24v‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ‪ ۴۰۰‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺎﮐﺰﻳﻤﻢ ﺷﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ ‪ ۵۰ HZ‬؟‪.‬‬
‫‪V1 N 1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪=a‬‬
‫‪V2 N 2‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬
‫‪N 2 = N1‬‬ ‫)‪= ( 400‬‬ ‫‪= 80turn‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪120‬‬
‫‪N 1 400‬‬
‫=‪a‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪=5‬‬
‫‪N2‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪120‬‬
‫= ‪φm‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.35 × 10 −3 wb‬‬
‫)‪4.44 × f × N 1 ( 4.44)(50)( 400‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻬﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺠﯽ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻝ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻭﻟﯽ ﭼـﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗـﺮﺍﻧﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻝ ‪ ۴‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻟـﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺗـﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻟﯽ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺛﺎﺭ ﺟﻨﺒﯽ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻝ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻬﺎﯼ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺖ ﺍﻫﻤـﯽ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺗﻠﻔـﺎﺕ ﺍﻧـﺮﮊﯼ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺛﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﮔﺮﺩﺍﺑﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺖ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﯽ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺷﺎﺭ ﻧﺸﺘﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺭﺍﮐﺘﺎﻧﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﯼ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻝ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﮏ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﭘﻼﮎ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺁﻥ ‪ ۴‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻗﻴﺪﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱‬ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻭﻟﺖ ﺁﻣﭙﺮ ﻳﺎ ﮐﻴﻠﻮ ﻭﻟﺖ ﺁﻣﭙﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺒـﻴﻦ ﺣـﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺗـﻮﺍﻧﯽ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﮐﺸﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﯽ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﮐﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﮑﻪ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼـﺮﻓﯽ ﭘـﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮐﺸﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫‪ .۲‬ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‪ :‬ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻭﻟﺖ ﻳﺎ ﮐﻴﻠﻮ ﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺍﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۳‬ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ‪ :‬ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺮ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻟﻬﺎﯼ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻗﺮﺍﺋﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﮑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۴‬ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭﻳﮑﻪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺷﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻧﮕﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪۷۰‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ‪:‬‬

‫‪6kvA, 60 HZ, 120/1200v.‬‬

‫ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ‪ ۱۲۰‬ﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ‪ ۱۲۰۰‬ﻭﻟﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ‪ 6kvA‬ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻝ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﻧﺪﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻟـﺬﺍ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟـﯽ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ) ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ( ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪S1( ratd‬‬
‫= ) ‪I 1( rated‬‬
‫) ‪V1( rated‬‬
‫) ‪S 2( ratd‬‬
‫= ) ‪I 2 ( rated‬‬
‫) ‪V( rated‬‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﻟﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﮐﻤﯽ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﻴﻠﯽ ﮐﻢ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ ‪%۵‬‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻧﻤﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍﻡ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ‪ E1‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ‬
‫‪φ‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ) ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﯽ ﺑﺎﺭﯼ( ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻳـﮏ ﺳـﻠﻒ ﻋﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺳﻠﻒ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺍﻳـﺪﻩ ﺍﻝ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬
‫‪I1=Im‬‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮐﻤﯽ ﺑﻨﺎﻡ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﯽ ﺑﺎﺭﯼ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪﮔﯽ )‪(Im‬‬
‫‪E1‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ) ‪.( I1=Im‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ‪ φ‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ‪ ۹۰‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ‪ E1‬ﻋﻘﺐ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪).‬ﭘﺲ ﻓﺎﺯ(‪ .‬ﺷﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺧﻮﺩﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﯽ ‪V1‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﮐﻪ ‪ ۹۰‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘـﺎﹰ ‪۱۸۰‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ‪ E1‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻝ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ‪ V1‬ﻭ ‪ E1‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻭ ﻟﯽ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ‪ I1=Im‬ﻭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ‪ ۹۰‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻟـﺬﺍ ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﯽ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﻧﻤﯽ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻳـﮏ ﻭﺍﺗﻤﺘـﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺻﻞ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺷـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺍﺑﯽ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻫﻴﺴﺘﺮﺯﻳﺲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻠﻔـﺎﺕ ﮐـﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﯽ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﯽ ﻫﻢ ﻓـﺎﺯ ﺑـﺎ ‪ E1‬ﺍﺯ ﻣـﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﺒـﻮﺭ‬

‫‪۷۱‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﯽ ﺑﺎﺭﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ Im‬ﻭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ‪ Ic‬ﺍﺳـﺖ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ I1‬ﻭ ‪ ۹۰ E1‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ )‪. (ϕo‬‬
‫‪φ‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮐﺴﻴﻨﻮﺱ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ) ‪ (ϕo‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﯽ ﺑـﺎﺭﯼ‬
‫‪Im‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻫـﺮ ﭼـﻪ‬
‫‪I1‬‬
‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﯽ ﺑﺎﺭﯼ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﺮﺍﻧﺲ‬
‫‪E1‬‬ ‫‪ϕo‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻝ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﮑﺘﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪Ic‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ﺑـﻪ ﻳـﮏ ﺑـﺎﺭ ﻣﻘـﺎﻭﻣﺘﯽ‬
‫ﺍﻫﻤﯽ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﯽ ﮐـﻪ ﮐﺸـﻴﺪﻩ ﻣـﯽ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ ‪ MMF‬ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﯽ ﺍﻳﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﯽ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻓـﺎﺯ ﺑـﺎ ‪ Ic‬ﻣـﯽ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ )‪ . (Ip‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﮐﺘﻴﻮ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻣﯽ ﺭﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ ‪ Im, Ip‬ﻭ‬

‫‪φ‬‬ ‫‪ Ic‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ‪ ϕ‬ﺍﺯ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ‪ ϕo‬ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﻳـﮏ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﮑﺘـﺮ‬
‫‪Im‬‬
‫‪I1‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺿـﺮﻳﺐ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﺑـﺎﺭﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺑـﻪ ﻳـﮏ‬

‫‪E1‬‬ ‫‪ϕ‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺩﻳﮑﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺍﻫﻤﯽ ﺧـﺎﻟﺺ‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫‪Ip‬‬ ‫‪Ic‬‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻨﺼـﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺗﻤﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺁﻣﭙﺮﻣﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ‪ ۱۰‬ﻭﺍﺕ ﻭ ‪ ۰./۵‬ﺁﻣﭙﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﯽ ﺑﺎﺭﯼ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪﮔﯽ‬
‫‪120/600v‬‬
‫‪f=60 HZ‬‬ ‫ﺝ( ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻫﻤﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻬﺎ‬
‫‪Srated=2 kvA‬‬ ‫ﺩ( ﺍﮔﺮ ﻳﮏ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺗﻤﺘﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ‪ ۱/۵‬ﮐﻴﻠﻮﻭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﺪ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺣﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﯽ ﺑﺎﺭﯼ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪Po = Ve I e cos( φo‬‬
‫‪Po‬‬ ‫‪10 watt‬‬
‫= ) ‪cos( φo‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.167‬‬
‫)‪V1 I1 (120 v )(0.5 A‬‬
‫‪φo = cos −1 (0.167 ) = 80.39 o‬‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪﮔﯽ‪:‬‬
‫‪I m = I1 sin( φo ) = (0.5) sin(80.39 ) = 0.493 A‬‬

‫‪۷۲‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﯽ ﺑﺎﺭﯼ‬
‫‪I c = I1 cos( φo ) = (0.5)(0.167) = 0.0833 A‬‬
‫‪P 1500watt‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺍﻫﻤﯽ‬
‫= = ‪I p + Ic‬‬ ‫‪= 12.5 A‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪120‬‬
‫‪Im‬‬ ‫‪0.493‬‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﺭﺩﺍﺭﯼ‬
‫( ‪φ = tan −1‬‬ ‫( ‪) = tan −1‬‬ ‫‪) = 2.26o‬‬
‫‪I p + Ic‬‬ ‫‪12.5‬‬
‫‪PF = cos( φ) = 0.999 ≈ 1‬‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪ .۶,۴‬ﺑﺎﺯﺗﺎﺏ ﺍﻣﭙﺪﺍﻧﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﮑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻟﯽ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤـﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺘـﺎﺛﺮ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻭ ﮐﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩ ﺗـﺎ ﻗـﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪I1‬‬ ‫‪I2‬‬
‫‪I1‬‬

‫‪E1‬‬ ‫‪N2‬‬ ‫‪Et‬‬ ‫‪ZRP‬‬

‫‪N1‬‬ ‫‪ZL‬‬ ‫‪E1‬‬

‫)ﺍﻟﻒ(‬ ‫)ﺏ(‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ‪ :۶-۶‬ﺑﺎﺯﺗﺎﺏ ﺍﻣﭙﺪﺍﻧﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ‪) .‬ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ‪) .‬ﺏ( ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ‪) ۶-۶‬ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬

‫‪V2 = Z L I 2‬‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬

‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫=‪a‬‬ ‫) ‪= 1 ⇒ V1 = V 2 ( 1‬‬ ‫)‪( 2‬‬
‫‪V2 N 2‬‬ ‫‪N2‬‬
‫‪N1‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﯼ ‪ V2‬ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (1‬ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‬
‫() ‪V1 = ( Z L I 2‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫)‪(3‬‬
‫‪N2‬‬
‫‪I2‬‬
‫=‪a‬‬ ‫‪⇒ I 2 = I1 ⋅ a‬‬ ‫)‪( 4‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪I1‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (4‬ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (3‬ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪V1 = Z L ( I 1 ⋅ a ) a‬‬
‫‪V1 = ( a 2 Z L ) I 1‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (5‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺯﺗـﺎﺏ ﺍﻣﭙـﺪﺍﻧﺲ ﻃـﺮﻑ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳـﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫‪Z RP = a 2 Z L‬‬ ‫)‪( 5‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Reflecting Impedance‬‬
‫‪۷۳‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺗﺎﺏ ﺍﻣﭙﺪﺍﻧﺲ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺪ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺗـﺎﺏ ﺍﻣﭙـﺪﺍﻧﺲ ﺍﻭﻟﻴـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳـﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪Z1‬‬
‫= ‪Z RS‬‬ ‫)‪(۶-۵‬‬
‫‪a2‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭﯼ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﯼ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴـﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﻭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ؟‬

‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ‪:‬‬
‫‪V1/V2=120/12.6‬‬
‫‪f= 60 HZ‬‬
‫‪Srated=25 VA‬‬

‫‪I1‬‬ ‫‪I2‬‬
‫‪120‬‬ ‫‪12.6‬‬ ‫‪I1‬‬
‫‪1kΩ‬‬ ‫‪1kΩ‬‬

‫‪120‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪Et‬‬

‫‪E1=120‬‬ ‫‪ZRP=a2ZL‬‬
‫‪ZL=50Ω‬‬

‫‪25‬‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‪:‬‬
‫= ‪I 1rated‬‬ ‫‪= 0.21 A‬‬
‫‪120‬‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‪:‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫= ‪I 2 rated‬‬ ‫‪= 1.98 A‬‬
‫‪12 .6‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪120‬‬
‫= ‪a= 1‬‬ ‫‪= 9.52‬‬
‫‪V 2 12 .6‬‬
‫‪a 2 R L = (9.52) 2 (50 ) = 4535 Ω‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪120‬‬
‫= ‪I1‬‬ ‫‪= 0.02 A‬‬
‫) ‪(1000 + 4535‬‬
‫‪V1 = I 1 ( a 2 R L ) = (0.02)( 4535 ) = 98 .3V‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪98 .3‬‬
‫= ‪V2 = 1‬‬ ‫‪= 10 .3‬‬
‫‪a 9.52‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪10 .3‬‬
‫= ‪I2 = 2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.21 A‬‬
‫‪RL‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬

‫‪۷۴‬‬
 ‫‪١‬‬
‫‪ .۶,۵‬ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺍﻫﻤﯽ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺷﺎﺭ ﻧﺸﺘﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺴـﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﺭﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻓـﻮﻕ ﻣـﺪ ﻧﻈـﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺷﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﺸﺘﯽ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﯽ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳـﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﺗﻬﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮔﻨﺠﺎﻧﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:.‬‬
‫‪R1‬‬ ‫‪X1‬‬ ‫‪R2‬‬ ‫‪X2‬‬
‫™ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ‪R1‬‬
‫‪E1‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪Vt‬‬ ‫™ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ‪R2‬‬
‫™ ﺭﺍﮐﺘﺎﻧﺲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺷﺎﺭﻧﺸﺘﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ )‪(X1=L1ω‬‬
‫‪N1‬‬ ‫‪N2‬‬
‫™ ﺭﺍﮐﺘﺎﻧﺲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺷﺎﺭﻧﺸﺘﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ) ‪(X2=L2ω‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺷﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﺸﺘﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﮐﺘﻴﻮ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺗﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﮐﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻳﮏ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ )ﺷﮑﻞ‪.( ۶-۷‬‬

‫‪Re1‬‬ ‫‪Xe1‬‬ ‫‪Ideal‬‬ ‫‪Re2‬‬ ‫‪Xe2‬‬

‫‪Transformer‬‬
‫‪I1‬‬ ‫‪I2‬‬
‫‪E1‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪V2 Vt‬‬ ‫‪E1 V1‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪Vt‬‬

‫)ﺍﻟﻒ(‬ ‫‪N1‬‬ ‫‪N2‬‬ ‫‪N1‬‬ ‫‪N2‬‬ ‫)ﺏ(‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ‪ :۶-۷‬ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻳﮏ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺏ( ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪ E1‬ﻭ ‪ Vt‬ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻳﮑﺪﻳﮕﺮﻧﺪ ﻭﻟﯽ ‪ V1‬ﻭ‪ V2‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﭼﻴﻦ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺁﻝ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻧﮕﺮﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﮐـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪﺍﹰ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﻫﺮ ﮐﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﺯﻳﮏ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺴـﺘﯽ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﻭﺭ "‪ "a‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﮑﺎﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪Re1 = R1 + a 2 R2‬‬
‫‪X e1 = X 1 + a 2 X 2‬‬
‫‪R1‬‬
‫= ‪Re 2‬‬ ‫‪+ R2‬‬
‫‪a2‬‬
‫)‪(۶-۶‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫‪Re 2 = 21 + R2‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻣﭙﺪﺍﻧﺲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪Z e1 = Re21 + X e21‬‬ ‫‪Z e 2 = Re22 + X e22‬‬ ‫)‪(۶-۷‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Transformer Equivalent Circuit‬‬
‫‪۷۵‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (۶-۷‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪١‬‬
‫‪ ۶-۵-۱‬ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻳﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ) ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻﹰ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ( ﺭﺍ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻭﻟﺘﻤﺘﺮ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺁﻣﭙﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺗـﺪﺭﻳﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺁﻣﭙﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ )ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺧﻴﻠﯽ ﮐﻢ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬
‫‪ %۵‬ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ(‪.‬‬

‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫‪V‬‬

‫ﭼﻮﻥ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﮐﻢ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻏﻤﺎﺽ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺷﺎﺭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺬﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻫﻤﯽ ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎﯼ ﻣﺴﯽ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ ۶-۷‬ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺲ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pcu = Re1 I 12‬‬
‫)‪(۶-۸‬‬
‫‪Pcu = Re 2 I 22‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﺗﻤﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣﭙﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻭﻟﺘﻤﺘﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺋﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ‪ Re1 ۶-۸‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﻪ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﭙﺪﺍﻧﺲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ‪ Ze1‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻭﻟﺘﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺁﻣﭙﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ‪ Re1‬ﻭ ‪ Ze1‬ﻣﯽ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ‪ ۶-۸‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ‪ Xe1‬ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﮏ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪V1/V2= 120/24‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﺗﻤﺘﺮ ‪ ۳/۲‬ﻭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻭﻟﺘﻤﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ‬
‫‪f=60 HZ‬‬
‫‪Srated=240 VA‬‬ ‫‪ ۲/۸‬ﻭﻟﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪240‬‬
‫= ‪I1rated‬‬ ‫‪= 2A‬‬
‫‪120‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪3 .2‬‬
‫= ‪Re1 = cu2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.8Ω‬‬
‫‪I1‬‬ ‫‪( 2) 2‬‬
‫‪2 .8‬‬
‫= ‪Z e1‬‬ ‫‪= 1 .4 Ω‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Open Circuit Test‬‬
‫‪۷۶‬‬
 ‫‪X e1 = Z e21 − Re21‬‬
‫‪X e1 = 1.96 − 0.64 = 1.1Ω‬‬
‫‪Re1‬‬
‫= ‪Re 2‬‬ ‫‪⇒ a = 120 / 24 = 5‬‬
‫‪a2‬‬
‫‪0.8‬‬
‫= ‪Re 2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.032Ω‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪1.1‬‬
‫= ‪X e 2 = 2e1‬‬ ‫‪= 0.044Ω‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫‪ ۶-۵-۲‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﮑﯽ‬
‫ﻣﯽ ﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ ﺷﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺁﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﯼ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺳﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸـﺨﺺ ﻣـﯽ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ‪ 440/40V‬ﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ‪ ۵۵۰‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﻣﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺴـﯽ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﮐـﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ ﺷﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ ۱/۲‬ﺗﺴﻼ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻊ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ ﻓﺮﮐـﺎﻧﺲ ‪ ۵۰‬ﻭ ‪ ۴۰۰‬ﻫﺮﺗـﺰ ﭼﻘـﺪﺭ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬؟‬
‫‪E1‬‬ ‫‪440‬‬
‫= ‪φm‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 3.6 × 10 −3 wb‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ ‪ ۵۰‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬
‫)‪4.44 fN 1 ( 4.44)(50)(550‬‬
‫‪φm‬‬ ‫‪3.6 × 10 −3 wb‬‬
‫‪Amin‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 3 × 10 −3‬‬
‫‪Bmax‬‬ ‫‪1.2T‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ ‪ ۴۰۰‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‪:‬‬
‫‪E1‬‬ ‫‪440‬‬
‫= ‪φm‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.45 × 10 −3 wb‬‬
‫)‪4.44 fN 1 (4.44)(400)(550‬‬
‫‪φm‬‬ ‫‪0.45 × 10 −3 wb‬‬
‫= ‪Amin‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.375 × 10 −3‬‬
‫‪Bmax‬‬ ‫‪1.2T‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪﮐﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ ﺑﮑﺎﺭ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻫـﻢ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ۶-۵-۳‬ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺒﺪﻝ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺁﻳﺪ‬
‫‪Po‬‬
‫= ‪%η‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬ ‫)‪(۶-۹‬‬
‫‪Pi‬‬
‫‪۷۷‬‬
 ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻫﻤﯽ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻫﻤﯽ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﮐﻞ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻳﻌﻨﯽ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pi = Po + ∑ losses‬‬ ‫)‪(۶-۱۰‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺒﻼﹰ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺷﺪ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻫﻤﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﯽ ﺍﻓﺘﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﮐـﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻫﻴﺴﺘﺮﺯﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﮔﺮﺩﺍﺑﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﯽ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣـﯽ ﺍﻳـﺪ ﻭﻟـﯽ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻﹰ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﻣـﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻳﮏ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻐﺘﺎﻃﻴﺲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺗﯽ ﻫﺴﺖ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺷـﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺴـﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪ ﺷﺎﺭ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻫﻤﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮑﺘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ‪ ، 220/600V‬ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ ‪ ۶۰‬ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ‪ 10kvA‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪ‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺯ )ﻃﺮﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻗﻮﯼ ﺑﺎﺯ(‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻩ )ﻃﺮﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ(‬
‫‪V=220v‬‬ ‫‪V=35v‬‬
‫‪I =1A‬‬ ‫‪I=rated‬‬
‫‪W=120w‬‬ ‫‪W=200w‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﻧﺼﻒ ﺑﺎﺭﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﻭ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﻭ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺩ( ﻧﺼﻒ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﻭ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ‪۰/۸‬‬ ‫ﺝ( ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﻭ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ‪ ۰/۸‬ﭘﺲ ﻓﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻩ( ‪ %۱۲۵‬ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﻭ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺣﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ(‬
‫‪10000 × 1‬‬
‫=‪η‬‬ ‫‪× 100 = 96 .9%‬‬
‫‪10000 × 1 + 200 + 120‬‬
‫‪5000 × 1‬‬ ‫ﺏ(‬
‫=‪η‬‬ ‫‪× 100 = 96.7%‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪5000 × 1 + 200 ( ) 2 + 120‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺝ(‬
‫‪10000 × 0.8‬‬
‫=‪η‬‬ ‫‪× 100 = 96.15 %‬‬
‫‪10000 × 0.8 + 200 + 120‬‬
‫‪5000 × 0.8‬‬ ‫ﺩ(‬
‫=‪η‬‬ ‫‪× 100 = 95.9%‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪5000 × 0.8 + 200 ( ) 2 + 120‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪12500 × 1‬‬ ‫ﻩ(‬
‫=‪η‬‬ ‫‪× 100 = 96.66%‬‬
‫‪12500 × 1 + 200 (1.25) 2 + 120‬‬

‫‪۷۸‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -۱‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﮑﺘﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻣﯽ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
‫‪ -۲‬ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﮐﻢ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫‪ -۳‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺑﺎﺭﯼ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﮐﻢ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪-۴‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﺲ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻴﺶ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻳﮑﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫‪ ۶-۵-۴‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺗﮏ ﻓﺎﺯ‬

‫‪١‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺟـﺎﯼ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺧﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗـﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﻣﻘـﺎﺩﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻤﮕﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻳﮏ ﻃﺮﻑ ) ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ( ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻫﻢ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺭ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺎﺭﯼ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﻣـﻮﺍﺯﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈـﺮ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ‪ ۴‬ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻪ ﺍﯼ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﻭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ‬
‫‪IX‬‬

‫‪NX=400‬‬ ‫‪XL=60Ω‬‬ ‫‪I1‬‬

‫‪IL‬‬
‫‪IC‬‬ ‫‪IR‬‬
‫‪IY‬‬
‫‪120v‬‬ ‫‪N1=200‬‬
‫‪E1=120‬‬
‫‪XC=2Ω‬‬ ‫‪XLe‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬
‫‪NY=50‬‬
‫‪Xce‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬

‫‪Iz‬‬

‫‪RL=10Ω‬‬
‫‪NZ=100‬‬

‫‪N1 200‬‬
‫= ‪a X = TRX‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.5‬‬
‫‪N X 400‬‬
‫‪N1 200‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ‪:‬‬
‫= ‪aY = TRY‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪=4‬‬
‫‪NY‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫‪N1 200‬‬
‫= ‪a Z = TRY‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪=2‬‬
‫‪N Z 100‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Multiple Winding Transformer‬‬
‫‪۷۹‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﮐﻤﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ‪:‬‬

‫‪Re1 = R1 + a 2 R 2‬‬
‫‪X e1 = X 1 + a 2 X 2‬‬
‫‪Re = ( 2) 2 (10 ) = 40 Ω‬‬
‫‪X ce = ( 4 ) 2 ( 2 ) = 32 Ω‬‬
‫‪X Le = ( 0.5) 2 (60 ) = 15 Ω‬‬
‫‪120‬‬
‫= ‪IL‬‬ ‫‪= 8A‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫‪120‬‬
‫= ‪IC‬‬ ‫‪= 3.75 A‬‬ ‫‪IR=3A‬‬
‫‪32‬‬
‫‪120‬‬ ‫‪ϕ‬‬
‫= ‪IR‬‬ ‫‪= 3A‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪I 1 = (3) 2 + (8 − 3 .75 ) 2 = 5 .2 A‬‬ ‫‪IC=3.75A‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪IL=8A‬‬
‫( ‪φ = cos −1‬‬ ‫‪) = 54 .8 ⇒ PF = cos( φ) = 0 .58‬‬
‫‪5.2‬‬

‫‪I X = I L (0.5) = 4 A‬‬

‫‪I Y = I C (4) = 15 A‬‬
‫‪I Z = I R (2) = 6 A‬‬
‫‪S =V ×I‬‬
‫‪s X = (240)(4) = 960vA‬‬
‫‪S Y = (30)(15) = 450vA‬‬
‫‪S Z = (120)(6) = 360vA‬‬
‫‪S1 = (120)(5.2) = 624vA‬‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﺍﺗﻮ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎﻳﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎ ﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺷﺪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﮐﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﮑﯽ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻭﺻﻞ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﯽ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﻗـﺪﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﯽ ﺍﻧﻮ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻳﻌﻨﯽ ﻳـﮏ ﺳـﻴﻢ‬
‫ﭘﻴﭻ ﺭﻝ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯﯼ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻴﺐ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﯽ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻟـﯽ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ‬
‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮐﻮﭼﮑﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﮑـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﮐﺎﻫﻨـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﻨـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﺯﻳﮏ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ‪ 220/440v‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ‪ 3kvA‬ﺍﺗﻮ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺑﺎ ‪ 440/660v‬ﺑﺴﺎﺯﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﺗﺼـﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬـﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﺍﺗﻮﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ؟‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Auto-transformer‬‬
‫‪۸۰‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬

‫‪3000‬‬
‫= ‪I1rated‬‬ ‫‪= 13 .6 A‬‬
‫‪220‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗـﻮﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ‪ I2‬ﺑـﺎ‬
‫‪3000‬‬
‫= ‪I 2 rated‬‬ ‫‪= 6.82‬‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺿـﻌﻴﻒ ﺗـﺮﺍﻧﺲ‬
‫‪440‬‬
‫‪I 2 = I1rated = 13 .6 A‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪S out = V2 I 2 = 660 × 13 .64 = 9002 vA‬‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺭﺍﻧﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ‪ %۱۰۰‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪9002‬‬
‫= ‪S out = S in = V1 I1 ⇒ I1‬‬ ‫‪= 20.46 A‬‬
‫‪440‬‬
‫‪I1 − I1rated − I 2 rated‬‬ ‫‪⇒ I 2 rated = 20 .46 − 13 .64 = 6.82 A‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ‪ 9kvA‬ﺍﺗﻮﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ‪ 3kvA‬ﺁﻥ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﯽ ﻭ ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﮑﯽ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪I2‬‬

‫‪220v‬‬
‫‪I1rated‬‬
‫‪I1‬‬
‫‪660v‬‬
‫‪440v‬‬
‫‪I2rated‬‬

‫‪١‬‬
‫ﺝ( ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻳﮏ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﺧﻴﻠﯽ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪ ﭼﻨـﺪ ﻫـﺰﺍﺭ ﺁﻣﭙـﺮ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﻢ ﺍﺯﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ‪ ۶-۷‬ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Current transformer‬‬
‫‪۸۱‬‬
 ‫‪١‬‬
‫ﺩ( ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺳﺮﯼ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ) ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺑﺮ( ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎﹰ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ) ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‪ ۶۵۰۰‬ﻭﻟﺖ( ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻻﻣﭗ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻮﺯﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﮐﻞ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﮐﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻴـﻞ ﺑـﻪ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻳـﺖ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﮏ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﻮﺩﮐـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ‪ :۶-۸‬ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬

‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬
‫‪ϕ‬‬

‫‪ ۶-۶‬ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎﺯ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﺮ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺍﺯﻳﮏ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺗﮏ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻣﺠﺰﺍ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻳﮏ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔـﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻣﺠﺰﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﺮﺍﺑﯽ ﻳﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎﺯ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﻳﮏ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﺭﺯﺍﻧﺘﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﯽ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺧﺮﺍﺏ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﮐـﻞ ﺗـﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺗﮏ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ‪ :۶-۹‬ﻳﮏ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻣﺘﺸﮑﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬

‫ﻭ ﺳﻪ ﺟﻔﺖ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ ﻫـﺮ‬
‫ﺧﻂ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ ۶-۹‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺷﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﯼ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻭﺳﻂ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ..‬ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻫﺴـﺘﻪ‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Constant Current Transformer‬‬
‫‪۸۲‬‬
‫ﺍﯼ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺟﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫـﺮ ﺣـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﯼ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻧﻤﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺧـﻂ‬
‫ﻭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﺧﻂ ﻭ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﮐﺎﻣﻼﹰ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﻪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻬﺎ ‪ a‬ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ۶-۶-۱‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎﺯ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻫـﺮ ﮐـﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻫﺮ ﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﺼـﺎﻻﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴـﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺰﻩ ﮔﻴﻬﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ‪ ۴‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫™ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ‪-‬ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ) ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ(‬
‫™ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ‪-‬ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ) ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﺳﺖ(‬
‫™ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ‪-‬ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ) ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﺳﺖ(‬
‫™ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ‪-‬ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ) ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ(‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎﹰ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻟـﺬﺍ ﺭﻭﺍﺑـﻂ ﺍﺭﺍﺋـﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ‪-‬ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪V L = 3V p‬‬
‫‪V L1‬‬ ‫‪3V p1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪=a‬‬
‫‪VL2‬‬ ‫‪3V p 2‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﻨﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ‪-‬ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻳﮑﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻫﺮ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﻂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﻟـﯽ ﻭﻟﺘـﺎﮊ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﮐـﺮﺩﻩ ﺑـﺮ ﻫـﺮ ﺳـﻴﻢ ﭘـﻴﭻ‬

‫‪ (V p = V L‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻭﻟﺖ ﺁﻣﭙﺮ ﮐﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺑـﺎﻻ ) ﻓﺸـﺎﺭ‬ ‫)‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻗﻮﯼ( ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪۸۳‬‬
 ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ‪-‬ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪VL = V p‬‬
‫‪VL1 V p1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪=a‬‬
‫‪VL 2 V p 2‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺴﺐ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﭼـﻮﻥ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻧﯽ ﮐـﻪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﻭﻟﯽ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻫـﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺑـﺮ ﻭﻟﺘـﺎﮊ ﺧـﻂ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻫﺎ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺬﺭﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﻂ ‪3‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﮑﺎﺭ ﻣﯽ ﺭﻭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻭﻟﺖ ﺁﻣﭙﺮ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﮐﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣـﯽ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ‪-‬ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪V L1 = 3V p1‬‬
‫‪VL2 = V p 2‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ‪:‬‬

‫‪V L1‬‬ ‫‪3V p1‬‬

‫=‬ ‫‪= 3a‬‬
‫‪VL 2‬‬ ‫‪V p2‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺤﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﺎﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻳﮏ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﮐـﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ﻣﯽ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ‪ -‬ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪V L1 = V p1‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪V L 2 = 3V p 2‬‬
‫‪V L1‬‬ ‫‪V p1‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪VL2‬‬ ‫‪3V p 2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺤﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻳﮏ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﯽ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪:‬‬
‫‪S=25kvA‬‬
‫‪VL1/VL2=1200/208v‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﮐﻴﻠﻮ ﻭﻟﺖ ﺁﻣﭙﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻓﺎﺯ ) ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ( ﻭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﮔﺎﻧﻪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﯼ ﻫﺮ ﻓﺎﺯ‪:‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫=‪s‬‬ ‫‪= 8.33kvA‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪۸۴‬‬
 25000 :‫ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ‬-‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ‬
I l1 = I p1 = = 12.03 A
3 (1200)
1200
V p1 = = 693v
3
208 V p1 693
V p2 = = 120v ⇒a= = = 5.77
3 V p2 120
25000
I L2 = I p2 = = 69.4 A
3 (208)
:‫ﻣﺜﻠﺚ‬-‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ‬
V p1 = VL1 = 1200v
V p 2 = VL 2 = 208v
I L1 12.03
I p1 = = = 6.95 A
3 3
I L2 69.4
I p2 = = = 40 A
3 3
V p1 1200
a= = = 5.77
V p2 208
:‫ﻣﺜﻠﺚ‬-‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ‬
1200
V p1 = = 693v
3
V p 2 = VL 2 = 208v
25000
I p1 = I L1 = = 12.03 A
3 (1200)
I 69.4
I p 2 = L2 = = 40 A
3 3
V p1 693
a= = = 3.33
V p 2 208

۸۵
 ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ‪-‬ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ‪:‬‬
‫‪V p1 = VL1 = 1200v‬‬
‫‪VL 2‬‬ ‫‪208‬‬
‫= ‪V p2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 120v‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪25000‬‬
‫= ‪I p1 = I L1‬‬ ‫‪= 12.03 A‬‬
‫)‪3 (1200‬‬
‫‪25000‬‬
‫= ‪I p 2 = I L2‬‬ ‫‪= 69.4 A‬‬
‫)‪3 ( 208‬‬
‫‪V p1 1200‬‬
‫=‪a‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 10‬‬
‫‪V p2‬‬ ‫‪120‬‬

‫‪ ۶-۶-۲‬ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺳﻴﻤﻪ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﯽ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﺩﻭ ﺧﻂ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﺧﻂ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻳﮏ ﺧﻂ ﻧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﯽ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

‫‪L1‬‬
‫‪V=VL/2‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪V=VL‬‬

‫‪L2‬‬

‫‪۸۶‬‬