POWER PLANT ENGINEERING

By
Kalyan Palit
Lecturer in
Electrical Engineering Department
Baruipur Government Polytechnic

1
 CIVILISATION NEEDS
ENERGY
Types of Energy
 Thermal
 Chemical
 Mechanical
 Electrical etc.

SUN IS THE ACTUAL SOURCE OF ALL ENERGIES ON THE EARTH

(Exception : Nuclear Energy)

Advantages of Electrical Energy

 Easy to Transmit
 Easy to Control
 Pollution Free at Consumer end etc.

2
ENERGY AND DEVELOPMENT
Country consumption in
KWh/Yr per person in
2016

USA 12071
Per capita consumption of
UK 4795
electrical energy is an index of
economic development and JAPAN 7371
standard of living
RUSSIA 7481

USA has only 6% of world BRAZIL 2516

population but accounts almost
30% of electrical energy of the CHINA 4475
world INDIA 1181

GHANA 341
BANGLADESH 351
WORLD 2674
AVERAGE 3
 SOURCES OF ENERGY
1. Fossil Fuel – (a) Coal [mainly Bituminous], (b) Oil (c) Natural Gas
2. Nuclear Fuel – heavy isotopes of Uranium and Thorium
3. Water (Hydro electric Plant)
4. Bio-- mass
Bio
5. Wind
6. Tides
7. Sun
8. Geothermal

 1 and 2 are nonnon--renewable and 3 – 7 are renewable energy

sources . But they (particularly 4 to 7) are non-
non-reliable and still
now very expensive
 But 1,2,3 all are considered as conventional sources whereas the
remaining are non-
non-conventional sources.
sources.
 Interestingly, water is exceptionally renewable but conventional
resource of electrical energy.
energy.
4
CONTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT TYPE OF PLANTS IN
POWER GENERATION OF INDIA
Type of Power Plant Contribution (nearly)
Steam Power Plant 63.0%

Hydro--Electric Power Plant

Hydro 24.0%

Nuclear Power Plant 2.5%

Diesel Plant 1.5%

Gas Plant 8.0%

Non Conventional 1.0%

Total installed capacity : 364.17 GW (31/10/2019)

5
 THERMAL POWER PLANT
Basic Idea :
Step1 - Furnace – Combustion - Chemical Energy of Coal to Heat
Step1
Energy of Combustion (Flue) Gas
Step2
Step2 – Boiler – Boiling of Water – Heat Energy of Flue Gas to Hea
Heatt
Energy of Steam
Step3
Step3 – Turbine – Steam Expansion – Heat Energy of Steam to
Mechanical Energy of Prime Mover
Step4
Step4 – Alternator – Electro-
Electro-Magnetic Induction – Mechanical
Energy to Electrical Energy

 Thermal power plant works on Law of Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics.. It operates
as per thermodynamic cycle (Rankine Cycle)
Cycle)

6
 THERMAL POWER PLANT
Schematic Diagram of Coal Fired Thermal Power Plant

7
 THERMAL POWER PLANT
Choice of Site:
i) Supply of fuel
ii) Supply of water
iii) Transportation facilities
iv) Cost and Type of land
v) Distance from populated area

Choice of Coal:
i) High carbon content
ii) High Calorific Value
iii) Less Sulpher content
iv) Less ash content
v) Small particle size
vi) Capacity to withstand exposed weather

 Amount of heat generation per unit mass of fuel is called Calorific Value of
the fuel and it is generally expressed in Kcal/Kg
8
 THERMAL POWER PLANT
Equipments and their Functions

 Pulverizing Plant
Here coal is pulverized so that larger area is exposed to air (Oxygen) for better
combustion – hence fuel is saved and thermal efficiency is improved
improved..
But it increases initial investment and auxiliary power consumption
It may be of different types – (a) contact (b) ball (c) Impact etc
etc..

 Boiler Furnace
It is a chamber in which fuel is burnt.burnt. It also provides mechanical support and
enclosure for the combustion equipments i.e. burners
For small plants plain refractory walls are used, but for larger plants where furnace
temperature is high, air cooled refractory walls are used
used.. But recent development is
water walls i.e. cold water filled glass tubes.
tubes.

9
 THERMAL POWER PLANT
Equipments and their Functions
 Boiler (Steam Generator)
It converts water into steam

By construction it may be horizontal or vertical

vertical..
By working it may be fire tube or water tube
tube..

Fire tube boilers are limited to low cost, small

size, low pressure (10
10--20
20Kg/sq
Kg/sq..cm.
cm.), low
capacity (15000
15000KgKg of steam/Hr)

Water tube boilers are used in larger plants for

higher pressure (up to 100- 100-200
200Kg/sq
Kg/sq..cm.
cm.), higher capacity(up to
3,50,
50,000Kg/Hr),
000Kg/Hr), better efficiency and better overall control

Recent development is Super Critical Boiler with pressure as high

as 350 Atm (nearly 360
360Kg/sq
Kg/sq..cm.
cm.) at 600°
600°C and capacity of 10
10,,00,
00,000Kg
000Kg of
steam/Hr 10
 THERMAL POWER PLANT
Equipments and their Functions
 Superheaters
Super heaters use excess heat of combustion gases
coming out of boiler to remove the last trace of
moisture from steam and to increase the temp. of it.
It thereby helps in saving fuel and improving thermal
efficiency.

Due to superheating internal energy of steam is increased and less steam is

required. Hence turbine size is reduced. Moreover due to absence of water
corrosion at turbine blade is also reduced
They are classified as radiant and convection
convection.. The latter one is commonly
used. In improved design it may be combination of two types.

 Reheaters
Modern boilers have reheaters to superheat the partially expanded steam
ensuring the dryness of steam through last stage of the turbine.

11
 THERMAL POWER PLANT
Equipments and their Functions

 Economizer
It derives heat from combustion gases coming out of the superheater to
increase the temp. of feed water of Boiler. Thereby it helps in saving fuel and
improving the thermal efficiency (by 10-
10-12%)
It may be steaming or non-
non-steaming, straight tube
or bent tube, independent or integral

 Air-- Preheater
Air
It receives heat from flue gases and uses it to pre-
pre-heat air before
entering the Boiler and thus helps to improve the thermal efficiency.
It is basically classified as Recuperative and Regenerative
type. Former one may be tubular or plate type.
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 THERMAL POWER PLANT
Equipments and their Functions
 Prime Mover (Turbine)
It converts heat energy into mechanical energy

It may be Steam Engine or Steam Turbine. Latter one is normally used in

power plant for its higher speed, smaller size and
better efficiency.

According to working principle Turbine is mainly

classified as (a) Reaction Type and
(b) Impulse Type.
Type. Commercial Turbine
uses series combination of both type.

According to type of flow of steam turbine may

be of two types – Axial Flow and Radial Flow.
Flow. Majority of steam turbine
are of Axial flow type.

13
 THERMAL POWER PLANT
Equipments and their Functions
 Condenser
It condenses exhaust steam coming from Turbine. It has two functions. (a) It
reduces pressure at exhaust of turbine
and thus helps to expand steam over turbine
and thereby to convert heat to Mechanical energy.
(b) Condensed steam can be reused as feed water
to the boiler.

Condenser is broadly classified as (i(i) Jet type

(ii) Surface type. Cooling water and steam are
mixed in the jet type , but not in surface type.

Surface Type is more advantageous but costlier.

14
 THERMAL POWER PLANT
Equipments and their Function
 Other Accessories
1. Forced Draught (FD) Fan – placed near the base of the boiler and forces
fresh air into the boiler.
boiler.
2. Induced Draught (ID) Fan – placed near the base of the chimney and
sucks the burnt gases out of the boiler.
boiler.
3. Chimney – releases the burnt gases at a very high altitude.
altitude.
4. Electro Static Precipitator (ESP) – it uses electrodes and ionized dust
particles are collected in collecting electrodes.
electrodes.
5. Cooling Tower – produces cold water for condensation of steam. steam.
6. Treatment Plant – supplies pure and soft water to boiler and hence
reduces ‘scale’ of boiler, increases life of boiler and improves thermal
efficiency
7. Electrical Equipments – (i) Alternator (ii) Exciter (iii) Transformer
(iv) Circuit Breaker (v) Isolator

 Measurement and Instrumentation

(i) Temperature (ii) Pressure (iii) level (iv) Flow (v) bearing vibration (vi)
thermal expansion etc
etc..
15
 THERMAL POWER PLANT
Power Calculation:
P=(c x m x η) / (860 x 8760
8760))

Where, P = average power in KW, c=calorific value of coal in KCal/Kg,

KCal/Kg,
m= annual coal consumption in Kg
Consumption in Kg, η = overall efficiency, Heat Equivalent of
1KW-
KW-Hr=860
Hr=860Kcal
Kcal
No.. of hours in 1 year = 24x
No 24x365=
365= 8760
Overall Efficiency of the Plant = Thermal efficiency (Boiler x Turbine) x
Electrical (Alternator) efficiency

Thermal Power Plants in India:

India:
Bandel (WB), Kolaghat (WB), NTPC Dadri (UP), Amaravati
(Maharashtra) etc.
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 HYDRO--ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
HYDRO
Basic Idea :
Water is stored at high level and Potential Energy (PE) is
developed.. When it is released as per requirement PE is
developed
converted into Kinetic Energy (KE) KE of falling water rotates
turbine.. Mechanical Energy of Turbine is again converted into
turbine
Electrical Energy in Alternator
Alternator..

Choice of Site:
(i) Availability of huge & good quality water
(ii) Adequate facility for extracting dam
(iii) Type of land (cheap & good bearing capacity)
(iv) Transportation facilities

17
 HYDRO--ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
HYDRO
Schematic Diagram of Hydro-
Hydro-Electric Power Plant

18
 HYDRO--ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
HYDRO
Classification:
 According to water flow regulation
(i) Run
Run--off River Plant without Pondage (ii) Run-
Run-off River Plant with Pondage
(iii) Reservoir Plant
 According to Load:
(i) Base Load (ii) Peak Load
 According to Head :
(i) Low Head (<30m) (ii) Medium Head (30
(30--100m) (iii) High Head (>100m)
 Pumped Storage Plant:
It is a special type of peak load plant. During
peak period (day time) water comes to power
house & turbine drives alternator. During
off--peak period (night) turbine acts as pump &
off
pumps up water to Head pond. Thus water is
recycled.
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 HYDRO--ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
HYDRO
Equipments and their Functions:
 Dam
It is used for storage of water and for creating artificial head
head.. It may be of
concrete or stone masonry and earth or rock fill type.
type.
 Spillways
It is used to discharge excess water to down stream side of the dam during
heavy rainfall in the catchment area
area..
 Penstock
It carries water to the turbine
turbine.. It is made of steel or concrete
concrete.. It may be open
or closed type.
type.
 Surge Tank
It is open top small tank located near the beginning of the penstock
penstock.. During
low load period surplus water rushes back to surge tank and prevents
closed conduit from bursting
bursting.. When load increases it behaves as primary
reservoir..
reservoir
 Electrical Equipments
(i) Alternator (ii) Exciter (iii) Transformer (iv) Circuit Breaker (V) Isolator (vi)
Busbar

20
 HYDRO--ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
HYDRO
Equipments and their Functions:
 Turbine
It acts as prime mover for alternator. It is classified as follows:
(a) Francis Type-
Type- It is reaction type turbine used for low & medium head
(b) Kaplon Type-
Type- It is also reaction type turbine used for mainly low head. It is
capable of reverse operation and hence ideal for pumped storage plant.
(c) Pelton Turbine
Turbine-- It is impulse type turbine used for high head normally for head
above 200 m.

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 HYDRO--ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
HYDRO

Comparison of Turbines

Turbine Type Head Dischar Specific Flow Config Reverse

ge speed uration Operatio
n (as
Pump)
Pelton Impulse High, Low 10-50 Horizon Incapable
Wheel >200m tal

Francis Reaction Medium Medium 60-300 Mixed Vertical Incapable

30 to (Radial
100m & Axial)
Kaplan Reaction Low , High 300- Axial Vertical Capable
<30 m 1000

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 HYDRO--ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
HYDRO
Power Calculations

P=(735.5xQxHx η)/75 KW
or
P=(AxFxKxdxHxgx
P=( AxFxKxdxHxgx η)/(1000x3600x8760) Kw
Where, P=power in KW, Q= Discharge rate in m3/sec, H= head in m, η =
overall efficiency, g= acceleration due to gravity = 9.8m/s2, A= catchment
area in m2, F= annual rainfall in m, K= yield factor, d= density of water in
Kg/m3 (normally 1000Kg/m3).

Hydro electric Plants in India:

Bhakra Left & Right (Punjab),Nagarjun

(Punjab),Nagarjun Sagar (AP) Jaldhaka (WB),
Purulia (WB) {Pumped Storage} etc.

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 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
Basic Idea:
Instead of fossil fuel combustion nuclear energy is used here to
produce heat, which further produce steam at high temp. &
pressure. It will expand on turbine producing mechanical energy
(just like thermal power plant), which will be further converted into
electrical energy by alternator.

Choice of Site:
(i) Availability of water for cooling purpose
(ii) Disposal of Waste (either in deep trench
or in sea far away from coastal area)
(i) Distance from populated area
(ii) Transportation facility
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 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
Nuclear Physics:
Nuclear reaction is of two types – Nuclear Fission and Nuclear
Fusion

92U ….
235

92U + 0 n1 = 57La + 35Br85 + 30n1 92U

235 148 235 …. [Chain Reaction]

92U
235 ….

Nuclear Fission
But Chain Reaction should be controlled, otherwise explosion may
occur. (atom bomb)
Now this reaction is associated with mass defect (loss of mass after
reaction)of 0.207 a.m.u.
a.m.u. which is equivalent to 3.2 x10-11J energy (as
per Einstein’s equation e=mc2).
1 a.m.u.
a.m.u. = 1/ Avagadro No = 1/ (6.023
(6.023 x 1023 ) , C = 3x1010 cm/sec.
1 Kg of fuel contains 25.64 x1023 atoms hence produce nearly 8
x1013J as heat. This amount is nearly equivalent to heat derived
from 3000 ton coal of calorific value 6000 Kcal/Kg. 25
 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
Nuclear Fuels:

All 7th Period elements having Neutron/proton (n/p) ratio more than
1.5 are unstable in nature and undergo continuous decay releasing
α particles,( 2He4) β particles (-1e0), γ (electro
(electro-- magnetic radiation)
and are called radio
radio--active or nuclear materials
materials..

Nuclear fuels are 92U235, 92U233, 94Pu239. They are called Fissile
Material..
Material
The 1st one is available in nature (but 0.7% only in natural Uranium)

90Th
232 &
92U
238 are not fissionable.
fissionable. But they can be converted into
92U , 94Pu respectively.. Therefore, 90Th232 & 92U238 are called
respectively
233 239
called Fertile Material
Material..

26
 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
Schematic Diagram of Nuclear Power plant

Nuclear Reactor

27
 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
Equipments and their Functions:
 Reactor
It is a pressure vessel which houses fuel rod, moderator, control rod etc. etc.
 Fuel Rod
It contains fission materials (92U235,90Th232,94Pu239 etc etc..). They undergo
fission when bombarded by neutron and produce heat heat..
 Moderator
It encloses the fuel rod and slow down the fast moving electrons electrons.. The
material should be (i) non corrosive (ii) chemically inert (iii) inexpensive &
(iv) not react with neutrons
neutrons.. The moderators are normally made of Graphite,
Beryllium, or Heavy Water
 Control Rod
It controls chain reaction by absorbing neutrons
neutrons.. By pulling from or pushing
it into reactor power is increased or decreased respectively
respectively.. It is normally
made of Cadmium (Cd)
 Coolant
It transfers heat generated in the reactor to water in order to produce steam steam..
It is normally done in heat exchanger.
exchanger. Coolant material should be (i) non- non-
absorber of neutrons, (ii) non-
non-oxidising
oxidising,, (iii) chemically stable (iv) of good
heat transfer quality
quality.. Normally liquid metal (Na or K), Heavy water etc etc.. are
preferred for this purpose
purpose..
 Other Equipments 28
(i) Steam turbine, (ii) Condenser, (iii) Cooling Tower (iv) Alternator etc. etc.
 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
Type Fuel Moderat Coolant
Types of Reactor: or
 According to Use – AGR Uranium Graphite CO2
di--Oxide
di
(i) Research (ii) Production
(Advanced
Gas
[fertile to fissile] (iii) Power Reactor)
Generation
PWR Enriched Pressurise Pressurise
 According to type of Fission – (Pressurise Uranium d Water d Water
(i) Slow (ii) Intermediate (iii) d Water
Oxide
fast
Reactor)

 According to Fuel used – BWR Enriched Ordinary Ordinary

Uranium Water Water
(i) Natural Uranium (ii) Enriched
(Boiling
Water
Uranium (iii) Plutonium Reactor) Oxide
 According to Moderator used Liquid Uranium Graphite Liquid
(i) Heavy Water (ii) Ordinary Metal in Sodium Sodium
water (iii) Graphite (iv) Beryllium Fuelled
 According to Coolant used Reactor
(i) Gas (ii) Heavy Water (iii) Fast Enriched Graphite Liquid
Water (iv) Liquid Metal (Nor Breeder U Metal (Na
K) Reactor surrounded or K) 29
by U238 &
Th232
 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
Disposal Precautions:

 Gaseous Waste
Filtered & discharged at high level by Chimney
 Liquid Waste
Filtered, PH adjusted, diluted & discharged .
 Solid Waste
Irradiated fuel, fuel can, rejected control rod etc.
etc. – kept under water or
shielded area for decay for at least 100 days & then discharged into
deep trench, sea, vacant mines etcetc..

Nuclear Power Plants in India:

Tarapur (Maharashtra - BWR), Kalapakkam (Tamilnadu – PHWR), etc.

30
 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
Advantages:
 Small of amount of fuel required
 Low Running Cost
 Low Transportation Cost
Disadvantages:
 Expensive Fuel
 High initial cost
 Difficult to recover the cost
 High maintenance cost
 Serious waste disposal problem
Application:
 It is used as base load plant.
 It is ideal for bulk power generation, but not suitable for varying load.
31
 DIESEL POWER PLANT
Basic Idea :
Diesel acts as working fuel and Diesel Engine as prime mover. mover.
Filtered oil undergoes combustion in filtered air to produce heat
which drives the diesel engine.
engine. The mechanical energy of the
engine is converted into electrical energy by the alternator.
alternator.

Operation:
Thermodynamic cycle consists of 4 processes – Suction,
Compression, Working and Exhaust
Exhaust..
It may be of two types - (a) Two Stroke (Single Revolution ) and (b)
Four Stroke (Two Revolutions)

2 stroke engine develops more power & of low cost, but 4 stroke
engine has higher efficiency & less fuel consumption.
consumption.

It undergoes huge power loss in cooling, friction and exhaust

system.. Full load efficiency is nearly 35
system 35%
%, but with decrease of load
efficiency decreases considerably
considerably..
32
 DIESEL POWER PLANT

Equipments:

 Fuel System: - Storage Tank, Day Tank, Strainers, Oil Filters,

Piping
 Air Intake System : - Air Filters, Ducts
 Engine Cooling System :- :- Water Treatment, Pumps Piping, Heat
Exchangers.
 Engine Lubricating System : - Tanks, Pumps, Piping, Coolers.
 Engine Starting System:-
System:- Air Compressors, Ducts.
 Exhaust System :- :- Ducts, Silencers.
 Alternators with Exciter
 Switchgear with electrical control equipments

33
 DIESEL POWER PLANT

 Advantages:
(i) Simple Operation (ii) Cheap Construction (iii) Quick
Installation (iv) Low Initial Cost (v) Less Water
Requirement
 Disadvantages:
(i) High Running cost (fuel cost is high) (ii) High
Maintenance Cost (iii) Small Rating (iv) Short Useful Life
 Applications:
(i) Emergency Plant (ii) Standby Plant (iii) Mobile Plant
(iv) Remote Area Plant (v) Peak Load Plant

34
GAS POWER PLANT

35
 GAS POWER PLANT
 Working Fluid
Fluid:: - Gas or air , normally natural Fuel Gas consisting
of 80%
80% methane
methane..
 Working Process:
Process: -
(i) Fuel Gas is filtered by filter.
filter. (ii) then compressed by compressor
compressor.. (iii)
then it is passed through regenerator for taking heat from exhaust gas
coming out from turbine (iv) next it goes to combustion chamber (v)
then after combustion fuel gas goes to turbine, where it expands to
produce mechanical energyenergy.. (vi) finally this mechanical energy of
turbine is used to generate electrical energy at alternator alternator.. (vii)
Compressor takes required mechanical power from the turbine, that’s
why it is attached with the same shaft shaft.. But initially it needs a starting
motor for the starting power
power.. (viii) Gas Plant works on Brayton
Thermodynamic Cycle.Cycle.
 Equipments::-
Equipments
(i) Compressor (ii) regenerator (iii) Combustion Chamber (iv) Gas
turbine (v) Alternator (vi) Starting Motor (vii) Filter 36
 GAS POWER PLANT

 Advantages:
(i) simple design (ii) Low initial cost (iii) Low Maintenance Cost
(iv) Less Space required (v) Less water required
(vi) can be started quickly (vii) No stand by loss
 Disadvantages::
Disadvantages
(i) In running condition, some mechanical power is utilised for the
compressor.. (ii) Additional starting power is required for compressor
compressor compressor..
(iii) Low overall efficiency (iv) High temperature in combustion
chamber.. (v) Comparatively Small size (rating) is a limitation
chamber limitation..
 Applications::
Applications
(i) Peak load plant (ii) Auxiliary plant for thermal power station

 Recently Larger Gas plants are also being designed and developed
. 37
 MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DIFFERENT
POWER PLANTS
Sl. Property Steam Hydro
Hydro-- Diesel Nuclear
No
Electric & Gas
1 Initial Cost Low High Lowest Highest

2 Fuel Cost High Lowest Highest Low

3 Transport Cost Highest Lowest High Low

4 T & D Cost Low Highest Lowest High

5 Maintenance Cost High Low Lowest Highest

6 Limit of Source Limited Huge Very Sufficient

Limited
7 Overall Efficiency Lowest Highest Low High

8 Pollution Highest Lowest High Low 38

 POWER PLANT ECONOMICS
Factors and their use
 Demand Factor:
(Maximum Demand / Connected Load) value is less than 1
 Load Factor:
(Average Load / Maximum Load) value is less than 1, but should be as high as
possible.
 Diversity Factor:
(Sum of individual Maximum Demand / Maximum Demand of the Plant) Value is
more than 1, but should be as high as possible.
 Plant Use Factor:
(Actual energy generated in KW-
KW-Hr / Plant Capacity in KW x no of hours in use)
Value is less than 1, but should be improved.
Different Tariff System
Total cost of generation= fixed cost + Semi fixed cost + running cost
= a + b x KW+ C x KW-
KW-Hr
Tariff Systems are – (i) Flat Rate (ii) Block Rate (iii) 2 part (iv) 3 part 39

(v) Maximum demand (vi) Power factor tariff etc.

 Load Curve and Load Duration Curve

 5 KW : 4 Hours
( 12 midnight to 4
am) + 8 Hours ( 4
pm i.e.16 Hrs to
12 midnight i.e. 24
Hrs) = 12 Hours
 10 KW : 0 Hours
 15 KW : 4 Hours
( 4 am to 8 am)
 20 KW : 8 Hours
( 8am to 4 pm
i.e.16 Hrs)

40
 ALTERNATOR AND EXCITER
Steam Plant alternator
Configuration- horizontal, Construction-
Configuration- Construction- Cylindrical rotor type (iii) Speed-
Speed-
High (3000 or 1500 rpm), No. 0f poles-
poles- 2 or 4, Small dia. & large Length.
Hydro Plant Alternator
Configuration- Horizontal (for Reaction Type) & Vertical (for Impulse type)
Configuration-
Construction-- Salient pole type, Speed
Construction Speed-- Low, No. of poles-
poles- large, Large
dia. & small axial length.
Exciter
 D.C. Exciter
Here main exciter is a separately excited dc generator & pilot exciter is
self excited compounded dc generator which provides excitation power
for main exciter.
 A.C Exciter
Here main exciter is a self excited AC generator (called rotating thyristor
exciter) or separately excited by a permanent Magnet Generator (PMG)
[Brushless Excitation] A.C is converted into D.C. by SCR placed on
output shaft.
 Static Exciter
Here main alternator draws excitation power from itself through step
down transformer and Mercury-
Mercury-Arc
Arc--Rectifier or Silicon
Silicon--Controlled
Controlled--
Rectifier (SCR) 41
 SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION
Interconnection
Thermal and hydro plants are connected in order to handle load
variations.. This is called combined working of power plant
variations plant..
Different power systems are interconnected
interconnected.. The interconnection may
be integrated or un-un-integrated.
integrated.
Advantage:
(i) Service reliability (ii) Additional transmission facility (iii) Installed
capacity savings (iv) Flexibility in operations (v) operation cost savings
savings..

Integrated Interconnection
Interconnection::- The total system is one i.e. individual
identity is almost lost
lost.. Every operational planning & decisions are
centrally done
done.. It provides good savings but produces co co--ordination
problems..
problems
Un –integrated Interconnection:
Interconnection:- Individual identity is not lost, but they
are in some agreement or contract which includes supply of definite
quantity of energy, mutual help at different time
time..

Grid system of India is un integrated interconnection of all power plants

plants..
42
 Power Control
Power Control
Always Generation = Demand + Losses.

 Active Power (Load Frequency Control):

When Power demand increases, rotational loss & hence speed
decreases to meet extra demand and results fall of frequency, error
signal to governor resulting increase of steam supply and
generation increases accordingly
accordingly.. Frequency is also restored
restored..

 Reactive Power:
Most of loads are inductive
inductive.. Load pf (cosФ
cosФ) decreases, Ф increases,
sinФ
sin Ф increases, KVAR(VI sin sinФ
Ф ) increases, KVA increases, V
increases, error signal to excitation, excitation (Field Current)
creases, pf decreases as per inverted V curve, sinΦ
decreases, sinΦ & hence
VIsin
VI sinΦ increases.. But, as per V curve I (current)
Φ increases, VI increases
increases with decrease of field current
current.. Hence with increase of VI,
V(voltage) restores to it’s original value
value..
43
Load – Frequency and excitation – voltage
regulations

44
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