• 1 • .

PAPER 2 Writing Part 2 For questions 1-18, read the three texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D)
Part 3 best fits each gap.
PAPER 3 Use of English
Part 4
PAPER 4 Listening

PAPER 5 Speaking

Why is it that the average man has a(n) (1) to buying clothes? In fact, shopping
probably (2) as high as visits to the dentist or doing the washing up on the male
'Most Hated Chores' list. While a woman may sit happily (3) through glossy
fashion magazines, then spend hours trying to (4) her favourite top model, her
male partner spends approximately five minutes deciding what to wear, even less
time putting it on, and is out of the front door before she has even (5) her
underwear. Women seek out ways to look different, while men generally choose
clothes which are as (6) as possible. She will be horrified if another woman is
wearing the same dress at a party, whereas for him, finding someone else in the same
attire will simply confirm that he belongs and is not a freak.

1 A hatred B distaste C aversion D horror

2 A ranks B stands C places D aims
N'\ 3 A roaming B turning C rifling E"leafing
4 A emulate B envisage C visualise D embody
J\\ 5 A dressed B worn C donned D adorned
6 A indescribable B nondescript C obscure D nonexistent

An old, ostensibly obsolete Thames barge has gained an unexpected (7) of life.
A young couple have bought it and intend to (8) it into a floating home. This
move (9) a major change in the couple's lifestyle. 'We had been feeling
(10) boxed in by our small flat in the centre: says Cathy Smythe, 'but with such
(11) house prices, the possibility of moving anywhere else in the city seemed a
million years away. Then someone jokingly mentioned houseboats, and that gave us
the idea.'

A broker showed them various vessels and the Smythes saw potential in the barge.
'We (12) for the Thames barge because of its broadness: explains David, Cathy's
husband. 'It's actually very spacious below. And, of course, the price was right!'

Let's hope that life afloat lives up to their expectations.

a lease of life: dịp vui chơi, hòa mình
7 A spalk B lease C addition D loan
8 A convert B alter C transfer D adapt
9 A rates e:P marks C infers D announces
10 A exclusively B extensively C decidedly D drastically
11 A extortionate B opulent C stupendous D lavish
12 A chose B decided C agreed D opted
I need help. I can't work, I can't sleep; the situation's getting out of (13) Try as I
(14) , I just can't resist opening the paper every morning at the puzzle page. It's
this Su Doku numbers game everyone's been (15) about. Although it looks
straightforward at first (16) , it's fiendishly deceptive. You start with a simple-
looking grid of nine rows by nine, split into nine boxes with nine squares in each. The
(17) of the game is to fill in the grid so that every row, column and box contains
the numbers one to nine. You think, no problem, I'll just have a quick go. Five minutes
and I'll (18) this. But oh, no! You get hooked. The tricky ones niggle you and you
can't stop. I've been late for work twice this week. And now there's talk of them
adding the game to mobile phones!

/13 A sorts B world C hand D mind

14 A could B might C can D should
15 A craving B longing C raging D raving
16 A glance B look C peep D glimpse
17 A task B object C exercise D goal
18 A break B win C crack D split
I need help. I can't work, I can't sleep; the situation's getting out of (13) Try as I
(14) , I just can't resist opening the paper every morning at the puzzle page. It's
this Su Doku numbers game everyone's been (15) about. Although it looks
straightforward at first (16) , it's fiendishly deceptive. You start with a simple-
looking grid of nine rows by nine, split into nine boxes with nine squares in each. The
(17) of the game is to fill in the grid so that every row, column and box contains
the numbers one to nine. You think, no problem, I'll just have a quick go. Five minutes
and I'll (18) this. But oh, no! You get hooked. The tricky ones niggle you and you
can't stop. I've been late for work twice this week. And now there's talk of them
adding the game to mobile phones!

/13 A sorts B world C hand D mind

14 A could B might C can D should
15 A craving B longing C raging D raving
16 A glance B look C peep D glimpse
17 A task B object C exercise D goal
18 A break B win C crack D split
 You are going to read four extracts which are all concerned in some way with
waterways. For questions 19-26, choose the answer (A, B, C or Dj which you think
PAPER 3 Use of English fits best according to the text.

PAPER4 Listening

PAPER 5 Speaking)

TItE ECO--TRAVEllER _
Yiannis Reklos is a man with a mission. Born on the shores of Lake
I<erkini in northern Greece, he moved to Thessaloniki when he was foUt~
returning to his village for holidays. As an adult he became concerned
that the area was dying. 'The locals seemed to be indifferent towards
themselves and the environment. I decided I wanted to change all that,'
he says.

Laklt I<erkini is an environmental treasure trove. Relatively shallow, it

provides shelter and food for hundreds of species of wildlife. Yiannis
decided to take advantage of this in order to bring life back to the area
he loved. He encouraged the locals to join him in developing eco-tourism
in the region. He now runs a successful business, Oikoperiigitis (this can
be translated as 'Eco-traveller'), which offers visitors comfortable
accommC2dation and guided tours by canoe, boat, bike or jeep. For the
more daring there is even pony-trekking available. Slowly but surely, with
cooperation from local businessmen, Yiannis has achieved his twofold
dream - to develop the area economically in order to preserve the
community, and at the same time protect it environmentally. Yes, he is a
businessman, but a socially aware one. However, as he says: 'People are
showing -interest in the area and are gaining an ecological conscience, but
there's still a long way to go before the environment is really safe.'

19 What worried Yiannis when he became an adult?

A The locals were destroying the environment.
B The villagers lacked motivation generally.
C There was no economic activity in the area.
D People wanted to abandon the village.

20 According to the text, what is Yiannis' mission?

A to provide visitors to the area with accommodation and leisure facilities
B to encourage the locals to be more active in environmental matters
C to take advantage of the area's beauty and biodiversity for financial gain
D to protect the area while encouraging socio-economic progress
 •
open water swimmIng
As a youth I swam in the Trent - before it got filthy- hung on to rocks
in the turbulent Wye, and sampled various lakes. Growing up today, it
would be a lot harder. For wild swimming is increasingly frowned
upon. Police and local authorities take it upon themselves to
discourage any 'open water swimming'. Every year more traditional
swimming-holes and stretches of river are surrounded with fierce
notices and warnings banning anyone from trying. But this is counter-
productive; these oft-used places are likely to be the safest, and kids
turning up on a hot day will just find somewhere far more dangerous,
like the canal or a faster stretch of river.
At the head of the campaign for the right to swim is the River and Lake
Swimming Association (RALSA).Its website has lists of swimming-
holes but the longer list is of threats to the pastime. Councils gratefully
side with anyone who wants to stop open water swimming:
conservationists, sailors, fishing clubs and the rest. Members of
RALSA,often people who have swum all year round in their favoured
spot for years, rightly get fed up with being lectured by passing
policemen about how they might 'encourage' vulnerable children to
swim and cause 'tragedies'. Other countries are less feeble - their
citizens swim happily in remote lakes, rivers and other waterways.
Only we poor weedy British are told that it is terrible to immerse
ourselves in anything that is not rectangular, chlorinated and
supervised.

21 According to the writer, why are warnings against open water swimming
'cou nter-prod uctive'?
A They do not stop young people from swimming in the areas where they
are placed.
B They do not make open water swimming any safer for young people.
C They simply encourage young people to swim in less suitable spots.
D They discourage young people from swimming safely outdoors.

22 The writer feels that

A the authorities are misguided in their attitude towards open water swimming.
B councils are to be congratulated for banning open water swimming.
C policemen should be less feeble in their attitude towards RALSA members.
D the RALSA is in danger of causing tragedies by encouraging open water
swimming.
 An activity that has been
known to Londoners since
Mudlarkin
Victorian times, mudlarking is in essence 'grass roots'
archaeology. The Thames is a tidal river, and there are areas
in the capital where, when th~ tide is ebbing, anyone who is
interested may find artefacts stuck in the mud. Over the
years ancient tools, pieces of pottery, weapons and jewels
have been washed up by the tide, revealed as the water
recedes; fragments of the city's rich history, providing easy
pickings for enthusiasts.
The Port of London Authority is responsible for issuing
permits to people wishing to dig the foreshore today. They
also set restrictions on where you are allowed to dig. A
Standard Permit allows you to dig 7.5 cm down in certain
areas, while members of the Society of Mudlarks may
purchase a Mudlarks Digging Permit, enabling them to dig up
to one metre down. The latter permit imposes fewer
restrictions concerning where one can dig. Ail finds of
potential historical interest must be taken to the Museum of
London, which already houses about a thousand finds.
It is possible, however, to make important discoveries without
digging at all, for the tide rises and falls as much as seven
metres, so there's a chance of something new being washed
up on the shoreline's surface with every tide.

23 The writer describes mudlarking as 'grass roots' archaeology because

A it involves scouring the river banks at high tide in search of artefacts.
B you don't have to be a professional archaeologist to be a mudlark.
C mudlarking is an easy way for archaeologists to make discoveries.
D people dig around in the mud in search of historical artefacts.

24 If you do not have a licence,

A you cannot dig deeper than 7.5 cm beneath the surface of the mud.
B you can only comb the surface of the foreshore in search of finds.
C you are not permitted to look for artefacts along the shoreline of the river.
D you can only go mudlarking at certain times in restricted areas.
 Gig pulling
'Give way together! ... And pull ... pull ... Come on, put your backs
into it!'
Five o'clock on a damp April afternoon, and I'm sitting
shivering with four other girls in an old, clinker-built boat in the
middle of Bristol docks. Some weird desire for self-inflicted
suffering has brought us here. Having decided to take on the boys
in the local sea scouts regatta, we found ourselves a trainer and
set to work, three times a week, an hour at a time. That may not
sound too gruelling, but these boats are heavy, as are their long
wooden oars. No lightweight, fibreglass skiffs for us! At present,
trapped in our wo<;>den prison, the attitude we have towards our
trainer is anything but warm. He is thoroughly enjoying our
discomfort, yelling at us to work harder; a regular slave driver, the
only thing missing is his whip.
15 Cursing - for the umpteenth time - my decision to join the crew"
161grasp my oar a little too firmly, and - oops! - catch a 'crab'.
That's what you call getting your oar stuck under the water
18during a stroke, and it causes all sorts of problems to the other
190arswomen. Our trainer's dulcet tones slice through the crisp
evening air: 'Bowman, what are you playing at? Stop daydreaming
and get sorted! Now, once again, crew: give way together!'

25 Which word best describes the writer's feelings about her trainer?
A respect
B trepidation
C exasperation angry
D abhorrence disgusting

26 Which phrase does the writer use sarcastically?

A 'for the umpteenth time' (line 15)
B 'a little too firmly' (line 16)
C 'it causes all sorts of problems' (line 18)
D 'our trainer's dulcet tones' (line 19)
 You are going to read an article about a chess grandmaster. Seven paragraphs have
been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits
PAPER 3 Useof English each gap (27-33l. There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

PAPER 4 listening

PAPER 5 Speaking

The Grandmaster and the Rookie

My first thought is that it's a long way from Leigh in
Lancashire, where Nigel Short was born. I am interviewing
him on the terrace overlooking the garden of his rambling
house in southern Greece. The early evening sun beats
down and the Mediterranean shimmers in the distance.
The life of a professional chess player is an arduous one.
CEJ D _ QTI~-----------
We had been looking at a chess website detailing all the
Short is now forty and, as in all sports, anno Domini takes
its toll. He is down to thirtieth in the world - grandmasters
are precisely, mercilessly even, graded according to their
performance, and Short has slipped below all those hungry
young Russians, Ukrainians and Armenians looking for
their own place in the sun. He still loves - lives for - the
game, the adrenaline rush of competition, but realises he
will never again make the top ten.
[m H C _ The 1993 match against Kasparov was a watershed for
Not that everyone, hitherto, has quite appreciated the
appeal. Chess as an international sport gets tucked away in
tiny paragraphs in the press; the world's leading players
remain nothing more than exotic names. Until the all-too-
mortal nature· of the struggle over the chessboard is
communicated, chess will continue to be jammed, in tiny
print, between bowls and darts. That will be Short's
demanding job - to make chess come alive.
A
@]------------
My chess credentials are ropey: learned the game at
eleven; played for my school but always on lower boards to
avoid strong opponents; came third in Newport under-
eighteen championship (my sole chess prize). Now I play
endless low-grade chess on the internet, against unnamed
amnesiacs all around the world. I am not promising
material.
G
[}Q]~-----------
Short has lived and breathed chess since the age of six,
when his father showed him the moves. He beat the great
Viktor Korchnoi in a simultaneous exhibition at the age of
ten, played in the British championship at twelve
(defeating the ten times British champion Jonathan
Penrose), beat grandmaster Tony Miles at fourteen and
became a grandmaster himself at nineteen.
E H
elite games that had been played worldwide in the past
week - 2,500 of them, anyone of which might contain some
important opening innovation. 'Even if you just cast your
eye over these things, spend three minutes on each ... '. He
laughs and leaves the implication hanging, but I calculate
later that spending three minutes studying each of those
games would take 125 hours a week.
@J B _
Short, and he never quite climbed those heights again.
'Getting to the world championship final was probably
about as good as I could manage,' he says. 'It's difficult to
motivate yourself and it becomes self-fulfilling. You think,
"Well, maybe if I work very, very hard again, I can do
exactly the same again and then lose to Kasparov." It's a
depressing feeling. '
CEJ C F _
Meanwhile, he is optimistic about the future of the sport.
'If, and when, some new people come in who are more
business-minded, I think chess will take off again,' he says.
'Chess has huge advantages over many other sports in that
it is played all over the world. It's a game for the internet
age, a game where I can be sitting here in a village with
goats and chickens and donkeys, and I can go on the
internet and be playing some leading grandmaster in
Russia or the Philippines.' The whole world in sixty-four
squares.
A But he has an even harder task, which is why 1 have
turned up in Greece to wreck his family's summer
holiday. He has to try to teach me to play well. 1 have
been playing chess for almost forty years, and 1 am still
truly hopeless. Turning me into a 'strong' player will,
he admits, be his greatest challenge.
B Short's career was dominated by his rivalry with Garry
Kasparov, the player with the highest rating of all time.
They met as juniors, then as grandmasters, and finally
in the 1993 world championship. Kasparov came out
on top in 1993, as he usually had. 'I had him on the
ropes in several games,' recalls Short, 'but he was
iJilcrediblytenacious. He suffered in a lot of the games,
but because of his resilience 1 wasn't able to put him
out. 1 discovered there was more to his genius than just
his opening preparation, though that is one of his great
strengths.'
C But if Short will be playing less chess, he will instead be
commentating more and evangelising on behalf of a
sport that has lost its way in recent years. He will be
writing a weekly column and occasional longer articles
on the characters who populate chess's fascinating
world.
D Actually, it is: a continuous round of cheap hotels and
cut-throat tournaments for not much prize money.
Like the game itself, it's a constant battle for survival.
But Short has been lucky. He has been lucky because
he is good: once rated third in the world, he
challenged Garry Kasparov for the world
championship in 1993 in a match, played in London,
that briefly got chess onto live national television.
E Former world chess champion Emanuel Lasker once
said that, given 100 hours with a novice player, he
could turn him into an expert. Actually, this is one of
those quotes, like 'You dirty rat', that is difficult to
source. But you get the gist: chess has a clear set of
rules and stratagems that you don't have to be a genius
to absorb; we can all aspire to mastery.
F The Short-Kasparov match was also a watershed for
world chess, creating a schism that has still not been
healed. The two protagonists fell out with Fide, the
sport's world governing body, over money, and
organised the final themselves, with a purse of 1.7
million pounds. Fide organised a rival final between
the two players beaten by Short in previous rounds,
and world chess has since endured a boxing-style split,
with at least two players claiming to be world
champion. It's a mess, but there are hopes that over the
next twelve months the world title will be reunified,
starting with the Fide world championship tournament
being played in Argentina from September 27 to
October 16. Short will be at that eight-player
championship as commentator rather than player - the
poacher turned gamekeeper.
G Short knows it, too. 'Chess is inherently a difficult
game,' he cautions me. 'There aren't any very easy
answers. You often find in the course of chess
development that you have to unlearn what you have
already learned. You have to take a step backwards in
order to move forwards.'
H He never wanted to be anything else other than a
professional chess player. 'As soon as 1 knew that
professional players existed, 1 wanted to be one,' he
says. 'I loved the game and wanted to devote myself to
it. Chess is a very demanding mistress. It requires a
colossal amount of time. If you are to study chess
seriously, the amount of work is endless. You got some
sense of that this afternoon.'
 You are going to read an extract from a book about an architect. For questions 34-40,
choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.
PAPER3 Use of English
Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
PAPER4 listening
PAPER5 Speaking
he first impression created by Tadao Ando's
T architecture is that of its materiality. His powerful
concrete walls set a limit. Beyond this point there is no
passage but that which is opened by his will. A second
impression of Tadao Ando's architecture is its tactility.
Hard walls seem soft to the touch. They exclude then
enclose, admitting light, wind and the passingvisitor, who
leaves behind the disorder of everyday existence to be
sheltered in a realm of stillness. A third impression of
Tadao Ando's architecture is its emptiness. Within, only
light and space surround the visitor.
Enso, the mysterious circles drawn by Zen Buddhist
monks in a single stroke, symbolise emptiness, oneness,
and the moment of enlightenment. The circle and other
rigorous geometric forms are the vocabulary of Ando,
related as much to Western architecture as to any Eastern
thought. He cites the Pantheon in Rome as an influence
on his work; proof that simple shapes fashioned with a
mastery of light and materials can create a transcendent
space. He speaksalso of the 'Prisons' in Piranesi's Carceri
d'invenzioni whose 'dynamic verticality' contrasts with
the horizontal emphasis of much traditional Japanese
architecture, which is 'non-geometric and irregular' by
nature. Tadao Ando has said that a goal of his work is to
bring together these apparently divergent ideas of space in
a 'unified transcendent architecture'. What Ando seeks,
and what he finds in his best work, is the simplicity of
perfection, a faultless circle drawn by a steady hand in a
single stroke.
Winner of the 1992 Carlsberg prize, the 1995 Pritzker
prize, the 1996 Praemium Imperiale, and the 2002 Kyoto
prize, Tadao Ando is today at the height of his career,
called on to build major buildings from Fort Worth to
Naoshima in the Inland Seaof Japan. Looking out from the
hilltop annex of the Naoshima Museum of Contemporary
Art toward the framed view of cone-shaped islands,
feeling the gentle breeze on a sunny day, one feels as
c1ose'to architectural perfection as possible. A great deal
of the meaning of Tadao Ando's work can be captured in
those fleeting instants when nature's presence ebbs and
flows past his concrete walls.
Born in Osaka in 1941, Tadao Ando is unusual in that
he was self-educated as an architect, largely through
travels in the United States, Europe, and Africa
(1962-1969). He founded Tadao Ando Architect &
Associates in Osaka in 1969. When asked how he came to
be interested in architecture, he replied, 'As it happens
work was carried on where I lived when I was 15, and I
got to know some of the carpenters. About the same time,
in a used bookstore, I saw a book on the complete work
of Le Corbusier. I recopied some of his drawings, and I
would say that that is how I began to be interested in
architecture. '
Although the influence on Ando of Le Corbusier and
others such as Louis Kahn is often cited, it is interesting to
note that the first project that brought him public
attention, the so-called Azuma House (Row House,
Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 1975-76) is already very much a
personal creation. On a small site (57.3 square metres)
inserted into a row of narrow houses, the simple concrete
facade and equally unadorned doorway stand out without
breaking the rhythm of the street. Old wood houses that
formerly lined the street have given way to a hodgepodge
of generally undistinguished modern residences.Although
this residential area of Osaka is somewhat less chaotic in
appearance than many other parts of a metropolis with a
population density of 11,793 persons per square
kilometre (1995), there is a marked contrast between this
concrete slab and its environment. Stepping through the
door, the visitor need no longer be conscious of the
outside world. The house is divided into three equal
sections - a living room and kitchen below, and two
bedrooms above, separated by an external courtyard, and
the stairway up to the second floor. Access to the
bathroom on the ground floor from the bedrooms
requires the resident to pass through the courtyard. This
fact surprises Western visitors but seems to be of little
concern to the Japanese,who, as Ando says, 'are used to
living with the rhythms of nature.' As for its limited
dimensions, with total floor space of 64.7 square metres,
the Sumiyoshi Row House exceeds the average size of an
Osaka dwelling (estimated at 61 square metres in 1993).
Despite its rigorously geometric design, this house, with
its unusual facade and open central courtyard, is closely
related both to local architecture and to Japanese
traditions. By excluding the chaotic environment and
admitting nature, Ando also developed what would
become one of the central themes in his work in this
house, which won a prize from the JapaneseArchitectural
Association.
34 What does the writer mean by the 'materiality' of Ando's buildings?
A the limits set by his concrete walls
B the sense of control reflected in the solid walls
C the type of building materials he employs
D the passages that penetrate their concrete walls

35 Why does the writer mention Enso?

A to illustrate how Ando's work is influenced by geometric shapes
B to emphasise the simple perfection of the circle in architecture
C because it is a word Ando often uses to talk about architecture
D because it contributes to the beauty of buildings like the Pantheon

36 Ando's aim in creating a 'unified transcendent architecture' is

A to create a fashion in the use of geometric shapes in architecture.
B to emulate the work of Piranesi.
C to break free from the irregular nature of traditional Japanese architecture.
D to create a harmonious marriage of conflicting principles in architecture.

37 What does the writer imply is 'architectural perfection'?

A the contrast created between a building and the natural environment
around it
B the use of nature to transcend the structure of a building
C buildings which acknowledge and welcome the presence of nature
D buildings which go beyond the usual limits of architecture

38 Ando's interest in architecture was stimulated

A by his travels abroad.
B by a second-hand book.
C when he got involved in construction work.
D when some carpenters re-built his home.

39 The Azuma House

A contrasts with the old wood houses lining the rest of the street.
B is easily distinguished yet blends into its surroundings.
C is limited in space by Japanese standards.
D bears the mark of Le Corbusier's influence on the architect.

40 We can infer from the text that the writer particularly admires
A the use of contrasting shapes in Ando's designs.
B the mastery Ando has over his choice of materials.
C the lighting effects that Ando is able to create in his buildings.
D the sense of peace and harmony in Ando's buildings.
PAPER 1 Reading

PAPER 2 Writing You will hear four different extracts. For questions 1-8, choose the answer (A, B or C)
which fits best according to what you hear. There are two questions for each
PAPER 3 Use of English extract:

Part 2
Part 3
Part 4

1 How does the woman feel about the fact that the man has
made the cheese himself?
A nonplussed
B envious
C impressed

2 The olive oil

A gives the cheese extra flavour.
B helps the cheese stay fresh.
C makes the cheese go yellow.

3 The woman is prone to

A agoraphobia.
B vertigo.
C panic attacks.

4 How does she feel about the fact that she has this affliction?
A frustrated
B embarrassed
C terrified
5 To Edward, working with horses demands
A sacrifices.
B determination.
C dedication.

6 In order to enter riders for competitions, the stables need

A trained athletes.
B extra backing.
C approval from the Federation.

7 In order to be allowed to sit the flying exam, you must have

A completed six months of training.
B flown for at least fourteen hours.
C flown for twenty-five hours on your own.

8 You cannot automatically renew your pilot's licence

A unless you get approval from an instructor.
B unless you keep a monthly record of your flying hours.
C unless you fly at least five hours a year.
PAPER 1 Reading

PAPER 2 Writing You will hear a man called Neil Brown giving a talk about cycling. For questions
9-17, complete the sentences with a word or short phrase.
PAPER 3 Use of English

The Cycle Campaign Network promotes cycling as a

I pleasurable activity ITJ, a sport, and a means of transport.

Cycling helps reduce pollution caused by

1 CO2 emission c:IQJ from cars and also traffic noise.

road safety
Local authorities are starting to emphasise Icycle training program DTI
by developing special cycle routes.

school
Cycling is now being taught at a number of 1 children QIJ
However, if the project is to develop, new recruit
I====================[!!]
sports curriculum
will be needed.

A regimen of regular cycling can prevent

----1"1"'Al
1
heart
___________ ~ disease and strokes.

It also makes your body better able to recover from

I injuries and fracture ~

Neil suggests that an individual's I mental performance Q!J

may be enhanced by cycling to work.

The majority of organised cycling events are

I free of charge ~IJ::!Jto anyone wishing to take part.
PAPER 1 Reading

PAPER 2 Writing You will hear an interview with Norma Powell, who is a financial advisor. For
questions 18-22, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best according to what
PAPER3 Use of English you hear.

18 Young people are tempted to live beyond their means because

A they consider they have a right to use credit cards and store cards.
B they may be unaware of the extent of the debts they incur.
C they may be unable to pay cash for consumer goods.
D they have become more materialistic as a result of using
credit cards.

19 Norma believes the main reason young people get into debt is due to
A the large numbers of credit cards available to them.
B the overdrafts they create at university.
C the fact that they can't find a job.
D the lack of financial advice from parents.

20 She thinks that if parents have a responsible attitude to money,

A their children will be more likely to follow their advice.
B they will be able to demonstrate the dangers of getting into debt.
C their children will follow their advice but not their example.
D they will be able to build up some savings for their children.

21 A fixed amount of pocket money

A forces a child to save money.
B teaches a child to budget.
C makes a child feel independent.
D gives a child a saving strategy.

22 Teenagers sometimes find it difficult to save because

A they want to buy clothes all the time.
B they don't want to listen to their parents.
C they are influenced by friends and advertising.
D they have lost sight of what is important in life.