BIOLOGY PRACTICAL

CLASS 9

NOTE:
1. All the practicals should be written in your Biology Practical files.
2. Each experiment should be neatly written on a new page.
3. Do not colour or shade your diagrams.
4. All the diagrams should be neatly drawn and labelled with a pencil, on the left side (i.e. blank side)
of the respective experiment.
5. Use only blue pen to write your experiments.

INDEX
S. NO. EXPERIMENT
1. Identification of plant cell and its study (onion cell)
2. To study and observe characteristics of animal cell as seen in the cheek cells of human.
3. To study and draw the given flower China rose (Hibiscus rosa sinensis).
4. To identify and study the external and internal structure of a germinating seed- Bean seed (Dicot
seed)
5. To identify and study the external and internal structure of a germinating seed- Maize seed
(Monocot seed)
6. To set-up an experiment to demonstrate the mechanism of breathing in humans.

EXPERIMENT 1

OBJECT: Identification of plant cell and its study (onion cell).

STRUCTURE:
1. Cells elongated or rectangular in shape.
2. Cell wall present outer to cell membrane.
3. Cell membrane selectively permeable and thin.
4. Intercellular spaces absent.
5. A large central vacuole present.
6. A prominent nucleus is seen at one end of the cell.
7. Thin layer of cytoplasm towards the periphery of the cell.

FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS PARTS OF THE CELL:

1. Cell wall: protects the cell giving it shape and rigidity.

2. Cell membrane selectively permeable, and holds the cytoplasmic contents of the cell.
3. Vacuole: contains cell sap providing turgidity to the cell.
4. Nucleus: contains genetic material and is responsible for all the functions of the cell.

EXPERIMENT 2

OBJECT: To study and observe characteristics of animal cell as seen in the cheek cells of human.

STRUCTURE:
1. Flat and irregular shaped cells.
2. Bound by a thin cell membrane.
3. Cytoplasm is dense.
4. Prominent nucleus present in the centre of the cell.

FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS PARTS OF THE CELL:

1. Cell membrane: selectively permeable and maintains the shape of the cell.
2. Cytoplasm: holds all the cell organelles of the cell.
3. Nucleus: contains genetic material and is responsible for all the functions of the cell.
4. Mitochordria: it stores energy in the cell.
5. Endoplasmic reticulum: it forms the endoskeleton of the cell.

EXPERIMENT 3

OBJECT: To study and draw the given flower China rose (Hibiscus rosa sinensis).

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FLOWER:

Solitary, large, showy, red in colour, complete, bisexual, pedicellate.

WHORLS OF THE FLOWER:

1. Calyx: green in colour, five sepals, gamosepalous, an additional whorl green in colour present outer
to calyx is called epicalyx.
2. Corolla: five petals red in colour, polypetalous.
3. Androecium: numerous stamens, monadelphous, anthers free.
4. Gynoecium: five carples, fused, ovary is superior and axile placentation.
EXPERIMENT 4

OBJECT: To identify and study the external and internal structure of a germinating seed- Bean seed
(Dicot seed).

MATERIALS REQUIRED: Dry bean seed, germinating bean seeds, hand lens and blade.

OBSERVATION:
1. Shape: it is kidney shaped.
2. Seed coat: thick brown seed coat made up of two layers, the outer testa and inner tegmen.
3. Hilum: white oval scar is seen on the concave side of the seed. It represents the spot where the
ovule was attached (now seed) to the ovary before it matures.
4. Micropyle: a tiny pore close to hilum through which the seed absorbs water and oxygen for
germination.
5. Cotyledons: after removing the seed coat two fleshy cotyledons are seen. They store food.
6. Embryo: between the two cotyledons the embryo is present. It has two parts
a. A radicle which give rise to the root.
b. The plumule which give rise to the shoot.

EXPERIMENT 5

OBJECT: To identify and study the external and internal structure of a germinating seed- Maize seed
(Monocot seed).

MATERIALS REQUIRED: dry maize seed, soaked maize seed, hand lens and blade.

OBSERVATION:
1. Maize grain is a small, one seeded fruit. The seed coat is completely fused with the wall of the fruit
called pericarp.
2. Shape: it is broad at one end and narrow at the other end.
3. There are remains of the stock which attaches the seed to the fruit.
4. Grain shows presence of one cotyledon and the endosperm stores food.
5. The embryo consists of cotyledons, radicle and the plumule. The radicle has a protective covering
called coleorhiza and the plumule has a protetive covering called the coleoptile. The radicle gives rise
to root system and plumule gives rise to shoot system.
EXPERIMENT 6

AIM:
To set-up an experiment to demonstrate the mechanism of breathing in humans.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Bell jar, rubber sheet, thread, rubber stopper with a hole, two balloons and a Y-shaped glass tube.

PROCEDURE:
The experiment is set according to the figure:
1. A rubber sheet is tied at the bottom edge of the bell jar.
2.At the other end, a rubber stopper is fitted through which a glass tube is passed.
3. The glass tube is Y-shaped. Balloons are attached at the ends of the two arms with the help of tread.
The tube represents the windpipe and the bronchi.
4. The balloons represent the lungs and the rubber sheet represents the diaphragm.

OBSERVATIONS:
1. When the rubber sheet is pulled downwards with the help of thread, and the lungs expand and so
the air rushes in through the tube
2. When the rubber sheet is pushed upwards by releasing the thread, the lungs collapse and the air
present in them rushes out

CONCLUSION:
When the diaphragm becomes flat and the lungs expand, inhalation takes place, i.e., oxygen is taken
in and when the diaphragm becomes dome-shaped and the lungs contract, exhalation take place, i.e.,
carbondioxide moves out.