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مفهوم رنگ و بازنمايي آن - دکتر حمیدرضا ربیعی
مفهوم رنگ و بازنمايي آن - دکتر حمیدرضا ربیعی
-٢ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ ﺭﻧﮓ
-١-٢ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ
ﻧﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻧﻮﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﻳﺪﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ
ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ٤٠٠ﻭ ٧٠٠ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﻙ ﻛﻨﺪ .ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻧﻮﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺭﻧﮕﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ
ﺩﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ .ﺭﻧﮓ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺝ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﺭﻧﮕﻬﺎﻱ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ
ﺩﻳﺪﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ :ﺑﻨﻔﺶ ،ﺁﺑﻲ ،ﻓﻴﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﻱ ،ﺳﺒﺰ ،ﺯﺭﺩ ،ﭘﺮﺗﻘﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ .ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺝ ﻫﺎﻭ ﺭﻧﮕﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.
ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺝ EMﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﻣﺮﺋﻲ ،ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻣﺎ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ ،ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ
ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﻣﺮﺋﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻣﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ.
ﺩﺭ ،١٦٧٦ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﭘﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺷﮑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ
ﻃﻴﻒ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﺪ.
-٣ﺑﺎﺯﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﻧﮓ
-١-٣ﺧﻼﺻﻪ
ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻙ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻓﻬﻢ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺭﻧﮕﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ
ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ .ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﺯﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﻮﺩ.
ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﺘﺮ:ﻧﻤﺎ) ،(Hueﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ) (Saturationﻭ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ) (HSB) (Brightness؛ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ،ﺳﺒﺰ ،ﺁﺑﻲ )(RGB؛ ﻓﻴﺮﻭﺯﻩﺍﻱ،
ﺍﺭﻏﻮﺍﻧﻲ ،ﺯﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ) (CMYKﻭ CIE L*a*bﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.
-٢-٣ﻣﺪﻝ HSB
ﻣﺪﻝ HSBﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻧﮓ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺩﺭﻣﺪﻝ ،HSBﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ٣ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ
ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ.
ﻧﻤﺎ) – (Hueﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ،ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ،ﭘﺮﺗﻘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺒﺰﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺮﺝ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺒﻮﺭﻱ
ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﺭﻧﮕﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ٠ﺗﺎ ٣٦٠ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ،ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ.
ﺷﻜﻞ -٣ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ،ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺭﻧﮕﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ /ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ.
-٦-٣ﻣﺪﻝ L*a*b
ﻣﺪﻝ L*a*bﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺭﻧﮓ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ (CIE) d’Eclairogeﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ١٩٣١ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ
ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﺪ .ﺩﺭ ،١٩٧٦ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺷﺪﻩ CIE L*a*bﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪ.
ﻣﺪﻝ Labﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺭﻧﮕﻬﺎ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﭼﺎﭖ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﻮﺩ.
ﺭﻧﮕﻬﺎﻱ Labﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ؛ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ،ﺭﻧﮕﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ
ﻼ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ,ﭼﺎﭘﮕﺮ ﻳﺎ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ،ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ.
Labﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻣﺜ ﹰ
ﺭﻧﮓ Labﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﻲ) (Lﻭ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ aﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺳﺒﺰ ﺗﺎ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ bﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ
ﺁﺑﻲ ﺗﺎ ﺯﺭﺩ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ.
-٤ﺍﺳﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ
-١-٤ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﻜﻨﺮ ﻛﺎﺭﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ؟
ﻳﻚ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻳﺠﺘﻴﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ )ﻋﻜﺲ ،ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﭼﺎﭖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ( ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﻜﻨﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﺳﻜﻨﺮ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ
ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ Charged couple deviceﻳﺎ CCDﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ،ﻛﺎﺭﻣﻴﮑﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪﺗﻬﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻮﺭ
ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ .ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ،ﻧﻮﺭ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪ ،ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺭﻛﻤﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ،ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ
ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺗﺎﺏ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻌﺪﹰﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﻛﻮﺍﻧﺘﻴﺰﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ
ﺑﺎﺑﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﻨﺮﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ,ﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ ٨ﺑﻴﺘﻲ ٢٥٦ ،ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮﻱ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ.
ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ ﺭﻧﮓ ،ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﻪ CCDﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ،ﺯﺭﺩ ﺳﺒﺰ ﻭ ﺁﺑﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ
ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ .ﻳﻚ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ٢٥٦ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ٢٤ﺑﻴﺘﻲ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﺍﺳﻜﻨﺮﻫﺎﻱ
ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﻪ CCDﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﺯ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻲ ،ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻭﺳﺒﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ.
ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻﹰ ،ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺑﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻛﻨﺪ .ﺩﻗﺖ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺑﺮ
bitsﻳﺎ bppﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩﻭ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﭻ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ
pixel
) (dpiﻳﺎ ﭘﻴﻜﺴﻠﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﭻ ) (ppiﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ.
ﺩﺭ ﻋﻮﺽ ،ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ,ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﭘﻴﻜﺴﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩ.
-٢-٤ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ
ﺩﻗﺖ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﭼﺎﭖ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ .ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻚ
ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ ،ﺑﻪ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ،ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰﻻ ٧٢ dpiﺍﺳﺖ.
ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ،ﺩﺭﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ ،ﺍﺳﻜﻦ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ .ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ
ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﺪ ،ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ .ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ،ﺩﻗﺖ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﺪ ،ﻫﺪﻑ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺁﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺣﺠﻢ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﺎ
ﺩﻗﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ )ﻃﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻋﺮﺽ( ﻳﮏ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ,ﺩﻗﺖ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ dpiﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ,
-٥ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﻬﺎ
-١-٥ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻓﺘﻮﺷﺎﭖ
(١ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﺘﻮﺷﺎﭖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺯﻳﺮ ،ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ:
start menu , program , Adobe Photoshop
ﺷﻤﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ) Color /Swatches/Brushesﺍﺯ window → show swatchesﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ(ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯﻛﻨﻴﺪ.
(٢ﭘﻠﺖ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ،window → show infoﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻓﺘﻮﺷﺎﭖ ﺭﺍ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻳﺪ ﻭ swatchesﻭ
ﭘﻠﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.
-٢-٥ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺭﻧﮓ RGB
ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻳﺪﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺸﻲ Open:ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﻮﻱ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﺎﺯﻛﻨﻴﺪ ،ﺳﭙﺲ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ RGBadd.psdﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ support Folderﺑﺎﺯﻛﻨﻴﺪ.
ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻧﮕﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺸﻲ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ،ﺩﺭ ﺻﺪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻣﺮﺋﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ .ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ،ﺳﺒﺰ ،ﺯﺭﺩ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ
ﺳﺒﺰ ﻭ ﺁﺑﻲ ،ﻓﻴﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺁﺑﻲ ﻭ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ،ﺍﺭﻏﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ) ﺁﺑﻲ ،ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ،ﺳﺒﺰ( ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ،
ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺳﻂ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.
-١-٢-٥ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﻬﺎﻱ RGB
ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ،RGBﻓﺘﻮﺷﺎﭖ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﭘﻴﻜﺴﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ) ٠ﺳﻴﺎﻩ(ﺗﺎ ) ٢٥٥ﺳﻔﻴﺪ(ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ
RGBﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ ،ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻠﺖ Swatchesﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ.
ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ RGBﻳﻚ ﺭﻧﮓ :
(١ﺭﻭﻱ ،eye dropperﮐﻠﻴﻚ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ RGBaddﻛﻠﻴﻚ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.
ﺩﺭ ﭘﻠﺖ ﺭﻧﮓ ) ،(color/swatches/brushesﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﺳﻼﻳﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ 255:Rﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ،0:B,G
ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ .ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺳﺒﺰ ﻳﺎ ﺁﺑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ.
ﻼ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ٠ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ,ﺭﻧﮓ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻧﮓ،
(٢ﺍﺳﻼﻳﺪﺭ Rﺭﺍ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ
ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ.
(٣ﺑﺎ eye dropperﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﺳﺒﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ RGBaddﻛﻠﻴﻚ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.
ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺒﺰ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ٠ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ B,Rﻭ ٢٥٥ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ Gﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ .ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺭﻧﮕﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻼﻳﺪﺭﻫﺎ
ﻼ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ،ﺭﻧﮓ ﺯﺭﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ.
ﺑﺒﻨﻴﺪ .ﺍﺳﻼﻳﺪﺭ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ
(٤ﺍﺳﻼﻳﺪﺭ Rﺭﺍ ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻜﺸﺎﻧﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ٢٥٥ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ.
ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺳﻼﻳﺪﺭ ﻫﺎﻱRﻭ ﻫﻢ ٢٥٥ ،Gﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ،ﺭﻧﮓ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺯﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﻼﻳﺪﺭ Bﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ Bﺭﺍ
ﻼ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﭽﺮﺧﺎﻧﻴﺪ ،ﺭﻧﮓ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﻳﺪ.
ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ
(٥ﺍﺳﻼﻳﺪﺭ Bﺭﺍ ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﮕﺮﺩﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ٢٥٥ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ.
ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺍﺳﻼﻳﺪﺭ ٢٥٥ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ،ﺭﻧﮓ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ.
(٦ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﻼﻳﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﭽﺮﺧﺎﻧﻴﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ١٢٨ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ.
ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﺳﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ .ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ.
(٧ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﻼﻳﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺭﻧﮕﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﯼ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻏﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﺴﺎﺯﻳﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ
-٦ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ
(١ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ.
(٢ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﻜﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻳﺪ ،ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.
(٣ﺳﻮﺍﻻﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ:
ﭼﻪ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻗﺮﻣﺰﻭ ﺳﺒﺰﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ؟
ﭼﻪ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﺭﻏﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻴﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ؟
ﺍﮔﺮ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻛﻢ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﭼﻪ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ؟
(٧ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ
[1]. Gonzalez and Woods, Digital image processing, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley,
1992.
[2]. D. Greenberg, Light Reflection Models for Computer Graphics.
[3]. Adobe Inc., Adobe Photoshop User Guide v5.5, Adobe Press.