Building Services

Assignment
Made by-
Tamanna Pandita (rno-35/18)
QUES 1- ENLIST THE DIFFERENT TYPE OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS FOR A
NEIGHBOURHOOD. EXPLAIN IT WITH A ROUGH LAYOUT OF A SMALL
HOUSING SYSTEM.

Drainage is the method of removing surface

or subsurface water from a given area.
Drainage systems include all of the piping
within a private or public property that
conveys sewage, rainwater, and other liquid
waste to appoint of disposal. The main
objective of a drainage system is to collect
and remove waste matter systematically to
maintain healthy conditions in a building.

The types of residential drainage systems are:

1. Combined system
2. Separate system
3. Partially separate system
1.COMBINED SYSTEM:

THERE IS ONLY ONE SEWER

WHICH CARRIES BOTH SANITARY
AND STORM WATER IT IS SUITED
IN AREAS HAVING SMALL
RAINFALL WHICH IS EVENLY
DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT THE
AREA ,BECAUSE SELF CLEANING
VELOCITY WILL BE AVAILABLE IN
EVERY SEASON. AS ONLY ONE
SEWER IS LAID IN THIS SYSTEM
,THEREFORE IT CAN ALSO BE
USED IN CROWDED AREAS ,
WHERE IT IS VERY DIFFICULT TO
LAY TWO SEWERS.
2.SEPARATE SYSTEM

IN THE SEPARATE SYSTEM, IF A

PORTION OF STORM WATER IS
ALLOWED TO ENTER IN THE SEWERS
CARRYING SEWAGE AND THE
REMAINING STORM WATER FLOWS IN
SEPARATE SET OF SEWERS IT IS CALLED
SEPARATE SYSTEM. IF RAINFALL IS
HEAVY AND IT IS FOR SHORT TIME, IT IS
BETTER TO PROVIDE SEPARATE SYSTEM,
BECAUSE IN COMBINED SYSTEM SELF
CLEANING VELOCITY WILL NOT BE
AVAILABLE FOR MOST OF THE PERIOD
OF THE YEAR.
3.PARTIALLY COMBINED SYSTEM

A PORTION OF STORM WATER DURING

RAIN IS ALLOWED TO ENTER SANITARY
SEWER TO TREATMENT PLANTS WHILE
THE REMAINING STORM WATER IS CARRIED
THROUGH OPEN DRAINS TO THE POINT
OF DISPOSAL. THIS SYSTEM IS THE
COMPROMISE BETWEEN SEPARATE AND
COMBINE SYSTEM TAKING THE
ADVANTAGES OF BOTH SYSTEMS. IN THIS
SYSTEM THE SEWAGE AND STORM WATER
OF BUILDINGS ARE CARRIED BY ONE SET
OF SEWERS WHILE THE STORMWATER
FROM ROADS, STREETS, PAVEMENTS ETC
ARE CARRIED BY OTHER SYSTEM OF
SEWERS USUALLY OPEN DRAINS.
 QUES 2. WHAT ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF WASTE WATER DISPOSAL
SYSTEMS GENERALLY USED FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDING. EXPLAIN IT
WITH NEAT SKETCHES.

1.One pipe system-

● In this system, instead of using two
separate pipes (for carrying sullage and
night soil, as it done in the above
described two pipe system), only main
vertical pipe is provided which collects
the night soil as well as the sullage water
from their respective fixtures through
the branch pipes.
● This main pipe is ventilated in itself by
providing cowl at its top and in addition
to this, a separate vent pipe is also
provided.
2.Two pipe system-
● This is the best and most improved type of
system of plumbing.
● In this system, two sets of vertical pipes are laid,
i.e. one for draining night soil and other for
draining sullage.
● The pipe of the first set carrying night soil are
called soil pipes. and the pipes of the second
set carrying sullage from baths etc are called
sullage pipe or waste pipe
● The soil fixtures, such as latrines and urinals are
thus all connected through branch pipes to the
vertical pipe.
● Where the sludge fixtures such as baths, sinks,
wash-basins, etc are all connected through
branch pipes to the vertical waste pipe.
● The soil pipe as well as the waste pipe are
separately ventilated by providing separate vent
pipe as shown in figure
1.Single stack system-
● This system is a single pipe system without
providing any separate ventilation pipe.
● It uses only one pipe which carries the sewage
as well as sullage, and is not provided with any
separate vent pipe , except that it itself is
extended upto about 2m higher than the roof
level and provided with a cowl for removal of
foul gases.

2.Partially ventilated Single stack system-

● This is an improved form of single stack system
in the sense that in this system, the traps of
water closets are separately ventilated by a
separate vent pipe called relief vent pipe.
● This system uses two pipes as in single pipe
system but the cost of branches is considerably
reduced compared to single pipe system.
QUES 3- WHAT ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
SYSTEMS ? EXPLAIN IN DETAIL.

1. Solid Waste Open Burning

2. Sea dumping process
3. Solid wastes sanitary landfills
4. Incineration method
5. Composting process
6. Disposal by Ploughing into the fields
7. Disposal by hog feeding
8. Salvaging procedure
9. Fermentation/biological digestion
1. Solid Waste Open Burning
Solid waste open burning is not the perfect method in the present scenario.

2.Sea Dumping Process

This sea dumping process can be carried out only in coastal cities. This is very costly
procedure and not environment friendly.

3.Solid wastes sanitary landfills

Solid wastes sanitary landfills process is simple, clean and effective. In this procedure, layers
are compressed with some mechanical equipment and covered with earth, leveled, and
compacted. A deep trench of 3 to 5 m is excavated and micro-organisms act on the organic
matter and degrade them.In this procedure, refuse depth is generally limited to 2m. Facultative
bacteria hydrolyze complex organic matter into simpler water soluble organics

4.Incineration method
Incineration method is suitable for combustible refuse. High operation costs and construction
are involved in this procedure. This method would be suited in crowded cities where sites for
land filling are not available.It can be used to reduce the volume of solid wastes for land filling.
5. Composting process
Composting process is similar to sanitary land-filling and it is popular in developing countries.
Decomposable organic matter is separated and composted in this procedure. Yields are stable end
products and good soil conditioners. They can be used as a base for fertilizers.
Two methods have been used in this process:
a)Open Window Composting
b) Mechanical Composting

6. Disposal by Ploughing into the fields

Disposal by ploughing into the fields are not commonly used. These disposals are not environment
friendly in general.

7. Disposal by hog feeding

Disposal by hog feeding is not general procedure in India. Garbage disposal into sewers including BOD
and TSS increases by 20-30%. Refuse is ground well in grinders and then fed into sewers.

8. Salvaging procedure
Materials such as metal, paper, glass, rags, certain types of plastic and so on can be salvaged,
recycled, and reused.

9. Fermentation/biological digestion
Biodegradable wastes are converted to compost and recycling can be done whenever possible.
Hazardous wastes can be disposed using suitable methods.
QUES 4. DO THE EXERCISE OF MARKING THE PLUMBING AND SANITATION
LAYOUT FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDING.
QUES 5- WRITE SHORT NOTES ON THE
FOLLOWINGS:
(a) INTERCEPTING CHAMBER (b) SEPTIC TANK (c) INCINERATOR

1.Intercepting chamber :-
All underground drainage systems must have access
points, to enable the drains to be inspected on a regular basis
and to be cleaned in the event of a blockage. The most common
form of access is an inspection chamber, often still referred to
as a manhole. I The main difference between one of these old
manholes and a plastic inspection chamber is that inspection
chambers do not permit physical entrance into the drains.
Inspection chambers are sectional, made up of three separate
parts –a base, side risers and a cover. The base is a moulded
section that accepts 110mm pipe into the inlets and outlet
(160mm versions are also available). The risers sit on top of the
base and the joint is sealed using an integral rubber seal that
compresses when the riser is pushed on the base. Subsequent
risers can be added to build up the height, using the same
sealing method with the rubber seal. Finally the cover and
frame sits on top of the last riser at ground level.
2. Septic Tank :-

● A septic tank is an underground chamber made of

concrete, fiberglass, or plastic through which domestic
wastewater (sewage) flows for basic treatment.Settling and
anaerobic processes reduce solids and organics, but the
treatment efficiency is only moderate (referred to as
"primary treatment").Septic tank systems are a type of
simple onsite sewage facility (OSSF). They can be used in
areas that are not connected to a sewerage system, such
as rural areas.
● The treated liquid effluent is commonly disposed in a
septic drain field, which provides further treatment.
Nonetheless, groundwater pollution may occur and can
be a problem.The term "septic" refers to the anaerobic
bacterial environment that develops in the tank that
decomposes or mineralizes the waste discharged into the
tank. Septic tanks can be coupled with other onsite
wastewater treatment units such as biofilters or aerobic
systems involving artificially forced aeration.
3. Incinerator :-

● Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the

combustion of organic substances contained in waste
materials.Incineration and other high-temperature waste
treatment systems are described as "thermal treatment".
Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into
ash, flue gas and heat. The ash is mostly formed by the
inorganic constituents of the waste and may take the
form of solid lumps or particulates carried by the flue gas.
The flue gases must be cleaned of gaseous and
particulate pollutants before they are dispersed into the
atmosphere. In some cases, the heat generated by
incineration can be used to generate electric power.

● Incineration with energy recovery is one of several

waste-to-energy technologies such as gasification,
pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion. While incineration and
gasification technologies are similar in principle, the
energy produced from incineration is high-temperature
heat whereas combustible gas is often the main energy
product from gasification. Incineration and gasification
may also be implemented without energy and materials
recovery.
Thankyou