Supplementary Table 1.

Landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines in clinical development

ID Vaccine platform Vaccine platform Main component Type of candidate vaccine No. of
acronym description doses
1 DNA DNA based vaccine Spike protein INO-4800+electroporation  2

2 DNA DNA based vaccine Spike protein GX-19 2

3 DNA DNA based vaccine Spike protein CORVax - Spike (S) Protein 2
Plasmid DNA Vaccine
4 DNA DNA based vaccine Spike protein bacTRL-Spike oral DNA vaccine 1

5 DNA DNA based vaccine Unknown AG0301-COVID19 2

6 DNA DNA based vaccine Unknown nCov vaccine 3

7 DNA DNA based vaccine Unknown Covigenix VAX-001 - DNA 2

vaccines + proteo-lipid vehicle
(PLV) formulation
8 DNA DNA based vaccine Unknown GLS-5310 2

9 IV Inactivated virus Inactivated virus SARS-CoV-2 vaccine 2

(inactivated)

10 IV Inactivated virus Inactivated virus Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine 2

(Vero cell)

11 IV Inactivated virus Inactivated virus Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine 2

(Vero cell)

12 IV Inactivated virus Inactivated virus SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (vero cells) 2

13 IV Inactivated virus Inactivated virus QazCovid-in® - COVID-19 2

inactivated vaccine

14 IV Inactivated virus Inactivated virus Whole-Virion Inactivated SARS- 2

CoV-2 Vaccine (BBV152)

15 IV Inactivated virus Inactivated virus Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine 1,2 or 3

(Vero cell)
16 IV Inactivated Virus Inactivated Virus VLA2001 2

17 IV Inactivated Virus Inactivated Virus ERUCOV-VAC, inactivated virus 2

18 LAV Live attenuated virus Live attenuated virus COVI-VAC 1-2

19 PS Protein subunit Peptide antigens of EpiVacCorona (EpiVacCorona 2

SARS-CoV-2 proteins vaccine based on peptide antigens
for the prevention of COVID-19)

20 PS Protein subunit RBD of S protein Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 2-3

vaccine (CHO Cell)
21 PS Protein subunit RBD of S protein KBP-COVID-19 (RBD-based) 2
22 PS Protein subunit RBD of S protein FINLAY-FR anti-SARS-CoV-2 2
Vaccine (RBD + adjuvant)
23 PS Protein subunit RBD of S protein RBD (baculovirus production 2
expressed in Sf9 cells)
Recombinant SARS-CoV-2
vaccine (Sf9 Cell)

24 PS Protein subunit RBD of S protein UB-612 (Multitope peptide based 2

S1-RBD-protein based vaccine)

25 PS Protein subunit RBD of S protein AdimrSC-2f (recombinant RBD ND

+/- Aluminium)
26 PS Protein subunit RBD of S protein CIGB-669 (RBD+AgnHB) 3

27 PS Protein subunit RBD of S protein CIGB-66 (RBD+aluminium 3

hydroxide)  

28 PS Protein subunit RBD of S protein BECOV2 2

29 PS Protein subunit RBD of S protein SARS-CoV-2-RBD-Fc fusion
protein

30 PS Protein subunit S-2P protein MVC-COV1901 (S-2P protein + 2

CpG 1018)

31 PS Protein subunit SARS-CoV-2 HLA-DR IMP CoVac-1 (SARS-CoV-2 1

peptides HLA-DR peptides)
32 PS Protein subunit Spike protein SARS-CoV-2 rS/Matrix M1- 2
Adjuvant (Full length
recombinant SARS CoV-2
glycoprotein nanoparticle vaccine
adjuvanted with Matrix M)

33 PS Protein subunit Spike protein SARS-CoV-2 vaccine 2

formulation 1 with adjuvant 1 (S
protein (baculovirus production)
34 PS Protein subunit Spike protein SCB-2019 + AS03 or CpG 1018 2
adjuvant plus Alum adjuvant
(Native like Trimeric subunit
Spike Protein vaccine)

35 PS Protein subunit Spike protein COVAX-19® Recombinant 1

spike protein + adjuvant
36 PS Protein subunit Spike protein Recombinant Sars-CoV-2 Spike 2
protein, Aluminum adjuvanted
37 PS Protein subunit Spike protein COVAC-1 and COVAC-2 2
subunit vaccine (spike protein) +
SWE adjuvant

38 PS Protein subunit Unknown Recombinant protein vaccine S- 2

268019 (using Baculovirus
expression vector system)
39 RNA RNA based vaccine RBD of S protein SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine 2
(ARCoV)

40 RNA RNA based vaccine Spike protein mRNA -1273 2

41 RNA RNA based vaccine Spike protein BNT162b2 (3 LNP-mRNAs ) 2

42 RNA RNA based vaccine Spike protein CVnCoV Vaccine 2

43 RNA RNA based vaccine Spike protein ARCT-021  ND

44 RNA RNA based vaccine Spike protein LNP-nCoVsaRNA 2
45 RNA RNA based vaccine Spike protein ChulaCov19 mRNA vaccine 2
46 VLP Virus like particle RBD of S protein RBD SARS-CoV-2 HBsAg VLP 2
vaccine

47 VLP Virus like particle Spike protein Coronavirus-Like Particle 2

COVID-19 (CoVLP)
48 VVnr Viral vector (Non- RBD of S protein AdCOVID, Adenovirus-based 1-2
replicating) platform expresses the receptor-
binding domain (RBD) of the
Sars-Cov-2 spike protein

49 VVnr Viral vector (Non- S-Fusion+N-ETSD hAd5-S-Fusion+N-ETSD vaccine 1

replicating)
50 VVnr Viral vector (Non- Spike protein ChAdOx1-S - (AZD1222) 1-2
replicating) (Covishield)

51 VVnr Viral vector (Non- Spike protein Recombinant novel coronavirus 1

replicating) vaccine (Adenovirus type 5
vector)

52 VVnr Viral vector (Non- Spike protein Gam-COVID-Vac Adeno-based 2

replicating) (rAd26-S+rAd5-S)

53 VVnr Viral vector (Non- Spike protein Ad26.COV2.S 1-2

replicating)

54 VVnr Viral vector (Non- Spike protein GRAd-COV2 (Replication 1

replicating) defective Simian Adenovirus
(GRAd) encoding S)
55 VVnr Viral vector (Non- Spike protein MVA-SARS-2-S 2
replicating)
56 VVnr Viral vector (Non- Spike protein COH04S1 (MVA-SARS-2-S) - 1-2
replicating) Modified vaccinia ankara
(sMVA) platform + synthetic
SARS-CoV-2

57 VVnr Viral vector (Non- Unknown VXA-CoV2-1 Ad5 adjuvanted 2

replicating) Oral Vaccine platform
 58 VVnr + APC Viral vector (Non- Expressing COVID-19 LV-SMENP-DC vaccine. 1
replicating) + APC minigene SMENP and Dendritic cells are modified with
immune-modulatory lentivirus vectors expressing
genes Covid-19 minigene SMENP and
immune modulatory genes. CTLs
are activated by LV-DC
presenting Covid-19 specific
antigens.

59 VVr Viral vector RBD of S protein DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT1 1

(Replicating) (Intranasal flu-based-RBD )

60 VVr Viral vector Spike protein V591-001 - Measles-vector 1-2

(Replicating) based (TMV-038)

61 VVr Viral vector Spike protein rVSV-SARS-CoV-2-S Vaccine  1

(Replicating)
62 VVr Viral vector Spike protein AdCLD-CoV19 (adenovirus 1
(Replicating) vector)
63 VVr + APC Viral vector Conserved and critical Covid-19/aAPC vaccine. The 3
(Replicating) + APC structural and protease Covid-19/aAPC vaccine is
protein domains prepared by applying lentivirus
modification with immune
modulatory genes and the viral
minigenes to the artificial antigen
presenting cells (aAPCs).

64 VVr + APC Viral vector Spike protein Dendritic cell vaccine AV- 1
(Replicating) + APC COVID-19. A vaccine consisting
of autologous dendritic cells
loaded with antigens from SARS-
CoV-2, with or without GM-CSF

COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019, S = spike, RBD = receptor-binding domain, SARS-CoV-2 = severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2,
intranasal spray, IV =inactivated virus, Oral = orally delivered, SC = subcutaneous injection, LAV = Live attenuated virus, PS = Protein subunit, VLP
 Dosing Route of Developers Phase Phase 1 Phase 1/2
schedule administration
Day 0 + 28 ID Inovio Pharmaceuticals + Phase 2/3 NCT04336410 NCT04447781
International Vaccine Institute + ChiCTR2000038152 
Advaccine (Suzhou)
Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd

Day 0 + 28 IM Genexine Consortium Phase 1/2 NCT04445389

Day 0 + 14 ID Providence Health & Services Phase 1 NCT04627675

Day 0 Oral Symvivo Corporation Phase 1 NCT04334980

Day 0 + 14 IM AnGes + Takara Bio + Osaka Phase 2/3 NCT04463472

University NCT04527081
jRCT2051200085
Day 0 + 28 + ID Zydus Cadila Phase 3 CTRI/2020/07/026352
56
Day 0 + 14 IM Entos Pharmaceuticals Inc. Phase 1 NCT04591184

Day 0 + 56 ID GeneOne Life Science, Inc. Phase 1/2 NCT04673149

or
Day 0 + 84
Day 0 + 14 IM Sinovac Research and Phase 3 NCT04383574
Development Co., Ltd NCT04352608
NCT04551547

Day 0 + 21 IM Sinopharm + China National Phase 3 ChiCTR2000031809

Biotec Group Co + Wuhan
Institute of Biological Products
Day 0 + 21 IM Sinopharm + China National Phase 3 ChiCTR2000032459
Biotec Group Co + Beijing
Institute of Biological Products
Day 0 + 28 IM Institute of Medical Biology + Phase 3 NCT04470609
Chinese Academy of Medical NCT04412538
Sciences
Day 0 + 21 IM Research Institute for Biological Phase 3 NCT04530357
Safety Problems, Rep of
Kazakhstan
Day 0 + 14 IM Bharat Biotech International Phase 3 NCT04471519
Limited CTRI/2020/07/026300
CTRI/2020/09/027674
ND IM Beijing Minhai Biotechnology Co Phase 2 ChiCTR2000038804

Day 0 + 21 IM Valneva, National Institute for Phase 1/2 NCT04671017

Health Research, United Kingdom

Day 0 + 21 IM Erciyes University Phase 1 NCT04691947

Day 0 or IN Codagenix/Serum Institute of Phase 1 NCT04619628

Day 0 + 28 India
Day 0 + 21 IM Federal Budgetary Research Phase 1/2 NCT04527575
Institution State Research Center
of Virology and Biotechnology
"Vector"

Day 0 + 28 IM Anhui Zhifei Longcom Phase 3 NCT04445194  NCT04550351

or Day 0 + Biopharmaceutical + Institute of ChiCTR2000035691 
28 + 56 Microbiology, Chinese Academy  NCT04636333
of Sciences
Day 0 + 21 IM Kentucky Bioprocessing Inc. Phase 1/2 NCT04473690
Day 0 + 28 IM Instituto Finlay de Vacunas Phase 2 RPCEC00000338 RPCEC00000332
RPCEC00000340
Day 0 + 28 IM West China Hospital + Sichuan Phase 2 ChiCTR2000037518
University NCT04530656

Day 0 + 28 IM COVAXX + United Biomedical Phase 2/3 NCT04545749

Inc

ND ND Adimmune Corporation Phase 1 NCT04522089

Day 0 + 14 + IN Center for Genetic Engineering Phase 1/2 RPCEC00000345

28 or Day 0 and Biotechnology (CIGB)
+28 + 56
Day 0 + 14 + IM Center for Genetic Engineering Phase 1/2 RPCEC00000346
28 or Day 0 and Biotechnology (CIGB) RPCEC00000306
+28 + 56
Day 0 + 28 IM Biological ELimited Phase 1/2 CTRI/2020/11/029032
SC or IM University Medical Center Phase 1/2 NCT04681092
Groningen + Akston Biosciences
Inc.
Day 0 + 28 IM Medigen Vaccine Biologics + Phase 2/3 NCT04487210
Dynavax + National Institute of
Allergy and Infectious Diseases
(NIAID)

Day 0 SC University Hospital Tuebingen Phase 1 NCT04546841

Day 0 + 21 IM Novavax Phase 3 NCT04368988

Day 0 + 21 IM Sanofi Pasteur + GSK Phase 1/2 NCT04537208

Day 0 + 21 IM Clover Biopharmaceuticals Phase 2/3 NCT04405908

Inc./GSK/Dynavax

Day 0 IM Vaxine Pty Ltd. Phase 1 NCT04453852

Day 0 + 21 IM Nanogen Pharmaceutical Phase 1/2 NCT04683484

Biotechnology
Day 0 + 28 IM Vaccine and Infectious Disease Phase 1/2 NCT04702178
Organization (VIDO) +Seppic and
the Vaccine Formulation Institute
(VFI)

Day 0 + 21 IM Shionogi Phase 1/2 jRCT2051200092

Day 0 + 14 IM Academy of Military Science Phase 1 ChiCTR2000034112

or (AMS), Walvax Biotechnology ChiCTR2000039212 
Day 0 + 28 and Suzhou Abogen Biosciences
Day 0 + 28 IM Moderna + National Institute of Phase 3 NCT04283461
Allergy and Infectious Diseases
(NIAID)
 Day 0 + 21 IM Pfizer/BioNTech + Fosun Phase 2/3 NCT04523571 2020-001038-36
Pharma ChiCTR2000034825 NCT04588480
 NCT04380701
Study Report
NCT04537949
EUCTR2020-003267-
26-DE

Day 0 + 28 IM CureVac AG Phase 3 NCT04449276

ND IM Arcturus Therapeutics Phase 2 NCT04480957

ND IM Imperial College London Phase 1 ISRCTN17072692
Day 0 + 21 IM Chulalongkorn University Phase 1 NCT04566276
Day 0 + 28 IM Serum Institute of India + Phase 1/2 ACTRN126200008179
Accelagen Pty + SpyBiotech 43
ACTRN126200013089
87

Day 0 + 21 IM Medicago Inc. Phase 2/3 NCT04450004

Day 0 IN Altimmune, Inc. Phase 1 NCT04679909

Day 0 Oral ImmunityBio, Inc. Phase 1 NCT04591717

NCT04710303
Day 0 + 28 IM AstraZeneca + University of Phase 3 PACTR202005681895 PACTR202006922165
Oxford 696 132
2020-001072-15
NCT04568031
Study Report
NCT04444674
NCT04324606
NCT04684446

Day 0 IM CanSino Biological Inc./Beijing Phase 3 ChiCTR2000030906 NCT04398147

Institute of Biotechnology NCT04313127
NCT04568811
NCT04552366

Day 0 + 21 IM Gamaleya Research Institute ; Phase 3 NCT04436471

Health Ministry of the Russian NCT04437875
Federation

Day 0 or Day IM Janssen Pharmaceutical Phase 3 NCT04509947 NCT04436276

0 +56

Day 0 IM ReiThera + Leukocare + Phase 1 NCT04528641

Univercells

Day 0 + 28 IM University of Munich (Ludwig- Phase 1 NCT04569383

Maximilians)
Day 0 + 28 IM City of Hope Medical Center + Phase 1 NCT04639466
National Cancer Institute

Day 0 + 28 Oral Vaxart Phase 1 NCT04563702

 Day 0 SC & IV Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Phase 1/2 NCT04276896
Institute

Day 0 IN University of Hong Kong, Xiamen Phase 2 ChiCTR2000037782

University and Beijing Wantai
Biological Pharmacy
Day 0 + 28 IM Merck & Co. + Themis + Sharp & Phase 1/2 NCT04497298 CT04498247
Dohme + Institute Pasteur + NCT04569786
Univeristy of Pittsburgh
Day 0 IM Israel Institute for Biological Phase 1/2 NCT04608305
Research
Day 0 IM Cellid Co., Ltd. Phase 1/2 NCT04666012

Day 0 + 14 + SC Shenzhen Geno-Immune Phase 1 NCT04299724

28 Medical Institute

Day 0 IM Aivita Biomedical, Inc. Phase 1/2 NCT04690387 NCT04386252

National Institute of Health NCT04685603
Research and Development,
Ministry of Health Republic of
Indonesia

acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, PLV = proteo-lipid vehicle, GM-CSF = granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, ND = no data, ID = intraderma
enuated virus, PS = Protein subunit, VLP = Virus like particle, VVnr = Viral vector (Non-replicating), VVr = Viral vector (Replicating), aACPs = artificial antigen pr
 Phase 2 Phase 2/3 Phase 3

ChiCTR2000040146  NCT04642638

NCT04655625

CTRI/2020/07/026352

NCT04456595
NCT04508075 NCT04
582344
NCT04617483
NCT04651790

ChiCTR2000039000
NCT04510207
NCT04612972
NCT04560881
NCT04510207*

NCT04659239

NCT04691908

NCT04641481; CTRI/2020/11/028976

ChiCTR2000039462 

NCT04466085 NCT04646590
 RPCEC00000347

ChiCTR2000039994
NCT04640402

NCT04683224

NCT04695652

 NCT04533399 NCT04611802
EUCTR2020-004123-
16-GB
 NCT04583995

NCT04672395

NCT04405076 NCT04649151 NCT04470427

 NCT04649021 NCT04368728

 NCT04515147 NCT04652102 NCT04674189

PER-054-20
NCT04668339

NCT04662697 NCT04636697

NCT04686773 NCT04400838 PACTR202006922165

CTRI/2020/08/027170 132
2020-001072-15
NCT04568031
NCT04444674
NCT04324606
NCT04684446

ChiCTR2000031781 NCT04526990
NCT04566770 NCT04540419
NCT04341389

NCT04587219 NCT04640233 NCT04530396

NCT04564716
NCT04642339
NCT04656613

EUCTR2020-002584- NCT04505722
63-DE NCT04614948
NCT04535453
 ChiCTR2000039715

or, ND = no data, ID = intradermal injection, IM = intramuscular injection, IN =

ing), aACPs = artificial antigen presenting cells, ACP = antigen presenting cell.