Power System Parameters Out-of-Step Blocking Protection Apoliatian amples | AMIS ‘ut-of-Step Logic Application Examples Table 1.32 lists the power system parameters. Table 132 Positive-Sequence Impedances (Secondary) ine impedances tua 8.00.0.287.8" secondary (ZIMAG Q ZZIAN ‘Zone 2 Phase Distance Reach zee 9.60 secondary Source $ impedances ths 880.288" secondary Source R impedances: Zan 352.0. 48" secondary Nominal fequeney am) eon, ‘omizal cute som) 5 A secondary Line Length 100 miles ‘This example demonstrates setting OSB function. Use this logic to discriminate between power swings and faults to prevent unwanted distance clement trips. This application example assumes that you have sot the phase- to-phase mho distance element Zone 2 reach, First, enable the OOS logic. ‘Next. calculate the impedance reach settings for Zones 6 and 7 (RARS, RIR7, XIT6, and X1T7), and then calculate OSBD (out-of-step block time delay) ‘Al of the OOS settings appear in Table 1.33 a example, Table 1.34 atthe end of this Enable 00S Logic NOTE: thereiay astorstiay {alelates and aides setings when You set EADVS toh and EOOST tO, Thiet dalte mere stings Date Coce 201601 ‘Access Group settings to enable the out-of:step logic. Eos = ¥ Outof-Step (¥.N) You do not need to enable the Advanced Settings for this application example EADVS = W Advanced Settings (¥, N) Out-of Step Tripping Disable the OST logic for this particular application example £00ST:-W Out-of-Step Tripping (N, I, 0) Phase Distance Element Blocking ‘OSB logic blocks phase distance protection during a swing when the measured postive-sequence impedance enters the operating characteristics of the phase distance elements (see Zone 1 and Zone 2 in Figure 1.29). In practice, it is not necessary to block al zones. In this application example, the ‘OSB logic blocks zones that generate instantaneous tripping. The OSB logic blocks instantaneous Zone 1 and Zone 2 (Zone 2 is patt ofthe ccomumunications-assisted tipping scheme). ‘The OSB logic typically supervises forward-looking Zones 1 and 2 because the operation time of these two zones is ordinarily shorter than the time period ‘during which the impedance of a power swing resides in these protection zones. For example, ifthe period of a swing is 1.5 seconds, OSB logic should supervise instantaneous Zone 1 and communications-assisted Zone 2. During a power swing, the relay typically does not block overreaching zones ‘of protection that provide time-delayed tipping. Do not block reverse-looking ‘Zone 3 when this zone serves as a starting element for the DCB (directional Acplications Handbook SEL-A2-4 5 RelayALMA | Protection Applicaton Example Out-of-tep Logie Application Examples ‘comparison blocking) scheme or when this zone provides current reversal ‘guard for the POT (permissive overreaching transfer tripping) scheme. For ‘example if the OSB logic inhibits the DCB blocking signal during swings that pass behind the local relay over-tipping can occur atthe remote terminal. Ifa power swing enters both the local reverse-looking Zone 3 and the remote ‘overreaching Zone 2, high-speed tipping occurs atthe remote terminal because OSB logic removes the local Zone 3 element DCB scheme block ‘Set the relay to block Zone 1 and Zone 2. (00581:=¥ Block Zone I (¥. N) 00582 =¥ Block Zone 2 (¥, N) 00883 -=W Block Zone 3 (Y, N) n Rr 2 Tele 0-Y inipum Load Impedance ar Cexport) rr Figure 1.29 00S Characteristie Settings Parameters Zone 6 and Zone 7 Impedance Settings ‘The OOS logic uses two zones of concenttic polygons, outer Zone 7 and inner Zone 6 (see Figure 1.29). The relay uses Zone 6 and Zone 7 for OOS logic timing to differeniate between power swings and faults. The relay measures a traveling positive-sequence impedance locus (Z,) in Zone 6 and Zone 7 when 4 power swing or fault occurs. Two factors affect the Zone 6 and Zone 7 impedance stings: > The outermost overreaching zone of phase distance protection that you want to block, > The load impedance that the relay measures during maximum load (minimum load impedance locus) SeL-2h4,-$ Relay Applications Hendbook Date Code 201601"NOTE: thie sttnge anieroony provides meron there Eeecewretner 9 aut oF Dower Date Coce 201601 Protection Application Examples tep Logie Application Examples Setinner Zone 6 (X1T6, RIR6, X1B6, and RLS) to encompass the outermost zone of phase distance protection that you have selected for out-of step blocking. Set Zone 7 so thatthe closest minimum load impedance locus is ‘outside the Zone 7 characteristic for all loading conditions Resistance Blinders “Zone 2is the outermost characteristic for this particular example. Include a safety margin (20 percent for this example). RIR6 = 12+ —_2MP__ > sia(ZIANG) 12+ 9.609 2+ sin(87.6°) =5779 ation 1.69 where: ‘Z2MP = Zone 2 mho phase distance element reach (see Table 1.32), RR6:=5.77 Zone 6 Resistance—Right (0,05-70 Qsecondary) Set Zone 7 outer resistance blinders according to maximum load, In other ‘words, set the Zone 7 outer right-hand resistance blinder just inside the corresponding minimum export load impedance locus (maximum load locus) ‘The maximum load current is 2.41 A secondary, determined from load studies ‘The corresponding line-to-neutral voltage during maximum load at Station $ 4s 61.44 V secondary. Tuga = 241A Vin = 6144 Determine the minimum load impedance thatthe relay measures: Z, Equation 170 ‘Assume that the maximum load angle is 445° . Use trigonometry to calculate RIR7, which is the distance from the origin tothe right-hand resistance blinder along line OP, the c side of the right triangle (see Figure 1.30). The resistance blinders are parallel othe ine characteristic impedance Zi, fr Which the angle is seting Z1ANG, cos(A) = £ Wea Equation 171 where A= 45° + (90°-ZZ1ANG) b= Zaina = setting RIRT ications Handbook SEL-A2-4 5 RelayALMG | Protection Applicaton Examples Out-of-tep Logie Application Examples fun) oad Impedance Figure 1.30 calculating Setting RIR7 Rearrange Equation 1.71 and multiply by a safety factor of 90 percent to caleulate RAR. RIRT = 0.9 Zc cag) * 608(A) 0.9* Z cain)? C0814" + (90° -Z1ANG)] 0.9+ 2549+ cos[45* + (90° ~ 87.6" )] 0.9+ 25.49+ cos(47.4*) = 1553.0 Equation 172 ART =15.53 Zone 7 Resistance—Right (0.05-70 (2secondary) Reactance Lines Zone 6 inner reactance lines XIT@ and X1B6 should completely encompass the outermost zone of phase distance protection that you want to block from ‘tipping during a power swing. Include a safety margin (20 percent) XIT6 = 1.2 Z2MP 12+ 9.60. 52.9 Equation 173 where: ‘Z2MP = Zone 2:mho phase distance element reach XiT6== 1152 Zone 6 Reactance—Top (0.05-96 secondary) SeL-2h4,-$ Relay ations Hendbook Date Code 201601"Protection Apoliatian ramples | AIT ‘ut-of-Step Logic Application Examples ‘The distance between Zones 6 and 7 top reactance lines should equal the distance between Zones 6 and 7 right-hand resistance blinders. NOTE! the vue A117 mute a xi? me X176-+ (RIRI-RIRG) 11.52 Q+ (15.53 2-5.76 9 = 21299 Equation 174 NIT =2129 Zone 7 Reactance—Top (0.05-96 Qsecondary) Out-of-Step Block Time Delay ‘When the Z impedance locus intially moves inside Zone 7, the relay starts the OSBD (out-of step block time delay) timer. The Z, impedance trajectory is shown in Figure 1.31 forthe case of [4|= [Ea| (isthe voltage at Node A and Eis the voltage at Node B). The OSBD timer detects slow swings. Ifthe OSBD timer expires before the Z, trajectory enters Zone 6, the relay detects a power swing blocking condition. i Minimum Load Inpadance Figure 1.31 Swing Trajectory to Determine the OSBD Setting Use Equation 1.75 through Equation 1.78 to calculate the OSBD setting ‘These equations are derived from the impedance trajectory shown in Figure 1-31. Line section AB isthe transfer impedance, Z; The horizontal dashed line represents the trajectory of the power swing perpendicular to line section AB. The trajectory passes through the midpoint of line section AB. si *Zie Equation 175 where: 2 = transfer impedance Zls = positive-sequence source impedance Zi, = positive-sequence impedance for Line 1 Zl = positive-sequence remote impedance Date Coce 201601 Acplications Handbook SEL-A2-4 5 Relay[AA | Protcton applet amples Out-of-tep Logie Application Examples SeL-2h4,-$ Relay al = 2+ aan] 3 RRS 2 77a 8 2288° —— 2+ atan| 1209° Equation 1.76 Ang R’ 2 1533 — —— 2+ atanl = 66.4" Equation 177 Atypical stable swing frequency is f jyp = 5 Hz. Use this value in Equation 1.78 find setting OSBD. (Ang_R6~Ang_R7)* fyom OsBD = cycles SBD 7 vel cycle” fair 658°) + 601 0 eg 360" SS He % eyeh 82 cycles Equation 178 where J som = nominal power system frequency (Hl) 5 ap = maximum slip frequency (Hi) ‘The OSBD timer settings are in increments of 0.125 cycle; round up to the nearest valid relay setting. 0580 = 1.875 Out-of-Step Block Time Delay (0.500-8000 cycles) Latch Out-of-Step Blocking “The SEL.-£21 automatically resets the OSB logic if this logic asserts for more than two seconds while the positive-sequence impedance locus is inside Zone 7. During an unstable power swing, the relay also resets the OSB logic ‘ach time the swing impedance exits Zone 7. You can latch on the OSB function during an unstable power swing to continue blocking the distance «lements if the power swing impedance locus moves outside of Zone 7 and before it comes back inside Zone 7 on its next swing cycle. Iflatched, the ‘OSB logic resets one second after the power system stops the out-of-step, Latching the OSB gives you an advantage in tat the relay can successfully block uncontrolled distance element operations if a fault occurs when the unstable swing impedance is outside of Zone 7. Relay elements detect internal faults that occur during a power swing and take the appropriate action (unblock), OssiTCH = ¥ Latch Out-o Step Blocking CY, N) Applications Hendbook Date Code 201601"Date Coce 201601 Protection Application Examples ‘ut-of-Step Logic Application Examples Out-of-Step Unblocking ‘The relay disables out-of-step blocking automatically when a fault occurs during a power swing. Therefore, the distance protection successfully detects all fall types and tips the circuit breaker(s) during internal faults Out-of-Step Unblocking During Three-Phase Faults. ‘he trajectories ‘of a three-phase fault and a power swing appear the same to phase distance clements because both a three-phase fault and a power swing consist of positive-sequence quantities only (Vj and I,). Therefore, if a power swing evolves into an internal three-phase fault, typical OSB logic cannot detect the ‘occurence of the balanced fault, The SEL-421 includes an additional set of inner blinders to provide proper detection of the internal three-phase fault (see Figure 1.32). Wthe positive-sequence impedance resides between these blinders for a specific duration, OSB logic unblocks. The relay calculates this duration (UBOSBD) each time the power swing enters Zone 7. A short timer setting is adequate for fast swings, but the relay needs a longer timer setting for slow power swings. For example, ifthe positive-sequence impedance passes gradually between the two inner blinders during a slow swing, a short timer setting would cause unwanted tripping " THY cone 2 ete Right 3 Binder Acplications Handbook SEL-A2-4 5 Relay‘A120 | Protection aplication Exempl Out-of-tep Logie Application Examples SeL-2h4,-$ Relay ‘The UBOSBD timer length is the expected duration ofthe power swing within the inner blinders. The relay bases the calculation on the actual time required for the swing to traverse from Zone 7 to Zone 6, before entering the inner blinders. I the swing remains inside the inner blinders for a period greater than UBOSBD, an unblock signal asserts ‘You can increase the adaptive UBOSBD timer calculation in multiples of setting UBOSBE. If UBOSBF is a multiplier of one, the relay calculates the ‘expected time to traverse across the inner blinders based on the rate at which the swing moved from Zone 7 to Zone 6. Similarly, if UBOSBF is a multiplier of four, the relay multiplies UBOSBD by fou, Out-of-Step Unblocking During Unbalanced Faults. The SEL-421 tueals Zone 1 phase and ground distance elements differently than phase distance elements of other zones Operation of either of two negative-sequence directional elements, 67QUBF (forward-looking), or 67QUBR (reverse-looking), defeats the OSB logic and "unblocks the phase distance elements (except the Zone 1 elements) when an unbalanced fault occurs following a power swing. Therefore, the phase distance protection operates in the POT scheme and high-speed clears the ‘unbalanced fault ifitis an internal one. The time-delayed elements of associated zones also start timing to initiate backup protection functions. The 67QUBF element unblocks forward-looking zones and 67QUBR unblocks reverse-looking zones. ‘The relay supervises the 67QUBF and 67QUBR clements with negative- sequence pickup setting 50QUBP. When you set the 50QUBP pickup level to other than OFF, the level of negative sequence current exceeds the SOQUBP Setting threshold, andthe relay has made a valid directional decision (52 elements), the relay asset either the 67QUBE or the 67QUBR dlectional clement after time delay setting UBD. In this manner the relay removes out- ‘of-tep blocking for phase distance elements other than Zone 1 elements during unbalanced faults ‘The SOQUBP setting is an advanced setting and must be coordinated with the distance protection for the protected line, Setting UBD is also an advanced setting: set the UBD timer to coordinate clearing times with protection ‘external to the protected ine, For out-of-step unblocking on unbalanced faults you must do the following: Step 1, Set EADVS := ¥ to enable advanced settings. Step 2. Set the negative sequence unblocking element pickup with setting SOQUBP (Negative-Sequence Current Supervision) Coordinate with line distance protection, Step 3. Set the unblock delay timer UBD (Negative-Sequence Current Unblock Delay) Coordinate clearing times with other protection fa power swing center is on the line under protection, the Zone 1 distance elements at one or both terminals may operate if the OSB is removed. For ‘example. during an unstable swing, if an external A-phase ground fault occurs beyond the remote terminal R in Figure 1.28, the A-phase ground distance elements at both terminals operate correctly; that is, A-phase distance element picks up in Zone 2 atthe S terminal, and in reverse Zone 3 at the R terminal, However, all Zone 1 phase and ground distance elements at both terminals ‘ay also operate ifthe swing center is within the Zone 1 reach and a negative- Applications Hendbook Date Code 201601"Protection Apoliatian ramples | A121 ‘ut-of-Step Logic Application Examples sequence overcurrent element removes the OSB. The undesirable operations ‘of Zone 1 clements may trip all three phases at both terminals for an external Acphase fault ‘The SEL-421 uses a directional negative-sequence element (6791T) to supervise the out-of-step blocking of Zone 1 distance elements. 67Q1T is independent from 67QUBF and 67QUBR, which are used to defeat the OSB for distance elements other than Zone 1 elements, This separation gives you a choice to control the Zone 1 element operations during an unstable swing situation. For those applications that allow the relay to operate for any internal and ‘external faulls on a system during a power swing, set the 67Q1T element similar to the 67QUBF element: S001? same value as of SOQUBP Level 1 Pickup (OFF. 0.25-100 Amps sec.) ‘67010 ~ same value as of UBD Level 1 Time Delay (0.000-16000 cycles) s10HIC =1 Level 1 Torque Control (SELocic Equation) For those applications that requite the relay only trip for internal faults during power swing, disable the 67QIT element by setting 50QIP to OFF or E50Q =N. This way, the Zone 1 distance elements are always blocked by the OSB logic. The relay relies on Zone 2 overreaching elements together with the POTT scheme to make high-speed trips for internal faults. Example Completed This completes the application example that describes setting the SEL-421 for cout-of-step blocking. Analyze your particular power system to determine the appropriate setings for your application, Relay Settings Table 1.33 lists the settings that the relay automatically calculates and hides when you sot EADVS to N and EOOST to N. ‘Table 133 Automatically Calculated/Hidden Settings ‘setting Default Setting XIBT | Zone TReactance—Baviom 0050-96 secondary) | XUBT = -XITT XIB6 | Zone 6 Reatance Bottom (0.05 19-86 secondary) | XIBE = -XITS RIL7 | Zone 7 Resistance —Left -0.05 to-70 Qsecondary) | RII? = -RIR7 RILs | Zone 6 Resistance —Left (0.05 to 70 secondary) | RIL = -RIRE OSTD | OutoF Step Trp Delay (0500-8000 cycles) 0.500 SoABCP | Posiive-Sequence Curent Supervision SOABCP 0.2 Ion (00-100 A secondary) SOQUBP | Negative-Sequence Curent Supervision our (OFF, 050-100 A secondary) usp | Negative-Sequence Current Unblock Delay 0.500 (0.300-120 eyees) uBosBF | Outof Step Angle Unblock Rate (1-10) 4 Table 1.34 and Table 1.35 list the protective relay settings available in this example. Date Coce 201601 ications Handbook SEL-A2-4 5 Relay‘A122 | Protection Application Examples Out-of-tep Logie Application Examples Table 134. Relay Configuration (Group) Setting Description Entry OOS ‘Ourof Step VVEW) Y EADVS Advanced Settings (YN) N Table 135 Out-of-Step Tripping/Blocking ‘Setting _| Description Entry ‘O0sBI | Block Zonet WN) Y osne | Block Zone 2(¥, N) y oosns | Block Zone 2 (¥, ) N OSBD | Ou-of Step Block Time Delay (0500-8000 cyeles) 1875 OspETCH | Latch Oucof-Sep Blocking (Y, N) y Oost | Out-ofStep Tipping (W. 1.0) N xIT? Zone 7 Reacance—Top (0.05 to 96M secondary) 2129 XITS Zone 6 Reactance—Top (0.05 to 96 secondary) 1182 RIRT Zone 7 Resistance—Right (0.05 to T0 secondary) 1353 RIRe Zone § Resistance —Right (0,05 to 70 secondary) sm xIBy Zone 7 Reactance—Battom (-0.05%0-96 Aecondary) | -21.29, XIB6 Zone 6 Reactance—Bottom (-0.05 (0-96 Qsecondary) | -11.52 RALy Zone 7 Resistance—Leh (-0.05 to -70 Gsecondary) “15.58 RILS “one Resistance —Let (-0.05 to -70 Asecondary) “3 SOABCP | Positive-Sequence Current Supervision 1.00 (.00-100 A secondary) SOQUEP | Negative-Sequence Curent Supervision oF (OFF, 050-100 A secondary) usp [Negative-Sequence Current Unblock Delay 0.00 (0300-120 eyeles) UBOSBF | Ou-ofStep Angle Unblock Rate (1-10) 4 soqiP | Level Pickup (OFF, 025-100 Amps sec) oF 67Q1D__| Level 1 Time Delay (0.000-16000 cycles) 0.000 67Q1Tc _| Level 1 Torque Contol (SELOGIe Equation) 1 Out-of-Step Tripping ‘This example demonstrates how to set the OST (out-of-stp tripping) function, Use OST logic to detect an unstable power swing and trip the local terminal. ‘With OST logic, you can spit the power system at predetermined locations after an OST condition occurs. “The Zone 6 and Zone 7 settings for the OST logic depend on the positive sequence impedance (Z,) trajectory of the power swing (see Figure 1.33). Set inner Zone 6 at the point along the trajectory where the power system cannot regain stability. Set Zone 7 so thatthe impedance because of maximum load conditions is outside the Zone 7 characteristic for all loading conditions. SeL-2h4,-$ Relay ations Hendbook Date Code 201601"Protection Appliation Examples | A123 ‘ut-of-Step Logic Application Examples NOTE: this setting phiesophy Droid: ne moss ene ortho a Sccceireterin poner = = imum Load impecence Figure 1.33. OST Characteristics ‘To conligure the OOS logic for out-of-step tripping, enable the OOS logic. ‘Next, calculate the impedance reach settings for Zones 6 and 7 (RIRS, RIRT, XIT6, and X1T7), and then calculate OSTD (out-of sep tip delay) and ‘OSBD (out-of-step block time delay). All of the OOS settings appear in Table 1,37 and Table 1.38. Enable 00S Logic Access Group seltings to enable the out-of-step logic. £005: ¥ Outof-Step (¥, N) OTE: ravens thesetings | You do not need to enable the Advanced Settings for this application example [hanlaes wen oust! EADVSUON EADVS = Advanced Settings (¥, N) Date Coce 201601 Out-of-Step Tripping ‘When the positive-sequence impedance locus enters Zone 7, both OOS logic timers (OSBD and OSTD) start (see Figure /.33). If OSTD expires before ‘OSBD and Zone 6 asserts, the relay declares an out-of step tipping condition. able the relay to trip when Zone 6 drops out (Trip-On-the-Way-Out) See Out-of Step Tripping and Blocking for OSTD and OSBD caleulations. [00ST:=0 Out-of-Step Tripping (N, 1, 0) where: able out-of sep tripping (Trip-On-the-Way-In) 0 = Enable out-of-sep tripping (Thip-On-the-Way-Out) N= Disable out-of step tripping Phase Distance Element Blocking Enable the OSB function to prevent tripping when the positive-sequence impedance locus enters the Zone 1 and Zone 2 distance protection ‘characteristics during an unstable power swing. Therefore, in this application Acplications Handbook SEL-A2-4 5 Relay‘A124 | Protection pplication Examples Out-of-tep Logie Application Examples cxample, the relay trips after the Z, impedance locus exits Zone 6 (Zone 6