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Logic 5.2
Logic 5.2
Logic 5.2
CHAPTER
5
Logic
5.2
Section Truth Tables, Equivalent
Statements, and Tautologies
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Truth Tables
Truth Tables
In this section, we consider methods of constructing truth
tables for a statement that involves a combination of
conjunctions, disjunctions, and/or negations.
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Solution:
a. Start with the standard truth table form and then include
a column.
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Truth Tables
Compound statements that involve exactly three simple
statements require a standard truth table form with 23 = 8
rows, as shown below.
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Solution:
Step 1: The given statement has the two
simple statements p and q. Thus we start with a
standard form that has 22 = 4 rows.
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Equivalent Statements
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Equivalent Statements
Two statements are equivalent if they both have the same
truth value for all possible truth values of their simple
statements. Equivalent statements have identical truth
values in the final columns of their truth tables.
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Solution:
Construct two truth tables and compare the results. The
truth tables below show that and have the
same truth values for all possible truth values of their
simple statements. Thus the statements are equivalent.
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22
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23
23
Equivalent Statements
These equivalences are known as De Morgan’s laws for
statements.
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Solution:
Let p represent the statement “I graduated.” Let q represent
the statement “I got a job.” In symbolic form, the original
sentence is . One of De Morgan’s laws states that
this is equivalent to .
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Solution:
Enter the truth values for each simple statement and its
negation as shown in the columns numbered 1, 2, and 3.
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Thus is a tautology.
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