UNI

T2:EXTENSI
ONEDUCATI
ONANDDEVELOPMENT

EARLYEXTENSI
ONEFFORTS

1. Sr
ini
ket
an:R.
N.Tagor
est
art
edt
heSr
ini
ket
anPr
ojecti
n1921,i
nor
dert
ohel
p
t
he r
uralmasses bycr
eat
ing an i
nter
esti
n peopl
eto par
ti
cipat
eint
hei
rown
dev
elopment
,hel
pingpeopl
etohel
pthemsel
vesanddev
elopi
ngl
eader
sfr
om t
he
communi
tyt
ogui
det
hepeopl
eint
hei
rdev
elopment
.
Tagor
ebasedhi
smi
ssi
ononf
ourpr
inci
ples-
sel
f-
int
erest
,sel
f-
respect
,sel
f-
r
eli
ance and j
oy.He est
abl
i
shed t
he i
nst
it
ute ofr
uralr
econst
ruct
ion wi
thf
our
depar
tment
s-agr
icul
tur
e,v
il
lagewel
far
e,i
ndust
ri
esandeducat
ion.

2. Sev
agr
am Pr
oject
:Gandhi
’
sconceptofr
uraldev
elopmentwasbasedonsel
f-
suppor
ti
ng,sel
f-gov
erni
ngandsel
f-
rel
i
antv
il
lagecommuni
tywher
eev
eryper
son’
s
needswer
emetandpeopl
eli
vedi
nhar
monyandco-
oper
ati
on.Hecompr
ehendeda
v
il
lage communi
tyt
he basi
s ofwhi
ch was pol
i
ticalaut
onomy
,economi
c sel
f-
suf
fi
ciency
,soci
alequal
i
tyandnon-
expl
oit
ati
on.Amonghi
spr
ogr
ammef
orr
ural
dev
elopmentt
heSev
agr
am pr
ojecti
soneoft
hebet
terknownone.Hest
art
edt
his
pr
ojecti
n1939whenheset
tl
edi
nSev
agr
am av
il
lageNeer
war
dhobasedont
he
f
oll
owi
ngobj
ect
ives:
-
i
. Ser
vicet
olesspr
ivi
l
egedf
ell
owmen
i
i
. Rebui
l
dingt
hev
il
lagesandr
egener
ati
ngv
il
lager
esour
cesf
ormeet
ingv
il
lage
needs.
i
i
i. Pr
omot
ingv
il
lagei
ndust
ri
es
i
v. Dev
elopi
ngal
laspect
sofv
il
lage

3. BhoodanMov
ement
:Vi
nobaBhav
e,af
oll
owerofGhandi
j
i,st
art
edBhoodan
Mov
ementi
n1951i
nPochampal
i(Tel
anganaSt
ate)underwhi
chsur
plusl
andswer
e
t
obedonat
edbyt
hel
andl
ordsandr
edi
str
ibut
edt
olandl
esspeasant
s.Thusi
mbi
bing
t
heconceptofshar
ingandegal
i
tar
iani
sm.Bhoodanmov
ementpav
edt
hewayf
or
Gr
amdanmov
ement
.Thebi
rt
hofGr
amdanmov
ementt
ookpl
acei
nMangr
otav
il
lage
i
nUPi
n1952.Thedi
ff
erencebet
weenBhoodanandGr
amdanwast
hatt
hef
ormer
i
nvol
ved donat
ion f
rom i
ndi
vi
dualwhi
l
elat
teri
nvol
ved communi
ty.I
n Gr
amdan
mov
ement80% ofl
andi
nav
il
lagei
sdonat
edandt
heent
ir
evi
l
lagecommuni
ty
becomet
hebenef
ici
ary
.

1
4. Gur
gaonExper
iment
:Itwasst
art
edbyF.
L.Br
yne,Deput
yCommi
ssi
onerof
Gur
gaondi
str
ictwi
tht
hemai
ngoal
of-
i
. I
ncor
por
ati
ng t
hev
irt
uesofhar
d wor
k,sel
f-
respect
,sel
f-
hel
p and mut
ual
suppor
tand
i
i
. Conv
inci
ng t
he v
il
lager
sthati
mpr
ovementi
s possi
ble bydemonst
rat
ing
met
hodst
ofi
ghtagai
nstcl
i
mat
echange,di
seasesandpest
.Hehadf
ourpr
inci
ples
v
il
lagesor
gani
sat
ion,masseducat
ion,l
eader
shi
pbyel
i
teandspi
ri
tofser
viceand
dut
ytowar
dsf
ell
owmen.

5. Bar
odaPr
oject
:Thi
spr
ojectwasor
igi
nal
l
yst
art
edbyRaj
aSi
rT.MadhabRao,
ami
nist
erofPr
incel
ySt
ateofBar
oda,i
nthel
ateni
net
eent
hcent
ury
.Itgai
ned
moment
um when V.
T.Kr
ishna Machar
ias t
he Dewan ofBar
oda,st
art
ed r
ural
r
econst
ruct
ioncent
rewi
tht
heheapofDr
.SpencherHat
chofY.
M.C.
A.TheR.
R.Cwas
est
abl
i
shed atKosal
ain 1932.I
twas one oft
he bi
ggestexper
imenti
nrur
al
dev
elopmentasi
tcov
eredhundr
edsofv
il
lages.

6. Rur
alReconst
ruct
ionbySi
rDani
elHami
l
ton:I
n1903,
hef
ormedaschemet
o
cr
eat
emodelv
il
lages,i
nanar
eai
n Sunder
ban (
Bengal
)based onco-
oper
ati
ve
pr
inci
ples.Heor
gani
sedonev
il
lageoft
hist
ypeandset
-uponeco-
oper
ati
vesoci
ety
whi
chf
unct
ionedupt
o1916.I
n1924heor
gani
sedacent
ralco-
oper
ati
vemar
ket
ing
soci
etyandest
abl
i
shedRur
alReconst
ruct
ionI
nst
it
utei
n1934.

7. Mar
thandam Pr
oject
:The Young Men’
s Chr
ist
ian Associ
ati
on (
Y.M.
C.A)
st
art
edadev
elopmentexper
imenti
n1921atMar
thant
ham (
Kany
akumar
idi
str
ict
)
undert
hel
eader
shi
pofSpencerHat
ch.Theappr
oachofhi
spr
ojectwast
opr
ovi
de
adv
iceandassi
stancet
ovi
l
lager
stoenabl
ethem t
ohel
pthemsel
ves.Theobj
ect
ive
oft
hispr
ojectwast
odev
elopr
uralcommuni
tyusi
ngl
ocal
l
yav
ail
abl
eresour
cesby
el
i
cit
ingpeopl
e’
spar
ti
cipat
ionandpr
omot
ingsel
f-
hel
pandgi
vi
ngpr
ior
it
ytopoor
est
oft
hepoor
.

8. Adhar
sha Sev
a Sangha:Thi
s pl
an ofr
uralr
econst
ruct
ion was puti
nto
oper
ati
oni
n232v
il
lages,
fal
l
ingi
ntheJagi
rdar
iofCol
.Shi
tol
e.I
tai
medati
ncr
easi
ng
t
hepercapi
tai
ncomeofv
il
lager
s.I
neachv
il
lageav
il
lager
econst
ruct
ionsoci
etywas
f
ormedandt
hei
mpor
tanti
temsofwor
kwer
ecompostmaki
ng,deeppl
oughi
ng
i
mpr
ovedbr
eedi
ngandmanagementofcat
tl
e.TheSanghapubl
i
shed“
rur
alI
ndi
a”
whi
chwasdev
otedt
opl
anni
ngandcommuni
typr
oject
.
2
9. I
ndi
anVi
ll
ageSer
vice:I
n1945,A.
T.MosherofNewYor
k,andSr
iB.
N.Gupt
a
est
abl
i
shedI
VSt
oassi
st v
il
lagepeopl
etor
eal
i
zet
hebesti
nthei
rownv
il
lageby
dev
elopi
ngi
ndi
vi
dual
s,v
olunt
eerl
eader
sandl
ocalagenci
esandenabl
i
ngt
hem t
obe
ef
fect
ivei
nhel
pingt
hemsel
vesandot
her
s.
10. Ni
lokher
iPr
oject
:Thi
spr
ojectal
soknownasRef
ugeer
ehabi
l
itat
ionpr
oject
,
t
houghst
art
edi
n1943becamef
ull
yoper
ati
onali
n1948wheni
tdev
elopedanew
t
ownshi
pfordi
spl
acedper
sonsf
rom WestPaki
stan.Themai
nobj
ect
ivesoft
his
pr
ojectwer
e-
i
. Tor
ehabi
l
itat
edi
spl
acedper
sons.
i
i
. Toat
tai
nsel
f-
suf
fi
ciencybyut
il
izi
ngt
hel
abourandt
alent
soft
her
efugees
i
i
i. Tomeett
hebasi
cneedsoft
hepopul
ati
on.
Undert
hispr
oject
,vocat
ionalt
rai
ning-
cum-
product
ioncent
reswer
est
art
edt
ogi
ve
t
rai
ningandempl
oymentoppor
tuni
ti
est
other
efugees.“
Mazdoor
Manzi
l
”,anew
t
ownshi
pwascr
eat
edf
orapopul
ati
onof5000wher
ether
ewer
efaci
l
iti
esl
i
ke
hospi
tal
s,school
s,v
ocat
ionalandt
echni
cali
nst
it
uti
onsf
ort
rai
ningv
eter
inar
yand
agr
icul
tur
alext
ensi
onser
vicesandr
ecr
eat
ional
faci
l
iti
es.

11. Fi
rkaDev
elopmentScheme:
Fir
kameansagr
oupofv
il
lagesr
angi
ngusual
l
y
bet
ween5and20.TheFi
rkaDev
elopmentSchemewasst
art
edi
nMadr
asPr
ovi
nce
i
n1943f
ort
heeconomi
cdev
elopmentofv
il
lagesbypr
omot
ingKhadiandv
il
lage
i
ndust
ri
es.Ot
herobj
ect
ivesoft
hisschemewer
etopr
ovi
debasi
cfaci
l
iti
essuchas
f
reeeducat
ion,i
mpr
ovedr
oadsandcommuni
cat
ion,i
mpr
ovedsani
tat
ionandbet
ter
medi
calcar
e.TheSchemecov
ered50Fi
rkasconsi
sti
ngofmor
ethan250v
il
lagesby
t
heendof1952.
Thepr
ojecthadt
hechi
efmi
nist
erast
hechai
rman.Hewasassi
stedbyapr
ovi
nci
al
boar
dwhi
chconsi
stedofheadsofdepar
tmentofagr
icul
tur
e,i
rr
igat
ion,
cooper
ati
on,
i
ndust
ri
es,
heal
thandeducat
ion.

12. Et
awah Pr
oject
:Thepr
ojectwasl
aunched byt
he Gov
ernmentofUP i
n
Oct
ober1948undert
hegui
danceofAl
ber
tMay
er.I
twasanewexper
imenti
nrur
al
pl
anni
nganddev
elopment
.Al
ber
tMay
erf
ormedat
eam off
ourspeci
ali
sts-at
own
andv
il
lagepl
anner
,oneAgr
icul
tur
eExt
ensi
onSpeci
ali
st,oneAgr
icul
tur
eEngi
neer
andar
ural
indust
ri
esspeci
ali
sti
nor
dert
ogi
veani
ntegr
atedappr
oacht
ohi
spr
oject
.
ThesuccessofEt
awah Pi
l
otPr
ojectencour
aged I
ndi
an Pl
annert
o dev
iseand
i
mpl
ementapr
ojectoft
hisnat
uret
hroughoutt
hiscount
ry.Thusst
art
edcommuni
ty
3
Dev
elopmentPr
ojecti
n1952.

HI
STORYOFEXTENSI
ONEDUCATI
ON
Men and women hav
e been cul
ti
vat
ing cr
ops and r
ear
ing l
i
vest
ock f
or
appr
oxi
mat
ely10,000y
ear
s.Det
ail
sofagr
icul
tur
alpr
act
icesf
oundi
nrecor
dsf
rom
anci
entEgy
pt,
Mesopot
ami
aandChi
nagoi
ngbackmor
ethan3,
000y
ear
s.
Chi
neseAgr
icul
tur
ein800BC
I
tis known t
hat Chi
nese of
fi
cial
s wer
e cr
eat
ing agr
icul
tur
alpol
i
cies,
document
ingpr
act
icalknowl
edge,anddi
ssemi
nat
ingadv
icet
ofar
mer
satl
east2,
000y
ear
sago.Appr
oxi
mat
elyi
n800BC,t
hemi
nist
err
esponsi
blef
oragr
icul
tur
e
underoneoft
he“
Zhoudy
nast
y”emper
orsor
gani
zedt
het
eachi
ngofcr
opcul
ti
vat
ion
andr
otat
ionanddr
ainaget
othef
armer
s.Themi
nist
eral
sol
easedequi
pment
sto
f
armer
s,bui
l
tgr
ainst
oresandsuppl
i
edf
reef
ooddur
ingt
imesoff
ami
ne.
TheBi
rt
hofModer
nAgr
icul
tur
alExt
ensi
on
Thef
ir
stmoder
nagr
icul
tur
alex
tensi
onser
vicecamei
ntoexi
stencei
nthe
mi eof19thcent
ddl uryi
nIr
eland.Bet
ween1845and1851,t
heI
ri
shpot
atocr
opwas
dest
roy
edwi
tht
heout
breakofpot
atobl
i
ghtandsev
eref
emi
nineoccur
red.The
Br
it
ishVi
cer
oyappoi
ntedt
oIr
elandi
n1847,wr
oteal
ett
ert
othepr
esi
dentoft
he
Roy
alAgr
icul
tur
alI
mpr
ovementSoci
etyofI
rel
and(
foundedi
n1841)t
oappoi
nt.
“
It
iner
antLect
urer
s”t
otr
avelt
orur
alar
easandt
eachsmal
lfar
mer
show t
ogr
ow
nut
ri
ti
ousr
ootcr
opsot
hert
hanpot
ato.
Themet
hodat
tract
edt
heat
tent
ionofgov
ernmentof
fi
cial
sinGer
manywho
or
gani
zedt
hei
rownsy
stem oft
rav
ell
i
ngi
nst
ruct
ors.Byt he19th cent
heendoft ury
,
t
hei
deahadspr
eadt
oDenmar
k,Net
her
lands,I
tal
yandFr
ance.I
nFr
ancet
hef
ir
st
nat
ional
whol
l
yst
atef
undedagr
icul
tur
alext
ensi
onser
vicewasest
abl
i
shedi
n1879.
I
ntheUni
tedSt
ates,agr
icul
tur
alsoci
eti
es(
TheBer
kshi
reAgr
icul
tur
alSoci
ety
i
n1811,
TheU.
S.Agr
icul
tur
alSoci
etyi
n1852)or
gani
zedagr
icul
tur
alf
air
s,exhi
bit
ions,
andsol
dfar
m pr
oduct
s.Buti
n1862t
heMor
ri
llAct(
signedbyPr
esi
dentLi
ncol
n)
est
abl
i
shed Land Gr
antCol
l
egesf
ordi
ff
usi
onofagr
icul
tur
ali
nfor
mat
iont
othe
f
armer
s.Lat
eron,
exper
iment
alf
armswer
est
art
edont
hecol
l
egecampuses.
Agr
icul
tur
alext
ensi
onwor
khadal
sost
art
edbef
ore1900i
nJapan.Fol
l
owi
ng
4
t
heMei
j
iRest
orat
ioni
n1868,t
woagr
icul
tur
alcol
l
egeswer
eest
abl
i
shedi
nthemi
d
1870s,st
aff
edbyEur
opeant
eacher
s.Att
hesecol
l
egesandgov
ernmentf
arms,
exper
iment
alwor
k was conduct
ed.Att
he same t
ime agr
icul
tur
alf
air
s and
exhi
bit
ions wer
e st
art
ed and pr
ogr
essi
ve Japanese f
armer
s gav
etal
ks and
demonst
rat
ions t
othe f
armer
s.Thi
sled t
o dev
elopmentofmanyagr
icul
tur
al
soci
eti
esf
rom 1881onwar
ds.I
n1885,t
heJapaneseGov
t.al
soi
nit
iat
edatnat
ional
l
evel
s,asy
stem ofappoi
nti
ngexper
iencedf
armer
sasi
ti
ner
antagr
icul
tur
all
ect
urer
s.

Ev
olut
ionofAgr
icul
tur
alExt
ensi
onSer
viceSy
stem

I
nmostoft
hedev
elopi
ngcount
ri
es,t
henat
ionalext
ensi
onor
gani
sat
ioni
sa
post
-i
ndependencephenomenonaf
tert
hesecondwor
ldwar
,al
thoughext
ensi
ont
ype
act
ivi
ti
eswer
einexi
stenceear
li
ert
oo.Unl
i
kei
ndev
elopedcount
ri
esl
i
keUSAwher
e
ext
ensi
on i
s an i
mpor
tantact
ivi
ty ofagr
icul
tur
aluni
ver
sit
ies and agr
icul
tur
al
r
esear
chi
nst
it
utes,agr
icul
tur
alex
tensi
oni
nthedev
elopi
ngcount
ri
esf
ormedapar
t
oft
he act
ivi
ti
es oft
he depar
tmentofAgr
icul
tur
e and mai
nlyassoci
ated wi
th
commodi
tyi
mpr
ovementscheme.
Af
teri
ndependence,agr
icul
tur
alext
ensi
onor
gani
sat
ionhav
ebeensetupi
nmany
dev
elopi
ngcount
ri
esl
argel
yont
hemodeloft
heUni
tedSt
atesandwi
thassi
stance
f
rom i
t.Theynow hav
eagr
icul
tur
alex
tensi
onsy
stem l
i
nkedwi
thl
ocalagr
icul
tur
al
uni
ver
sit
ies/
agr
icul
tur
alr
esear
chi
nst
it
utes.
Agr
icul
tur
alExt
ensi
oni
nIndi
abef
oreI
ndependence
Somei
ndi
vi
dual
sandagenci
esmadespor
adi
cal
thoughpi
oneer
ingef
for
tsi
n
r
uraldev
elopment
.Ext
ensi
on wor
k was al
so done byof
fi
cialagenci
es mai
nly
t
hroughagr
icul
tur
aldepar
tment
.Howev
er,t
hiswascar
ri
edoutwi
thl
i
mit
ed st
aff
andr
esour
cesandt
her
efor
eitwasweak.
Ther
eal
i
sat
iont
hatf
ormat
ionofanef
fect
iveGov
t.machi
ner
ywasf
elti
nIndi
a
as a r
esul
toft
he r
epor
toft
he Fami
ne Commi
ssi
on (
1866)as wel
las t
he
r
ecommendat
ionofManchest
erCot
tonAssoci
ati
on(
1869)
.Asaconsequence,t
he
depar
tmentofRev
enue,Agr
icul
tur
eandCommer
cewasest
abl
i
shedi
n1871,whi
ch
wasmer
gedwi
thHomeDepar
tmenti
n1879duet
ofi
nanci
alconst
rai
nts.Howev
er,
dur
ing1881,asepar
atedepar
tmentofRev
enueandAgr
icul
tur
ewasr
evi
vedi
nthe
Cent
ralSecr
etar
iatasar
esul
toft
her
ecommendat
ionoft
heFami
neCommi
ssi
onof
1880-
81.Pr
ovi
nci
alDepar
tment
sofAgr
icul
tur
ewer
eest
abl
i
shedi
nmanyPr
ovi
nce,
f
oll
owi
ngt
her
epor
toff
ami
neenqui
rycommi
ssi
onof1880.

5
 Fol
l
owi
ngVoel
cker
’sRepor
tont
hei
mpr
ovementofI
ndi
anAgr
icul
tur
e(1897)
t
heact
ivi
ti
esoft
hecent
ralandpr
ovi
nci
aldepar
tment
swer
eofagr
icul
tur
alr
esear
ch,
educat
ionandext
ensi
on.
Dur
ingLor
dCur
zon’
sVi
cer
oyal
ty(
1898-
1905)gr
eat
erf
inanci
alal
l
ocat
ionwas
madet
oagr
icul
tur
edepar
tment
,andf
ullt
imedi
rect
orsofAgr
icul
tur
eDepar
tment
,
Deput
yDi
rect
ori
ntheci
rcl
ewer
eappoi
nted.Dur
ing 1940s,Di
str
ictAgr
icul
tur
al
Of
fi
ceswer
eappoi
ntedandi
neachTal
ukt
her
ewasanAgr
icul
tur
alDemonst
rat
or.I
n
1943 as a r
esul
tofGr
ow Mor
e Food Campai
gn,Agr
icul
tur
alDepar
tmentwas
st
rengt
henedi
nter
msofi
ncr
easednumberofr
esour
ceandext
ensi
onst
aff
.
Dur
ingt
hisper
iod,t
heconceptofext
ensi
onwasv
erymuchl
i
mit
edandi
t
i
ncl
udedext
ensi
onofsuppl
i
esandser
vicest
ofar
mer
s,subsi
diest
ofar
mer
stot
ake
upi
mpr
ovedpr
act
ices,et
c.whi
chwer
ecar
ri
edoutbyext
ensi
onwi
ngofagr
icul
tur
e
depar
tment
.Ot
herdepar
tmentl
i
keco-
oper
ati
on,Ani
malHusbandr
yandVet
eri
nar
y,
Hor
ti
cul
tur
e,Fi
sher
ies,
Separ
ateex
tensi
onwi
ngswer
eal
sosetup.Thi
sledt
ounco-
or
dinat
edef
for
tswi
thsev
eral
agenci
esappr
oachi
ngf
armer
s.
Thust
heext
ensi
onsy
stem i
npr
e-i
ndependentI
ndi
awasnotf
ull
ycoor
dinat
ed.

Agr
icul
tur
alExt
ensi
oni
nIndi
aaf
terI
ndependence
Af
terI
ndependence,Communi
tyDev
elopmentwasl
aunchedi
n1952t
obr
ing
aboutan i
ntegr
ated dev
elopmentofv
il
lages t
hrough ext
ensi
on ser
vice.Each
Communi
ty Dev
elopmentBl
ock was pl
aced under t
he char
ge of t
he Bl
ock
Dev
elopmentOf
fi
cerwho wasassi
sted byat
eam of6-
8Ext
ensi
onOf
fi
cer
sin
di
ff
erentf
iel
dsl
i
keagr
icul
tur
e,Ani
malHusbandr
y,I
ndust
ri
es,Cooper
ati
on,
Heal
th,
Soci
aleducat
ion,
etc.EachBl
ockhadt
env
il
lagel
evel
wor
ker
s(V.
L.W)
.
TheCommuni
tyDev
elopmentPr
ogr
ammecoul
dnotachi
evet
heexpect
ed
l
evelofagr
icul
tur
edev
elopmentandt
hepoorcondi
ti
onofagr
icul
tur
ewascr
it
ical
l
y
exami
nedbyt
heGov
t.wi
tht
hehel
pofFor
dFoundat
ion.Asar
esul
t,I
ntensi
ve
Agr
icul
tur
alDi
str
ictPr
ogr
amme(
IADP)wasl
auncheddur
ing1961.Thesuccessf
ul
exper
ienceofI
ADPl
edt
oInt
ensi
veAgr
icul
tur
alAr
eaPr
ogr
amme(
IAAP)i
n1964.
Bot
hIADPandI
AAPwer
emar
kedbyi
ncr
easedAgr
icul
tur
ePr
oduct
ion.ButDr
ought
andot
hernat
uralcal
ami
ti
esbr
oughtadr
ast
icr
educt
ioni
nfoodgr
ainpr
oduct
ion.
,
Suchci
rcumst
ancesl
edt
otheadopt
ionoft
hest
rat
egy“
GreenRev
olut
ion”dur
ing
1960’
s, whi
chli
ncl
uded t
hespr
eadofagr
icul
tur
alext
ensi
onser
vice.Al
though
Gr
eenRev
olut
ionwassuccessf
ul,
sti
l
litwasnotwi
thoutpr
obl
em.Oneoft
hesewas
i
tsbi
ast
owar
dsbi
ggerf
armer
s.I
nor
dert
ohel
ptodi
s-adv
ant
agedsect
ionoft
he
communi
ty,
speci
alpr
ogr
ammeswer
elaunchedf
orsmal
lfar
mer
s,mar
ginalf
armer
s
6
and agr
icul
tur
all
abour
ersi
n 1970.Some ar
ea based pr
ogr
ammes wer
e al
so
l
aunchedf
ordr
oughtpr
onear
ea,
hil
lar
eaanddeser
tar
ea.
Wi
thal
ltheabov
epr
ogr
ammes,t
her
eremai
nedst
il
lawi
degapbet
ween
pot
ent
ial
sofnew t
echnol
ogyandt
heact
ualy
iel
dont
hef
armer
’sf
iel
d.Ther
efor
e,
management of ext
ensi
on r
equi
red a di
ff
erent appr
oachl
. Under t
hese
ci
rcumst
ances,dur
ing1970’
sIndi
aint
roducedmodi
fi
edext
ensi
oncal
l
ed“
Trai
ning
and Vi
sit
”sy
stem.I
tisal
so cal
l
ed r
efor
med ext
ensi
veori
ntensi
veagr
icul
tur
al
ext
ensi
on.I
twasdev
elopedbyDani
elBenor
,anI
srai
l
iext
ensi
onexper
t.
Ti
l
l1960s,t
hedepar
tment
sofagr
icul
tur
eint
hest
atewer
eresponsi
blenot
onl
yforext
ensi
on butal
so educat
ion and r
esear
ch.Subsequent
lyagr
icul
tur
al
r
esear
chandeducat
ionwer
etr
ansf
err
edt
oagr
icul
tur
aluni
ver
sit
ies.
Emer
genceofExt
ensi
onasaDi
sci
pli
ne
Thecommonuseoft
het
erm“
Uni
ver
sit
yExt
ensi
on”wasf
ir
str
ecor
dedi
nthe
1840’
sinBr
it
ain.Thef
ir
stpr
act
icalst
epswer
etakeni
n1867-
68whenJamesSt
uar
t,
Fel
l
ow ofTr
ini
tyCol
l
ege,Cambr
idge,gav
elect
urest
owomen’
sassoci
ati
onand
wor
kingmen’
scl
ubsi
ntheNor
thEngl
and.JamesSt
uar
tisknownasFat
herof
Ext
ensi
on.I
n1871St
uar
tappr
oachedt
o aut
hor
it
iesatCambr
idgeUni
ver
sit
yto
or
gani
se cent
res f
or ext
ensi
on l
ect
ures under t
he uni
ver
sit
ies super
visi
on.
Cambr
idgef
ormal
l
yadopt
ed t
hesy
stem i
n1873,andwasf
oll
owedbyLondon
Uni
ver
sit
yin1876andOxf
ordUni
ver
sit
yin1878.Byt
he1880t
hewor
kwasbei
ng
r
efer
redt
oast
oext
ensi
onmov
ement
.Int
hismov
ement
,theuni
ver
sit
yext
endedi
ts
wor
ktot
hosebey
ondt
hecampus.
Thegr
owt
handsuccessofext
ensi
onwor
kinBr
it
aini
nfl
uencedt
hesi
mil
ar
act
ivi
tyel
sewher
e,especi
all
yint
heUni
tedSt
ate.I
nmanyst
atesofUSAcompar
abl
e
l
ect
ureswer
ebecomi
ngest
abl
i
shedbyt
he1890s.Lat
ert
heext
ra-
mur
alwor
koft
he
l
and-
grantcol
l
eges,concer
nedwi
thser
vingt
heneedsoft
hef
armf
ami
l
y,wast
o
expand dr
amat
ical
l
yand become f
ormal
l
yor
gani
sed.Butt
he use oft
he t
erm
“
ext
ensi
on”cont
inuedandhasper
sist
edast
hedesi
gnat
ionf
ort
hiswor
k.Al
lthese
act
ivi
ti
esi
ndi
cat
ed t
hatt
het
argetgr
oupf
oruni
ver
sit
yteachi
ngshoul
dnotbe
r
est
ri
ctedt
ost
udent
soncampus,butshoul
dbeext
endedt
opeopl
eli
vi
ng el
se-
wher
e.Ext
ensi
onmaybeseenasaf
orm ofadul
teducat
ion,i
nwhi
cht
het
eacher
s
ar
ethest
affoft
heuni
ver
sit
y.Formanyy
ear
s,t
hiswasmai
nlyanact
ivi
tyoft
he
col
l
egeofagr
icul
tur
e,whi
chempl
oyedcount
yext
ensi
onagent
sal
lov
ert
hest
ate.
Lat
erext
ensi
on agent
s st
art
ed ser
ving ot
hersub-
sect
ors ofdev
elopmenti
n
addi
ti
ont
oagr
icul
tur
eandal
l
iedact
ivi
ti
es.
I
nIndi
a,t
heuni
ver
sit
yext
ensi
ongai
nedmoment
um wi
tht
heest
abl
i
shmentof
7
st
ateagr
icul
tur
aluni
ver
sit
iesont
hepat
ter
nofLand-
GrantCol
l
egei
nthe USA.The
f
ir
stSAUwas est
abl
i
shedi
nPantNagari
n1960,andi
n2010t
her
ewer
e about45
SAUs i
nthe count
ry.The uni
ver
sit
ies hav
e t
he st
atewi
se r
esponsi
bil
i
ties of
ext
ensi
oneducat
ionandi
ntegr
atedt
eachi
ng,
resear
chandext
ensi
onatal
llev
elsi
.e.
i
ndi
vi
dual
,depar
ment
,col
l
ege,
uni
ver
sit
ies,
etc.
TheUGCofI
ndi
ahasr
ecogni
sedext
ensi
onast
het
hir
ddi
mensi
onequi
val
ent
t
oteachi
ng and r
esear
ch i
nit
slandmar
kpol
i
cyf
ramewor
kin 1977.Wi
tht
hei
r
pol
i
cies,ext
ensi
onhasemer
gedast
hir
dmaj
orf
unct
ionofuni
ver
sit
iesi
n gener
al
andagr
icul
tur
aluni
ver
sit
iesi
n par
ti
cul
ar.Thi
spol
i
cyf
ramewor
kal
sol
ed t
othe
est
abl
i
shmentofdepar
tmentor cent
reofadul
tand cont
inui
ngeducat
ionand
ext
ensi
oni
ngener
aluni
ver
sit
ies.

Hi
stor
yofVet
eri
nar
yandAni
mal
Husbandr
yEducat
ioni
nIndi
a

I
ndi
anl
i
ter
atur
erev
eal
sthatt
hev
eter
inar
ypr
act
iceexi
stedont
heI
ndi
ansub-
cont
inentasf
arbackas3,
000t
o4,
000y
ear
sago.I
nthepost
-Vedi
cper
iod,t
he
t
eachi
ngofv
eter
inar
ymedi
cinewasi
ncl
udedi
nthecur
ri
cul
aofmedi
calschool
s.
Ther
eisev
idenceoft
heexi
stenceofv
eter
inar
yhospi
tal
sanddi
spensar
iesundert
he
r
uleofChandr
aGupt
aMaur
ya(
300-298BC)andKi
ngAshoka(
237-232BC)
.
Vet
eri
nar
ianswer
ecal
l
edSal
ihot
ri
ya,af
tert
hef
amoushor
semedi
cineaut
hor
it
y
Sal
i
hot
ra,i
nanci
entt
imes.Sal
utr
iasadesi
gnat
ionofv
eter
inar
iansi
sder
ivedf
rom
Sal
i
hot
ri
ya.
(
i) For
malVet
eri
nar
yEducat
ion
For
malv
eter
inar
yeducat
ioni
nIndi
abegani
n1862wi
tht
heest
abl
i
shmentof
anar
myv
eter
inar
yschooli
nPune.Thef
ir
stci
vi
lvet
eri
nar
yschoolwasst
art
edi
n
Babugar
h(Hapur
),i
nUt
tarPr
adesh,i
n1877.Thef
ir
stv
eter
inar
ycol
l
egewasst
art
ed
atLahor
enow i
nPaki
stani
n1882.Theest
abl
i
shmentofav
eter
inar
yresear
ch
l
abor
ator
yinI
ndi
awasr
ecommendedi
n1885andact
ual
l
ytookpl
acei
n1889at
Pune.
(
ii
) Est
abl
ishmentofVet
eri
nar
yCol
l
eges
As a consequence of f
requent f
ami
nes and cat
tl
e pl
agues,sev
eral
commi
ssi
onswer
eappoi
ntedt
owar
dtheendoft
heni
net
eent
hcent
uryt
oaddr
ess
t
hequest
ionofcont
rol
l
ingandpr
event
ingcat
tl
epl
agueandmai
ntai
ningt
heheal
th
of bul
l
ocks. On t
hei
rrecommendat
ions,a ci
vi
lvet
eri
nar
y depar
tment was
8
est
abl
i
shed i
n 1881.Wi
tht
he ex
pansi
on oft
he act
ivi
ti
es ofci
vi
lvet
eri
nar
y
depar
tmenti
n sev
eralst
ates,v
eter
inar
ycol
l
egesar
osei
n di
ff
erentcent
ers:f
or
exampl
e,Cal
cut
tai
n1893andMadr
asi
n1903.Thesev
eter
inar
ycol
l
egesawar
deda
di
plomabasedont
headopt
ionoft
hepr
ogr
ammeoft
hest
udydev
elopedbyt
he
Roy
alCol
l
egeofVet
eri
nar
ySur
geons,London.Thecur
ri
cul
um wasbasedpr
imar
il
y
onequi
nepr
act
ice.
(
ii
i) Roy
alCommi
ssi
ononAgr
icul
tur
e
I
n1928t
heRoy
alCommi
ssi
ononAgr
icul
tur
eint
heI
ndi
anSubcont
inent
r
ecommended a f
our
fol
dincr
ease i
nthe empl
oymentofv
eter
inar
y assi
stant
sur
geonst
ocopewi
tht
heenor
mousani
maldi
seasepr
obl
ems.Theysuggest
edt
hat
degr
eepr
ogr
am i
nIndi
abedev
eloped,model
l
edonhi
ghereducat
ionf
orv
eter
inar
y
sur
geons i
n Engl
and and r
ecommended t
hatone oft
he exi
sti
ng col
l
eges be
upgr
adedwi
thcent
ralassi
stancet
oint
roducedegr
ee-
lev
eleducat
ion.TheMadr
as
Vet
eri
nar
yCol
l
eget
ookt
hel
ead,andi
n1936,wi
tht
heconcur
renceofMadr
as
Vet
eri
nar
yCol
l
eget
ookt
hel
ead,andi
n1936,wi
tht
heconcur
renceofMadr
as
Uni
ver
sit
y,t
heBachel
orofVet
eri
nar
ySci
encedegr
eepr
ogr
ammebegan.
(
iv) Est
abl
ishmentofVet
eri
nar
yUni
ver
sit
y
TheAgr
icul
tur
alRev
iew Commi
tt
ee,whi
chconsi
stedofemi
nentsci
ent
ist
s,
r
ecommendedt
her
eor
gani
zat
ionofagr
icul
tur
alandv
eter
inar
yeducat
ioni
nIndi
a.
Basedont
hei
rrepor
t,aser
iesofagr
icul
tur
aluni
ver
sit
ieswer
eest
abl
i
shedbegi
nni
ng
i
n1960.
Theagr
icul
tur
aluni
ver
sit
ieswer
emost
lyheadedbyv
icechancel
l
orswhower
e
agr
icul
tur
egr
aduat
es,and becauseofal
ackofv
isi
on t
heynev
erdev
oted t
he
necessar
yat
tent
ion t
o dev
elopi
ng v
eter
inar
ysci
enceand f
isher
ies.Thebudget
al
l
ott
edbyt
heaut
hor
it
iest
ovet
eri
nar
yandf
isher
iesf
acul
ti
eswasmeagr
e.The
det
eri
orat
ionofv
eter
inar
yandf
isher
ieseducat
ionunderanagr
icul
tur
aluni
ver
sit
ies
set
-upl
edt
otheest
abl
i
shmentofsepar
ateuni
ver
sit
iesf
orv
eter
inar
yandani
mal
sci
ences,i
ncl
udi
ngFi
sher
ies,atTami
lNadui
nMadr
asi
n1989;atCal
cut
tai
nWest
Bengali
n 1995 and mostr
ecent
ly,i
nthest
ateofMahar
asht
rai
n 2001.Mor
e
v
eter
inar
yuni
ver
sit
iesar
eint
heof
fi
ngi
nthenearf
utur
einmanyot
herst
ates.
Ther
ear
enow36v
eter
inar
ycol
l
egesi
nIndi
aof
fer
ingcomposi
tepr
ogr
ammes
i
nvet
eri
nar
ysci
enceandani
malhusbandr
y.Oft
he36col
l
eges,28f
unct
ionunder
agr
icul
tur
aluni
ver
sit
iesofdi
ff
erentst
ates;t
woot
herar
einTami
lNaduVet
eri
nar
y
and Ani
malSci
ence Uni
ver
sit
y,one i
n WestBengal
,and f
ivei
n Mahar
asht
ra
Vet
eri
nar
yUni
ver
sit
y.
Wi
tht
heemer
genceoft
heVet
eri
nar
yCounci
lofI
ndi
ain1981ast
hecent
ral
9
gui
dingf
orcef
orv
eter
inar
yeducat
ionandhi
gherl
ear
ningi
nthecount
ry,ani
mal
husbandr
yandv
eter
inar
yext
ensi
oneducat
ionhasbeeni
ntr
oducedasacompul
sor
y
subj
ectf
oral
lunder
-gr
aduat
est
udent
sinv
eter
inar
ysci
ences.Thegr
oundwor
kfor
post
-gr
aduat
eeducat
ionandr
esear
chi
nthi
ssubj
ecthasal
sobeenl
aid.
Post
-gr
aduat
e pr
ogr
amme i
n Vet
eri
nar
y Ext
ensi
on Educat
ion was
commencedatI
ndi
anVet
eri
nar
yResear
chI
nst
it
ute(
IVRI
),I
zat
nagari
n1985.

10
TYPESOFEDUCATI
ON-FORMAL,
NON-
FORMALANDI
NFORMAL

Educat
ioni
sthepr
ocessofbr
ingi
ngdesi
rabl
echangei
ntot
hebehav
iourof
humanbei
ng.I
tcanbedef
inedast
hepr
ocessofi
mpar
ti
ngoracqui
ri
ngknowl
edge
andhabi
tst
hroughi
nst
ruct
ionorst
udy
.
Whenl
ear
ningi
spr
ogr
essi
ngt
owar
dsgoal
sthathav
ebeenest
abl
i
shedi
n
accor
dancewi
thaphi
l
osophywhi
chhasbeendef
inedf
or,andi
sunder
stoodbyt
he
l
ear
ner
,iti
scal
l
ed‘
Educat
ion’
.
Thebehav
iour
alchangesmustbedi
rect
edt
owar
dsadesi
rabl
eend.They
shoul
dbeaccept
abl
esoci
all
y,cul
tur
all
yandeconomi
cal
l
yandr
esul
tinachangei
n
knowl
edge,ski
l
l,at
ti
tude and under
standi
ng.Thus i
n educat
ion t
he gr
eat
est
emphasi
sshoul
dbepl
acedont
hebehav
iour
alcomponentofani
ndi
vi
dual
.
Thebr
oadcl
assi
fi
cat
ionofeducat
ioni
s-
1.For
mal
Educat
ion
2.Non-f
ormal
Educat
ion
3.I
nfor
mal
Educat
ion
For
malEducat
ion:i
tisbasi
cal
l
yoni
nst
it
uti
onalact
ivi
ty,uni
for
m andsubj
ect
-
or
ient
ed,f
ullt
ime,sequent
ial
,hi
erar
chi
cal
l
yst
ruct
ured,l
eadi
ngt
ocer
ti
fi
cat
e,degr
ee
ordi
ploma.
Non-f
ormalEducat
ion:
1.I
tisnotf
ormal
2.I
tisf
lexi
ble
3.I
tisl
i
fe,
env
ironmentandl
ear
neror
ient
ed
4.I
tisdi
ver
sif
iedi
ncont
entandmet
hod
5.I
tisnon-
aut
hor
it
ari
an
6.I
tisbui
l
tonl
ear
nerpar
ti
cipat
ion
7.I
tmobi
l
isesl
ocal
resour
ces
8.I
tenr
icheshumanandenv
ironment
alpot
ent
ial
.

I
nfor
maleducat
ion:Theday
-to-
daypr
ocessofl
ear
ning,
wher
ebyknowl
edgei
s
t
ransf
err
ed i
nthe cont
extoft
he f
ami
l
y,t
he nei
ghbour
hood,t
he dai
l
ywor
king
r
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenpeopl
eandt
hrought
hemedi
a.Thebestexampl
eist
heway
onel
ear
nsathomeespeci
all
ywhenhi
smot
hert
eacheshi
m.Ther
eisnei
theraf
ixed
cur
ri
cul
um norr
ulesofl
ear
ning.

11
For
mal
educat
ion Ext
ensi
oneducat
ion
St
art
s wi
tht
heor
y and wor
ks upt
o St
art
swi
thpr
act
icesandmayt
akeup
pr
act
ice t
heor
ylat
eron
St
udent
sst
udysubj
ect
s Peopl
esst
udypr
obl
ems
Fi
xedcur
ri
cul
um of
fer
ed No f
ixed cur
ri
cul
um orcour
ses of
st
udi
esand peopl
e hel
ptof
ormul
ate
t
hecur
ri
cul
um
Aut
hor
it
yrest
swi
tht
het
eacher Aut
hor
it
yrest
swi
tht
hepeopl
es
At
tendancei
scompul
sor
y Par
ti
cipat
ioni
svol
unt
ary
Teacheri
nst
ructt
hest
udent
s Ext
ensi
on wor
ker t
eaches and al
so
l
ear
nsf
rom t
hepeopl
es
Teachi
ngi
sonl
ythei
nst
ruct
or Teachi
ngi
sal
sot
hroughl
ocal
leader
s
Teachi
ngi
smai
nlyt
hev
ert
ical Teachi
ngi
smai
nlyhor
izont
al
Pr
e-pr
ogr
ammed and pr
e-deci
ded Fr
eedom t
odev
eloppr
ogr
ammesl
ocal
l
y
pr
ogr
ammes basedont
hedev
elopmentneedsand
expr
esseddesi
reoft
hest
akehol
der
sof
dev
elopment
I
tisr
igi
d I
tisnotf
lexi
ble
Mor
etheor
eti
cal Mor
e pr
act
ical and i
ntended f
or
i
mmedi
ateappl
i
cat
ioni
nthesol
uti
onof
t
hepr
obl
ems
Mor
eorl
esshomogenousaudi
ence Het
erogeneousaudi
ence

 Ext
ensi
on educat
ion-
the t
erm ex
tensi
on educat
ion combi
nes bot
h adul
t
educat
ionandi
nfor
maleducat
ion.I
tisconcer
nedwi
theducat
ingadul
tsi
.e.
f
armer
sorhomemaker
s,noti
nthel
ett
erandabst
ract
s,r
ammerorl
anguage
buti
nthet
echni
quesofr
aisi
ngbet
tercr
ops,
bet
terani
mal
s,bet
terf
rui
ttr
ees.
Managi
ngt
hehomei
namor
eef
fi
cientway
,rear
ingchi
l
drensci
ent
if
ical
l
y,et
c.
 Ther
efor
e,ext
ensi
oneducat
ioncanbei
nthef
oll
owi
ngar
ea-
1.Agr
icul
tur
eExt
ensi
on
2.Vet
eri
nar
yandA.
H.Ext
ensi
on
3.Agr
icul
tur
alEngi
neer
ing
4.HomeSci
enceExt
ensi
on
5.I
ndust
ryExt
ensi
on
6.Fi
sher
yExt
ensi
on
7.Heal
thExt
ensi
on
12
Concept
sofExt
ensi
onEducat
ion:
• Thet
erm ext
ensi
onhasi
tsor
igi
nint
heLat
inwor
d,t
ensi
o,meani
ng,
str
etchi
ng
andextmeani
ngout
.
• Thel
i
ter
almeani
ngofext
ensi
oni
sst
ret
chi
ngoutwhi
chi
mpl
i
est
hatext
ensi
on
i
sanoutofschool
syst
em ofeducat
ion.
• Accor
dingt
oJ.
P.Leagan:
-
Ext
ensi
onEducat
ioni
sanappl
i
edsci
enceconsi
sti
ngofcont
ent
sder
ivedf
rom
r
esear
ch,
accumul
atedf
iel
dexper
ienceandr
elev
antpr
inci
plesdr
awnf
rom t
he
behav
iour
alsci
ence sy
nthesi
zed wi
th usef
ult
echnol
ogy i
nto a body of
phi
l
osophy
,pr
inci
ples,cont
entar
emet
hodsf
ocusedont
hepr
obl
emsofout
ofschool
educat
ionf
oradul
tsandy
out
h.
• Ext
ensi
onEducat
ioni
sthepr
ocessoft
eachi
ngr
uralpeopl
ehowt
oli
vebet
ter
byl
ear
ningway
sthati
mpr
ovet
hei
rfar
m,homeandcommuni
tyi
nst
it
uti
on.
• Ext
ensi
onwor
kisanoutofschoolsy
stem ofeducat
ioni
nwhi
chadul
tand
y
oungpeopl
elear
nbydoi
ngwi
thpar
tner
shi
pbet
weenGov
ernmentandt
he
peopl
e,whi
chpr
ovi
deser
viceandeducat
iondesi
gnedt
omeett
hepeopl
ewi
th
af
undament
alobj
ect
ivesofdev
elopmentoft
hepeopl
e.
• Accor
dingt
oD.Ensmi
nger
:-
Ext
ensi
oni
sapr
ogr
ammeandapr
ocessofhel
pingv
il
lagepeopl
etohel
p
t
hemsel
ves,i
ncr
easet
hei
rpr
oduct
ionandt
orai
set
hei
rgener
alst
andar
dof
l
i
ving.
• Accor
dingt
oH.
W.Bhat
t:-
Ext
ensi
oni
stoi
ncr
easeddi
ssemi
nat
ionofusef
ulknowl
edgef
ori
mpr
ovi
ng
r
ural
li
fe.
• Accor
dingt
oO.
P.Dehama:
-
Ext
ensi
on educat
ion i
s def
ined as an educat
ionalpr
ocess t
o pr
ovi
de
knowl
edget
other
uralpeopl
eabouti
mpr
oved pr
act
icesi
n a conv
inci
ng
mannerandhel
pthem t
otakedeci
sionwi
thi
nthei
rspeci
fi
clocal
condi
ti
ons.
Ther
efor
e,Ext
ensi
onEducat
ionhast
hef
oll
owi
ngcommonel
ement
s-
• I
tisani
nter
vent
ion
• I
tisaneducat
ional
process
• I
tisacommuni
cat
ioni
nter
vent
ion
• I
ntendst
oinducev
olunt
arychangei
nbehav
iour
• Focusesonanumberoft
argetpr
ocessesandout
comes
• Hasat
echnol
ogi
cal
,resear
chandpr
ofessi
onal
dimensi
on.
13
Al
ldev
elopmentor
gani
sat
ionpayat
tent
iont
osomeoral
loft
heabov
easpect
sin
t
hei
rext
ensi
onwor
k.Fr
om t
heabov
edi
scussi
oni
tcanbeconcl
udedt
hatext
ensi
on
i
s an educat
ion and i
tis ai
med atbr
ingi
ng a desi
rabl
e change i
n behav
iour
(
knowl
edge,ski
l
landat
ti
tude)ofpeopl
esoast
oinv
olv
ethem act
ivel
yint
opr
ocess
ofdev
elopment
.
Pur
poseandsi
gni
fi
canceofAni
mal
Husbandr
yExt
ensi
on:
Ani
malhusbandr
yext
ensi
oni
nvol
vessy
stemat
icandor
gani
zedcommuni
cat
ionwi
th
l
i
vest
ockownerwi
thav
iewt
ohel
pingi
nsuchawayt
hatt
hel
i
vest
ockowner
-
1.Obt
ain a bet
teri
nsi
ghti
ntot
hei
rpr
esentand f
utur
e posi
ti
on as
l
i
vest
ockowner
.
2.Accl
aim suf
fi
cient knowl
edge and ski
l
ls necessar
yto i
ncr
ease
pr
oduct
ionorr
educecostofpr
oduct
ion.
3.Dev
elopsposi
ti
veat
ti
tudeofl
i
vest
ockdev
elopment
4.Abl
etochoosef
easi
bleandopt
imum obj
ect
ives
5.Abl
etoi
dent
if
ypr
obl
ems,
lookf
orsol
uti
on,
sol
vet
opr
obl
emsi
dent
if
ied
andev
aluat
ether
esul
tswi
thi
nthef
armi
ngsy
stem si
tuat
ioni
nwhi
ch
t
heyar
eoper
ati
ng.
Lev
elofExt
ensi
onEducat
ion:
 InIndi
a,therear efourl evel
swher eextensionwor ksint heirr espectivef i
eld.
Theseare: -
Extensi
on Descr ipti
on Organizat ions
System
1 Fi
rst Line Compr isi
ng mai nly Union & St ate Mi nistr
ies of
Extensi
on Union & State Agriculture, Rur al Dev el
opment ,
System Ministries; Resear ch health&Fami lyWel f
are.
Counci ls and t heirI ndi
an Counci l of Agr icultural
Resear ch I
nstitutes Resear ch( I
CAR) ,I ndian Counci lof
functioning under Medi calResear ch ( I CMR) ,I ndian
vari
ous Ministri
es; Counci l f or Soci al Sci ence
National and St ate Resear ch( I
CSSR) ,I ndian Counci lfor
I
nstitute for ForestryResear ch(I CFR)
Development of National I nstitute of Rur al
dif
ferentsect ors;and Dev elopment (
NIRD) , Nat i
onal
Central and St ate Inst
itute f or Heal th and Fami ly
Universi t
ies. Welfare( NIHFW) , Nat i
onal I nstit
ute
for Agricultural Extension
Management (
MANAGE) .
Cent r
al Univ ersiti
es, State
AgriculturalUni versiti
es,St ateHeal th
Universities,Gener al Universit
ies
2 Second or Compr isi
ng mai nly State Depar tment s of Agr i
culture,
Middle Lev el StateDepar t
ment sf or Animal Husbandr y, Env ir
onment ,
Extensi
on Development . Panchay ati Raj and Rur al
System Development ,Rev enue,Heal th and

14
 Fami l
yWelfar
e,Educat i
on,Energy
State Inst
itut
es for Rural
Dev el
opment
3 Third Lev el Compr ising mainly Vil
lageLevelExt ensionWor kersf or
Extension vil
l
agel evelextension vari
ousLineDepar tments.
System worker s under st ate
depar tment s.
4 NGOs and Dev elopment Councilf
orAdv ancementofPeopl e’s
Voluntary Extensi onwor kbyNon Act ion and Rur al Technol ogy
Organizati
ons - Gov ernment (CAPART).
Organi zat i
ons,
Volunt ary
Organi zat i
ons,
Business and
Corpor at eHouses.

DI
MENSI
ONOFEXTENSI
ON
Ther
ehasbeenev
olut
ionoft
heconcept
sov
ert
imeandt
hesear
easf
oll
ows:
1.Al
tr
uist
icdi
mensi
on:Al
tr
uism meansconcer
nsf
ort
hei
nter
estofot
her
s.
Ext
ensi
ondesi
rest
ohel
pfar
mer
s.
2.Educat
iondi
mensi
on:
Thi
sdi
mensi
oni
snon-
for
mal
innat
ure.
3.Communi
cat
ion di
mensi
on:Ex
tensi
on i
s pur
posef
ul,usef
ul,i
ntel
l
igent
communi
cat
ion.
4.Behav
iour
aldi
mensi
on:Ex
tensi
onai
msatbr
ingi
ngbehav
iour
alchangesi
n
t
hef
armer
s.
5.Technol
ogydi
mensi
on:Technol
ogyt
ransf
eri
sanessent
ial
par
tofext
ensi
on.
6.Resear
ch di
mensi
on:Resear
cht
o bemeani
ngf
ulmusthav
eli
nkagewi
th
f
armer
sthr
oughext
ensi
on.
7.I
ncome di
mensi
on:Ext
ensi
on shoul
dlead t
o enhanced pr
oduct
ion and
pr
oduct
ivi
ty.
8.I
nput
sdi
mensi
on:Thef
armerneedst
obeeducat
edbot
hont
het
echnol
ogy
andi
nputdi
mensi
onbasedonmar
ketcondi
ti
ons.
9. Pr
ofessi
onaldi
mensi
on:Ext
ensi
oni
npr
act
iceshoul
dbebusi
ness-
li
keand
pr
ofessi
onal
l
ycompet
entt
oef
fect
ivel
ydel
i
verser
vicest
ocl
i
ent
s.
10.
Managementdi
mensi
on:t
hisr
ecei
vedat
tent
ionr
ecent
lywhenweaknessi
n
t
heexi
sti
ngsy
stem becamepr
onounced.Managementdi
mensi
oni
sli
kel
yto
become t
he mosti
mpor
tantand cr
it
icaldet
ermi
nant
.Managementof
ext
ensi
onhasbeendef
inedast
hepr
ocesswher
epeopl
e,t
echnol
ogy
,job
t
asksandot
herr
esour
cesar
ecombi
nedandcoor
dinat
edsoast
oef
fect
ivel
y
achi
eveext
ensi
onobj
ect
ivesf
oragr
icul
tur
aldev
elopment
.

15
Pr
inci
plesofExt
ensi
on:
1.Pr
inci
pleofi
nter
est&need.
Ext
ensi
onwor
kmustbebasedont
heneeds&i
nter
est
soft
hepeopl
e.Theseneeds
&i
nter
est
sdi
ff
erf
rom i
ndi
vi
dualt
oindi
vi
dual
,fr
om v
il
laget
ovi
l
lage,f
rom bl
ockt
o
bl
ock,&f
rom st
atet
ost
ate&,t
her
efor
e,t
her
ecannotbeonepr
ogr
ammef
oral
l
peopl
e.
2.Pr
inci
pleofcul
tur
aldi
ff
erence.
Ext
ensi
onwor
kisbasedont
hecul
tur
albackgr
oundoft
hepeopl
ewi
thwhom t
he
wor
kisdone.I
mpr
ovementcanonl
ybegi
nfr
om t
hel
eveloft
hepeopl
ewher
ethey
ar
e.Thi
smeanst
hatt
heext
ensi
onwor
kerhast
oknowt
hel
eveloft
heknowl
edge,
&
t
heski
l
lsoft
hepeopl
e,met
hods&t
ool
susedbyt
hem,t
hei
rcust
oms,t
radi
ti
ons,
bel
i
efs,
val
ues,
etc.bef
orest
art
ingt
heext
ensi
onpr
ogr
amme.
3.Pr
inci
pleofpar
ti
cipat
ion.
Ext
ensi
on hel
ps peopl
eto hel
pthemsel
ves.Good ext
ensi
on wor
kis di
rect
ed
t
owar
dsassi
sti
ngr
uralf
ami
l
iest
owor
koutt
hei
rownpr
obl
emsr
athert
hangi
vi
ng
t
hem r
eady
madesol
uti
ons.Act
ualpar
ti
cipat
ion& exper
ienceofpeopl
eint
hese
pr
ogr
ammescr
eat
essel
f-
conf
idencei
nthem &al
sot
heyl
ear
nmor
ebydoi
ng.
4.Pr
inci
pleofadapt
abi
li
ty.
Peopl
edi
ff
erf
rom eachot
her
;onegr
oupdi
ff
ersf
rom anot
hergr
oup&condi
ti
ons
al
sodi
ff
erf
rom pl
acet
opl
ace.Anex
tensi
onpr
ogr
ammeshoul
dbef
lexi
ble,sot
hat
necessar
ychangescanbemadewhenev
erneeded,
tomeett
hev
ary
ingcondi
ti
ons.
5.Thegr
assr
oot
spr
inci
pleofor
gani
sat
ion.
Agr
oupofr
uralpeopl
einl
ocalcommuni
tyshoul
dsponsorext
ensi
onwor
k.The
pr
ogr
ammeshoul
dfi
tinwi
tht
hel
ocalcondi
ti
ons.Theai
m ofor
gani
singt
hel
ocal
gr
oupi
stodemonst
rat
ethev
alueoft
henewpr
act
icesorpr
ogr
ammessot
hatmor
e
&mor
epeopl
ewoul
dpar
ti
cipat
e.
6.Thel
eader
shi
ppr
inci
ple.
Ext
ensi
onwor
kisbasedont
hef
ullut
il
isat
ionofl
ocall
eader
shi
p.Thesel
ect
ion&
t
rai
ningofl
ocall
eader
stoenabl
ethem t
ohel
ptocar
ryoutext
ensi
onwor
kis
essent
ialt
othesuccessoft
hepr
ogr
amme.Peopl
ehav
emor
efai
thi
nlocall
eader
s
&t
heyshoul
dbeusedt
oputacr
ossanewi
deasot
hati
tisaccept
edwi
tht
hel
east
r
esi
stance.
7.Thewhol
e-f
ami
lypr
inci
ple.
Ext
ensi
onwor
kwi
l
lhav
eabet
terchanceofsuccessi
ftheext
ensi
onwor
ker
shav
ea
whol
e-f
ami
l
yappr
oachi
nst
eadofpi
ecemealappr
oachorsepar
ate&uni
ntegr
ated
appr
oach.Ext
ensi
onwor
kis,t
her
efor
e,f
ort
hewhol
efami
l
y,i
.e.f
ormal
e,f
emal
e&
16
t
hey
out
h.
8.Pr
inci
pleofco-
oper
ati
on.
Ext
ensi
oni
saco-
oper
ati
vev
ent
ure.I
tisaj
ointdemocr
ati
cent
erpr
isei
nwhi
chr
ural
peopl
eco-
oper
atewi
tht
hei
rvi
l
lage,bl
ock&st
ateof
fi
cial
stopur
sueacommon
cause.
9.Pr
inci
pleofsat
isf
act
ion.
Theend-
productoft
heef
for
tofex
tensi
ont
eachi
ngi
sthesat
isf
act
iont
hatcomest
o
t
hef
armer
,hi
swi
feory
oungst
ersast
her
esul
tofsol
vi
ngapr
obl
em,
meet
inganeed,
acqui
ri
nganewski
l
lorsomeot
herchangesi
nbehav
iour
.Sat
isf
act
ioni
sthekeyt
o
successi
next
ensi
onwor
k."
Asat
isf
iedcust
omeri
sthebestadv
ert
isement
."
10.
Theev
aluat
ionpr
inci
ple.
Ext
ensi
oni
sbasedupont
hemet
hodsofsci
ence,&i
tneedsconst
antev
aluat
ion.
Theef
fect
ivenessoft
hewor
kismeasur
edi
nter
msoft
hechangesbr
oughtabouti
n
t
heknowl
edge,ski
l
l,at
ti
tude&adopt
ionbehav
iouroft
hepeopl
ebutnotmer
elyi
n
t
ermsofachi
evementofphy
sical
tar
get
s.
11.
Pri
nci
pleofdemocr
ati
cappr
oach.
Ext
ensi
oneducat
ioni
sbasedupont
hedemocr
ati
cpr
inci
pleofdi
scussi
onsand
suggest
ions.Par
ti
cipat
ion ofpeopl
ein ext
ensi
on act
ivi
ti
es i
svol
unt
ary and
dev
elopmenti
nter
vent
ionsar
ecar
ri
edoutbasedont
heper
cei
vedneedsoft
he
peopl
e.

ThePhi
losophyofExt
ensi
on:
Accor
dingt
oMi
l
dredHor
tont
hepr
inci
plesofext
ensi
onphi
l
osophyar
e:
 Thei
ndi
vi
dual
issupr
emei
nademocr
acy
 Thehomei
sthef
undament
aluni
tinaci
vi
li
zat
ion
 Thef
ami
l
yist
hef
ir
stt
rai
ninggr
oupoft
hehumanr
ace
 Thef
oundat
ionofanyper
manentci
vi
li
zat
ionmustr
estont
hepar
tner
shi
pof
manandl
and(
nat
ure)
.
Accor
dingt
oEnsmi
nger
,ext
ensi
onphi
l
osophyi
s:-
 Changi
ngat
ti
tudes,
knowl
edgeandski
l
lsoft
hepeopl
e
 Wor
kingwi
thmenandwomen,y
oungpeopl
e,boy
sandgi
rl
stoanswert
hei
r
needsandwant
s.
 Hel
pingpeopl
etohel
pthemsel
ves
 “
Lear
ningbydoi
ng”and“
seei
ngi
sbel
i
evi
ng”
.
 Dev
elopmentofi
ndi
vi
dual
s,t
hei
rleader
s,t
hei
rsoci
etyandt
hei
rwor
ldasa

17
 whol
e.
 Wor
kingi
nhar
monywi
tht
hecul
tur
eoft
hepeopl
e
 At
wo-
waychannel
 Acont
inuouseducat
ional
process.

Obj
ect
ives:
Thel
i
ter
almeani
ng oft
het
erm,obj
ect
ives,i
stheexpr
essi
onsoft
heends
t
owar
dswhi
chouref
for
tsar
etobedi
rect
ed.I
not
herwor
ds,anobj
ect
ivemeansa
di
rect
ionofmov
ement
.Bef
orest
art
inganydev
elopmentpr
ogr
amme,y
oushoul
d
cl
ear
lyunder
standt
heobj
ect
ivesoft
heex
tensi
onsot
haty
ouknow whatt
odo,
wher
eto go,and whati
sto be achi
eved.I
nthe cont
extofdev
elopment
,the
f
undament
alobj
ect
iveofext
ensi
oni
stost
imul
atedesi
rabl
edev
elopment
.
Howev
er,t
her
olet
hatext
ensi
onpl
aysi
nthedev
elopmentdependsonhow one
def
inesext
ensi
on.Byappl
yi
ngt
hedef
ini
ti
onsgi
veni
ntheabov
esect
ion,wemay
ar
ri
veataconceptofext
ensi
ont
hatseemst
osy
nthesi
zedi
ver
seper
spect
ivesof
dev
elopmenti
ntof
iveobj
ect
ives:
1.Tr
ansf
err
ingknowl
edgef
rom r
esear
cher
stopeopl
eenduser
s.
2.Adv
isi
ngpeopl
eint
hei
rdeci
sionmaki
ng
3.Educat
ingpeopl
etobeabl
etomakesi
mil
ardeci
sionsi
nfut
ure
4.Enabl
i
ngpeopl
etocl
ari
fyt
hei
rowngoal
sandpossi
bil
i
tiesandt
oreal
i
zet
hem.
5.St
imul
ati
ngdesi
rabl
edev
elopment
swi
thi
nthef
ramewor
koft
henat
ional
,
economi
candsoci
alpol
i
ciesi
nvol
vi
ngal
lthesubsect
orsofdev
elopmentas
awhol
e.
Funct
ion:
• The ext
ensi
on sy
stem i
ncl
udes al
lpubl
i
c,pr
ivat
e and non-
gov
ernment
dev
elopmenti
nst
it
uti
ons t
hatt
ransf
er,mobi
l
ize and educat
e peopl
e,as
di
sti
nctf
rom aser
viceorasi
ngl
einst
it
uti
ont
hat
,tr
adi
ti
onal
l
y,pr
ovi
desadv
ice
onl
y.
• Asetoff
unct
ionsofext
ensi
oni
ncl
udes:
1.Tr
ansf
err
ingt
echnol
ogyi
nmul
ti
pledi
rect
ionsf
orsust
ainabl
edev
elopment
2.Tr
ansf
err
ingmanagementt
omobi
l
izeandor
gani
zedev
elopment
alact
ivi
ti
es
byal
lcommuni
ti
es
3.Tr
ansf
err
ingcapaci
tyt
oeducat
e,bui
l
dhumanr
esour
cesandcapaci
tybui
l
ding
ofal
lst
akehol
der
s,mar
keti
ntel
l
igence,managementand i
n negot
iat
ing
f
inanci
al,
inputandmar
ketser
vices.
ScopeofExt
ensi
on:
18
Thedi
cti
onar
ymeani
ngofscopei
sspacef
oract
ion.Thescopeofext
ensi
oni
s
most
lydeal
i
ngwi
tht
hepr
obl
emsconcer
ningdev
elopmentpr
ogr
ammes.I
tteaches
peopl
ehowt
odosomet
hingandt
owor
koutway
sandmeanst
osat
isf
ythei
rown
f
eltneeds.I
tteachespeopl
ehowt
orecogni
zeandsol
vepr
obl
emsofdev
elopment
.It
i
saneducat
ionofact
ioni
ngr
oupsandmasses,wi
thi
nademocr
ati
cfr
amewor
kof
soci
ety
.Itemphasi
zest
hechangeofment
alout
lookoft
hepeopl
eandi
nst
il
sint
hem,
ambi
ti
onofhi
gherst
andar
dsofdev
elopment
,andt
hewi
l
landdet
ermi
nat
iont
owor
k
f
orsuchst
andar
ds.So,i
nshor
t,t
hescopeofext
ensi
oni
stoenabl
ethepeopl
eto
hav
e hi
gh st
andar
ds ofdev
elopmentso as t
oreach hi
gh l
i
ving st
andar
ds of
dev
elopment
,soast
oreachhi
ghl
i
vingst
andar
dsoft
hei
rownl
i
ves.
St
epsi
nExt
ensi
onTeachi
ng
Accor
dingt
oWi
l
sonandGal
l
up(
1955)t
hef
oll
owi
ngar
ethest
epsi
nteachi
ng-
l
ear
ningpr
ocess:
1.At
tent
ion
2.I
nter
est
3.Desi
re
4.Conv
ict
ion
5.Act
ion
6.Sat
isf
act
ion
1.At
tent
ion:
Thef
ir
stt
askofext
ensi
onwor
keri
stoat
tractat
tent
ionoft
hel
ear
nert
othe
new andbet
teri
deas.Far
mer
sar
etobemadeawar
eoft
hei
mpr
ovement
.Unt
ilt
he
i
ndi
vi
dual
sat
tent
ionhasbeenf
ocusedont
hechanget
hati
sconsi
der
eddesi
rabl
e,
t
her
eisnor
ecogni
ti
onofapr
obl
em t
obesol
vedorwantt
obesat
isf
ied.At
tent
ioni
s
t
hest
art
ingpoi
ntt
oar
ousi
ngoft
hei
nter
est
.
2.I
nter
est
:
Onceat
tent
ionhasbeencapt
uredi
tbecomespossi
blef
ort
het
eachert
o
appealt
othebasi
cneedsorur
gesoft
hei
ndi
vi
dualandar
ousehi
sint
eresti
nfur
ther
consi
der
ati
onoft
hei
dea.Ext
ensi
onwor
kerr
eveal
shownewpr
act
icewi
l
lcont
ri
but
e
t
othef
armer
’swel
far
e.Themessageshoul
dbepr
esent
edat
tract
ivel
y.
3.Desi
re:
Thedesi
rei
sconcer
nedwi
tht
hecont
inui
ngl
ear
ner
’si
nter
esti
nthei
deaor
bet
terpr
act
ice unt
ilt
hati
nter
estbecomes a desi
re ormot
ivat
ing f
orce.The
ext
ensi
onwor
kerexpl
ainst
hef
armer
sthatt
hei
nfor
mat
ionappl
i
esdi
rect
lyt
othe
f
armer
’ssi
tuat
iont
hatt
hedoi
ngoft
hiswoul
dsat
isf
yhi
sneeds.
4.Conv
ict
ion:
19
 Act
ionf
oll
owsdesi
re,
conv
ict
ionoft
hepeopl
eandpr
ospectofsat
isf
act
ion.I
n
t
hisst
epl
ear
nerknowswhatact
ioni
snecessar
yandj
usthowt
otaket
hatact
ion.He
al
somakessur
ethatt
hel
ear
nerv
isual
i
zest
heact
ioni
nter
msofhi
sownpecul
i
ar
si
tuat
ionandhasacqui
redconf
idencei
nhi
sownabi
l
ityt
odot
het
hing.
5.Act
ion:
Unl
essconv
ict
ioni
sconv
ert
edi
ntoact
ion,
theef
for
tsar
efr
uit
less.I
tist
hej
ob
ofext
ensi
onwor
kert
omakei
teasyf
ort
hef
armer
stoact
.Ifnewcont
rolmeasur
eis
t
heact
ionneededt
her
ecommendedchemi
cal
shoul
dbeav
ail
abl
ewi
thi
nthef
armer
s
r
each.Necessar
yequi
pmentshoul
dal
sobeav
ail
abl
e.I
fact
iondoesnotqui
ckl
y
f
oll
owt
hedesi
ret
henewi
deawi
l
lfadeaway
.Ther
efor
ethi
sphaseshoul
dnev
erbe
negl
ect
ed.
6.Sat
isf
act
ion:
Thi
sist
heendpr
oductoft
het
eachi
ngpr
ocess.Fol
l
ow upbyt
heext
ensi
on
wor
kerhel
ps t
he f
armer
stol
ear
nto ev
aluat
ethei
rpr
ogr
ess and st
rengt
hens
sat
isf
act
ion.Sat
isf
act
ionhel
pst
ocont
inuehi
sact
ionwi
thi
ncr
easedsat
isf
act
ion.I
t
i
sthe mot
ivat
ing f
orce t
ofur
therl
ear
ning.“
A sat
isf
ied cust
omeri
sthe best
adv
ert
isement
”wi
l
lal
soappl
ytot
heext
ensi
onwor
ker
.
Thet
eacherhast
oar
ranget
hel
ear
ningsi
tuat
ionsi
nal
lthesi
xteachi
ngst
eps
wi
tht
hehel
pofext
ensi
ont
eachi
ngmet
hods.Var
ioust
eachi
ngmet
hodsar
enot
equal
l
ysui
tedt
oadv
anceeachoft
hedi
ff
erentst
epsi
nteachi
ng,
eachmet
hodunder
cer
tai
nci
rcumst
ancesmakesacont
ri
but
iont
oeachst
ep.I
tdependsont
het
eacher
howhehur
dlest
hesi
tuat
ion.Theabov
esi
xst
epsar
eof
tenbl
endi
ngwi
theachot
her
andl
oset
hei
rcl
ear
-cuti
dent
it
y.Of
-cour
se,
thesest
epsar
ebasedonmot
ivat
ion.

Ext
ensi
onEducat
ionPr
ocess
Thepr
ocessofext
ensi
on,asappl
i
edt
odev
elopmentpr
ogr
ammes,i
nvol
vesf
ive
essent
ial
phases.Thephasesar
e:
1.Anal
yzi
ngt
heSi
tuat
ion
2.Deci
dingObj
ect
ives/
Goal
s
3.Teachi
ng
4.Ev
aluat
ion
5.Reconsi
der
ati
on

1.Anal
yzi
ngt
heSi
tuat
ion:
Thi
srequi
resal
argeamountoff
act
saboutal
laspect
soft
hesi
tuat
ionwher
e
ext
ensi
onwor
kist
obet
akenup.I
nfor
mat
ioni
sneededaboutt
hepeopl
es’
20
 i
nter
est
s,educat
ion,t
hei
rneeds,soci
alcust
oms,f
armi
ng sy
stems,wat
er
bodi
es,et
c.t
hesedet
ail
scanbeobt
ainedbyconduct
ingpar
ti
cipat
oryr
ural
appr
aisal
/r
api
drur
alappr
aisal
,andt
hesedet
ail
shel
pini
dent
if
yingsui
tabl
e
dev
elopment
alpr
ogr
ammet
othepr
obl
ems.
2.Obj
ect
ivesorGoal
stobeaccompl
ished:
Thebenef
ici
ari
esofdev
elopmentpr
ogr
ammesmustbei
nvol
vedi
nsel
ect
ing
al
i
mit
ednumberofobj
ect
iveswhi
chshoul
dst
atet
hebehav
iour
alchangesi
n
peopl
easwel
last
heeconomi
corsoci
alout
comesdesi
red.
3.Teachi
ng:
Teachi
ngi
sthepr
ocessofar
rangi
ngsi
tuat
ionsi
nwhi
cht
het
hingst
obe
l
ear
ntar
ebr
oughtt
othenot
iceoft
hepeopl
e,t
hei
rint
eresti
sdev
eloped,
anda
desi
ref
orchangei
sar
oused,i
.e.
,theyar
est
imul
atedt
oact
ion.Theessent
ial
r
oleofanext
ensi
onwor
keri
stocr
eat
eef
fect
ivel
ear
ningsi
tuat
ionswi
tht
he
f
oll
owi
ngessent
ial
element
s
i
) I
nst
ruct
or-ext
ensi
onwor
kerl
i
key
ou.
i
i
) Lear
ner
s-al
lst
akehol
der
sofdev
elopmentpr
ogr
ammes.
i
i
i) Subj
ectmat
ter
-pl
anneddev
elopment
alact
ivi
ty.Exampl
es:par
ti
cipat
ory
i
rr
igat
ion management
, communi
tyf
orest management
, mi
ner
al
mi
xtur
efeedi
ngt
oli
vest
ock,
etc.
i
v) Teachi
ng mat
eri
als- f
lannel
-boar
d, bl
ack-
boar
d, char
ts, model
s,
sampl
es,
sli
des,
fil
m show,
etc.
,onpar
ti
cipat
oryi
rr
igat
ionmanagement
.
v
) Phy
sical
faci
l
iti
es-si
tt
ingaccommodat
ion,
goodv
isi
bil
i
ty,
etc.

4.Ev
aluat
ingt
heTeachi
ng:
Ev
aluat
ioni
stodet
ermi
ningt
heext
entt
owhi
cht
heobj
ect
iveshav
ebeen
r
eached.Pl
ansf
orev
aluat
ionshoul
dbebui
l
tint
othepl
ansofwor
kdur
ing
ear
li
erphases.Remember
,adi
sti
nct
ionshoul
dbemadef
rom mer
erecor
dsof
accompl
i
shment
sfr
om obj
ect
ivesst
ated.
5. Reconsi
der
ing:
Thi
sst
epconsi
stsofar
evi
ewofpr
evi
ousef
for
tsandr
esul
tswhi
chr
eveala
newsi
tuat
ion.I
fthi
snewsi
tuat
ionshowst
heneedf
orf
urt
herwor
k,t
hent
he
whol
epr
ocessmaybegi
nagai
n,wi
thnewormodi
fi
edobj
ect
ives.

Thesest
epsar
eint
endedonl
ytocl
ari
fyt
henecessar
yact
ionsi
ncar
ryi
ngout
apl
annedext
ensi
oneducat
ionef
for
t.I
tdoesnoti
mpl
ythatt
hesest
epsar
edef
ini
tel
y
separ
atef
rom eachot
her
.Sev
eralex
per
iencest
ellust
hatpl
anni
ng,t
eachi
ngand
21
ev
aluat
iont
akepl
acecont
inuousl
yinv
ary
ing degr
eest
hroughoutal
lphasesof
ext
ensi
onpr
ocess.

CONCEPTSOFNEED
Needi
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weenwhati
sandwhatoughtt
obe.
I
timpl
i
escondi
ti
ons,
incl
udi
ng-
1. Necessi
ty
2. Requi
rement
3. Ur
gency
4. Scar
cit
y
5. Lacket
c.

BASI
CASPECTS-
1. Men as i
ndependent l
i
ving sy
stem cont
inuousl
y i
nter
act wi
tht
he
sur
roundi
ngenv
ironment
.
2. Peopl
e’
sneedsar
etobei
dent
if
iedbyf
indi
ngt
hroughPr
ogr
amme,Pr
ocess,
Act
ualt
oPossi
bleandt
heVal
uabl
e.
3. Need’
soft
hecommuni
tymaybedi
ff
erencebet
weenwhati
s,whatcoul
dbe
andwhatoughtt
obe
4. Peopl
ehav
etor
ecogni
zet
hegapbet
weenact
ual
,possi
bleanddesi
rabl
eand
pl
acev
alueonat
tai
ningt
hedesi
rabl
econdi
ti
onsbef
oret
heywi
l
lbecome
mot
ivat
edt
ochangei
nadesi
rabl
edi
rect
ion.
Needmaybe-
o Phy
sical
-Food,
Clot
h,House
o Soci
al-Gr
oupst
atus,
Bel
ongi
ngness,
Aff
ect
ion
o I
ntegr
ati
veneed-Needt
orel
ateonesel
ftosomet
hingl
argerandbey
ond
onesel
f
Fr
om psy
chol
ogi
cal
standpoi
nt,
wemaycl
assi
fyneedi
ntot
wocat
egor
ies
o Fel
tneedorconsci
ousl
yrecogni
zedi
.e.Theneedofwhi
cht
hepeopl
ear
e
awar
eof
.
o Unf
eltneedorunr
ecogni
zedneedi
.e.Theneedofwhi
cht
hepeopl
ear
enot
awar
eofatpr
esent
.Unf
eltneedmaybebr
oughtt
othel
eveloff
eltneed
t
hroughappr
opr
iat
emot
ivat
ional
techni
ques.

22
 RURALDEVELOPMENT-
(
ITSCONCEPT,
SIGNI
FICANCEANDI
MPORTANCEOFRURALDEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMMEFORPOVERTYALLEVI
ATI
ON)
Asaconceptr
uraldev
elopmentconnot
esov
eral
ldev
elopmentofr
uralar
easwi
tha
v
iewt
oimpr
ovet
hequal
i
tyofl
i
feofpeopl
e.I
nthi
ssense,
iti
sacompr
ehensi
veand
mul
ti
-di
mensi
onalconceptandencompassest
hedev
elopmentofagr
icul
tur
eand
al
l
iedact
ivi
ti
es-v
il
lageandcot
tagei
ndust
ri
es,
andabov
eal
l
,thehumanr
esour
cesi
n
r
ural
areas.
Asaphenomenon,i
tisdesi
gnedt
oimpr
ovet
heeconomi
candsoci
alwel
l
bei
ngofa
speci
fi
cgr
oupofpeopl
e-t
her
ural
poor
.Asdi
sci
pli
nes,
iti
smul
ti
disci
pli
nar
yinnat
ure
r
epr
esent
ing a i
nter
sect
ion ofagr
icul
tur
e,soci
al,behav
iour
al,engi
neer
ing and
managementsci
ences.
Ther
efor
e,r
uraldev
elopmenti
sapr
ocessofdev
elopi
ngandut
il
izi
ngnat
ural
and human r
esour
ces,t
echnol
ogi
es,i
nfr
ast
ruct
uralf
aci
l
iti
es,i
nst
it
uti
ons and
or
gani
sat
ionandgov
t.pol
i
ciesandpr
ogr
ammest
oincr
easeandspeedupt
owar
ds,
economi
cgr
owt
hinr
uralar
eas,t
opr
ovi
dej
obs,andt
oimpr
ovet
hequal
i
tyofl
i
fe
t
owar
dsel
f-
sust
enance.
I
naddi
ti
ont
oeconomi
cgr
owt
h,t
hispr
ocesst
ypi
cal
l
yinv
olv
eschangei
n
popul
arat
ti
tudes,andi
nmanycasesev
eni
ncust
omsandbel
i
efs.I
nanut
shel
lthe
pr
ocessofr
uraldev
elopmentmustr
epr
esentt
heent
ir
egamutofchangebywhi
cha
soci
alsy
stem mov
esawayf
rom ast
ateofl
i
feper
cei
vedunsat
isf
act
oryt
owar
dsa
mat
eri
all
yandspi
ri
tual
l
ybet
tercondi
ti
onofl
i
fe.
DYNAMI
CSOFRURALDEVELOPMENT
Pastnar
rat
ivesofr
uraldev
elopmenthav
eincl
uded-communi
tydev
elopment
,the
Gr
eenRev
olut
ion,I
ntegr
atedRur
aldev
elopment
.Cur
rentnar
rat
ivesi
ncl
ude-anew
doubl
y gr
een r
evol
uti
on,sust
ainabl
e agr
icul
tur
e,r
urall
i
vel
i
hoods,pr
omot
ion
pr
ogr
ammest
hatdr
aw r
urali
nvest
ment
s,gr
owt
hofr
uralf
inanci
ali
nst
it
uti
onand
dev
elopmentofr
ural
ent
erpr
ises.
BASI
CELEMENTSOFRURALDEVELOPMENT
Ther
ear
ethr
eebasi
cel
ement
sofr
uraldev
elopment
.Thef
ir
standf
oremostorv
ery
di
ff
icul
ttosur
viv
e.Thesebasi
cnecessi
ti
esi
ncl
udef
ood,cl
oths,shel
ter
,heal
thcar
e
andsecur
it
y.
Thesecondel
ementofdev
elopmenti
ssel
f-
respect
.Thi
sist
ruef
orev
ery
per
sonandev
erynat
ionseekssomebasi
cfor
m ofsel
f-
respect
,di
gni
tyorhonour
.
23
Absenceordeni
alofsel
f-
est
eem i
ndi
cat
esal
ackofdev
elopment
.Thenextel
ement
i
sfr
eedom;i
nthi
scont
extf
reedom r
efer
stopol
i
ticalori
deol
ogi
calf
reedom and
f
reedom f
rom ser
vit
ude.
Thi
sneweconomi
cvi
ewofdev
elopmentconsi
der
sreduct
ionorel
i
minat
ionof
pov
ert
y,i
n-equal
i
tyandunempl
oymentasani
mpor
tanti
ndexofdev
elopment
.

CONSTRAI
NT/PROBLEMSI
NRURALDEVELOPMENT

Ther
ear
esev
eralpr
obl
emsencount
eredbyourr
uralsoci
ety
.Thesepr
obl
ems
orconst
rai
nts hav
eto be r
emov
ed i
n or
dert
oincr
ease t
he speed ofr
ural
dev
elopment
.
Somemaj
orpr
obl
emsar
edi
scussedbel
ow:
-
1.Pov
ert
y:-Pov
ert
yisconsi
der
edt
obeoneoft
hemaj
orhur
dlesi
nthepat
h
ofdev
elopment
.Pov
ert
yref
erst
oal
evelofl
i
vingsol
ow t
hati
tpr
event
s
nor
maldev
elopmentofhumanper
sonal
i
ty-phy
sical
,ment
alandsoci
al.
Accor
ding t
o Pl
anni
ng Commi
ssi
on,21.
1% peopl
e(est
imat
ed)i
nrur
al
ar
easofourcount
rywer
eli
vi
ngBel
owPov
ert
yLi
nei
n2007.
2.I
ll
it
eracy
:-Educat
ioni
sthekeyt
odev
elopment
.Howev
er,
muchhav
etobe
donet
oat
tai
n100per
centl
i
ter
acy
.Accor
dingt
o2001census,
li
ter
acyr
ate
i
nIndi
aisonl
y59.
40 I
nli
newi
tht
heef
for
tsofUN,t
her
ewas aneedt
o
ensur
ethatby2015,al
lchi
l
dren musthav
etor
ecei
vef
ullpr
imar
y
educat
ion.
3.Smal
lLandhol
dings:
-Wi
tht
hei
ncr
easeofpopul
ati
on,
thel
and,
oneoft
he
maj
orf
act
orsofpr
oduct
ion,
isbecomi
ngascar
cecommodi
ty.
4.Mal
nut
ri
ti
onandst
arv
ati
on:
-Iti
scl
osel
yli
nkedwi
tht
hei
ssueofext
reme
pov
ert
yaswel
lasmassawar
eness.Thei
nfantmor
tal
i
tyr
ate(
under
-1)
was54%i
n2007.
5.I
ll
-heal
th:-Becauseofl
ackofpr
operheal
thcar
efaci
l
iti
esandeducat
ion,
peopl
eoft
hecount
ryar
esuf
fer
ingf
rom v
ari
ousdi
seases.
6.I
gnor
anceandl
ackofsci
ent
if
ict
emper
ament
:-Thei
ssuer
elat
edt
olack
ofsci
ent
if
ict
emper
amenti
scl
osel
yassoci
atedwi
thpr
opereducat
ion.
7.Cast
esy
stem:
-Exi
stenceoft
hecast
esy
stem al
sosomet
imesact
sasa
bot
tl
enecki
nthepr
ocessofdev
elopment
.
8.Communi
cat
ion and t
ranspor
tat
ion:
-Ev
en af
tersev
ent
yone y
ear
s of
i
ndependence,
thecommuni
cat
ionandt
ranspor
tsy
stem oft
hecount
ryar
e
24
 notupt
othemar
k.
9.Expl
oit
ati
on by v
est
ed i
nter
estgr
oups:
-The v
ery exi
stence ofol
d
Jami
ndar
ysy
stem i
sthoughnotav
ail
abl
e,r
uralpeopl
ear
est
il
lint
hegr
ip
ofmoneyl s,Mahaj
ender ans,mi
ddl
emenandal
sol
ocall
evelpol
i
tici
ans.
Because ofpov
ert
y,l
ackofeducat
ion and some ot
hersoci
o-pol
i
tical
i
ssues,
rur
alpeopl
ear
eex
ploi
tedbyt
hesegr
oups.
10.
Genderi
nequal
it
y:-Womenar
est
il
lnotr
epr
esent
edt
oagr
eatext
enti
n
l
ocalaswel
lnat
ionaldeci
sionmaki
ngbodi
es.Ef
for
tsar
ebei
ngmadei
n
t
hisr
egar
dsot
hatt
heycant
akeact
iver
olei
ndev
elopmentpr
ocess.

EMERGI
NGI
SSUESI
NRURALDEVELOPMENT
(
i) ThePar
adox-Themaj
ori
tyoft
her
uralpoorst
il
lli
vei
nrur
alar
eas,
andy
et
donorsuppor
tforagr
icul
tur
eandot
herr
ural
dev
elopmenthassl
umped.
(
ii
) A di
mini
shi
ngur
ban-
rur
aldi
vi
de-r
uralandur
banl
i
vel
i
hoodsar
eint
er-
dependentandt
her
eisr
arel
yashar
pgeogr
aphi
caldi
vi
debet
weenr
ural
andper
i-
urban.Rur
aldev
elopmentst
rat
egi
esmustt
akeaccountoft
he
ur
banl
i
nksandcont
ext
.
(
ii
i) Di
ver
sif
ied l
iv
eli
hoods- Ther
e ar
efew f
ullt
ime f
armer
s now,as
househol
dspur
suemul
ti
-f
unct
ionalandmul
ti
-spat
iall
i
vel
i
hood:
-Suppor
tto
t
he non-
far
m r
uraleconomy and t
o mi
grat
ion i
s as i
mpor
tantas
agr
icul
tur
alsuppor
t.
(
iv) Smal
l-
hol
derf
armi
ngi
nless-
fav
our
edar
easf
acesnew chal
lenge-mor
e
househol
dsconsi
stofpar
tti
mef
armer
s,wor
ksmal
l
erpl
otsand ar
e
headedbyt
heel
der
ly,y
oungandwomen,sof
acesev
erecr
edi
tandi
nput
const
rai
nts;accesst
osubsi
desandext
ensi
onser
vicehasdi
mini
shed,
mar
ketchangei
ncr
easet
heneedf
orspeci
ali
stt
echni
ques,
qual
i
tycont
rol
,
i
nfor
mat
ion-
int
ensi
ve t
echnol
ogi
es and mar
ket
ing i
nvol
vi
ng hi
gh
t
ransact
ioncost
-fact
orswhi
chpr
ovi
del
argerf
armswi
theconomi
csof
scal
e.
(
v) Rev
ersest
atecompr
essi
on-ast
rongst
atei
sneededt
ounder
pint
he
mar
ketandenabl
epr
ivat
esect
ordev
elopment
.Publ
i
cint
erv
ent
ionsar
e
neededt
oincr
easeaccesst
onew oppor
tuni
ti
esspeci
all
ybypoorandt
o
est
abl
i
sht
hei
nst
it
uti
onal
framewor
kforef
fect
ivemar
ketdev
elopment
.
(
vi) Technol
ogi
calt
arget
ing-Newt
echnol
ogi
esar
eli
kel
ytobemor
ecr
opand
r
egi
onspeci
fi
c,andi
nfor
mat
ion-
int
ensi
ve.Technol
ogi
calchangei
sbi
ased
25
 agai
nstt
hepoor
.Pol
i
ciest
otar
gett
echnol
ogi
esneed t
o bel
ocat
ion
speci
fi
c.
(
vii
) Ret
hinki
ngi
nst
it
uti
onalcapaci
tyandgov
ernance-manyr
ecommended
measur
esf
orr
uraldev
elopmentcannotbeef
fect
ivewi
thoutsi
gni
fi
cant
capaci
tybui
l
dingandi
nst
it
uti
onalsuppor
t.I
nsomear
easdecent
ral
i
sat
ion
shoul
d be pr
omot
ed t
o r
einf
orce posi
ti
ve t
rends f
or i
ncr
eased
account
abi
l
ity
.
(
vii
i
) Gr
owi
ng di
ver
gence bet
ween l
ow and hi
gh pot
ent
ialar
eas- Less
f
avour
ed ar
eashav
ever
ydi
ff
erentneedst
o(hi
ghpot
ent
ial
)ar
easwher
e
moder
nisat
ioni
sal
readyunderwar
.
(
ix) Rur
alr
iskandv
ulner
abi
l
ity
-Ther
uralpoorf
acenewr
iskduet
oincr
easi
ng
nat
ural
disast
erandr
api
deconomi
cchange/
conf
li
ct.
(
x) Pr
event
ing and managi
ng conf
li
cthas a debi
l
itat
ing i
mpacton r
ural
l
i
vel
i
hoodandi
ncr
easi
ngl
evel
sofconf
li
ctt
hreat
ent
otheachi
evementof
pov
ert
yreduct
iont
arget
s.
RURALDEVELOPMENTPROGRAMMES
(
i) Thecommuni
tydev
elopmentpr
ogr
amme:
I
twasl
aunchedi
nI aon2ndoct
ndi ,1952wi
th55communi
tydev
elopmentpr
oject
s.
Thepr
ojectar
eawasdi
vi
dedi
nto3dev
elopment
albl
ocks,
eachconsi
sti
ngofabout
100v
il
lagesandapopul
ati
onof60t
o70t
housands.
.Thepr
ojectwasheadedby
pr
ojectof
fi
cerandanumberofsubj
ectmat
terext
ensi
onof
fi
cer
s.
Ay
earl
ateri
n1953,
Nat
ionalExt
ensi
onSer
vice(
NES)pr
ogr
ammewasl
aunchedwi
th
t
hei
deaofhav
ingwi
dercov
erageatl
esscostandmor
epeopl
e’
spar
ti
cipat
ion.
SomeNESbl
ockswer
esel
ect
edf
orcommuni
tydev
elopmentbl
ock,
wher
ether
ewas
BDOashead,anumberofext
ensi
onof
fi
cer
sindi
ff
erentdi
sci
pli
nel
i
keagr
icul
tur
e,
ani
mal
husbandr
y,i
ndust
ri
es,
etc.t
heywer
eassi
stedbyVLEW
Byt
heendoft
he1960’
sitwasf
eltt
hatt
hemul
ti
pur
poseappr
oachofr
ural
dev
elopmentpur
suedundercommuni
tydev
elopmentpr
ojecthadnotr
eal
i
sedt
he
hopesi
thadr
aised.Ther
efor
e,somenewpr
ogr
ammeswer
est
art
ed-
(
i) I
ntensi
veAgr
icul
tur
eAr
eaPr
ogr
amme(
IAAP)
(
ii
) I
ntensi
veAgr
icul
tur
eDi
str
ictPr
ogr
amme(
IADP)
(
ii
i) Mar
ginal
Far
mer
sDev
elopmentAgency(
MFDA)
(
iv) Smal
lFar
mer
sDev
elopmentAgency(
SFDA)
(
v) CommandAr
eaDev
elopmentPr
ogr
amme(
CADP)
(
vi) Dr
oughtPr
oneAr
eaPr
ogr
amme(
DPAP)
(
vii
) Deser
tDev
elopmentPr
ogr
amme(
DDP)
26
 (
vii
i
) Hi
l
lAr
eaDev
elopmentPr
ogr
amme(
HADP)
(
ix) I
ntegr
atedRur
alDev
elopmentPr
ogr
amme(
IRDP)
CONCEPTOFI
NTEGRATEDRURALDEVELOPMENTPROGRAMME
Basi
cal
l
ythet
ermi
mpl
i
espr
ovi
sionofapackageofi
nter
li
nkedpr
ogr
amme
mut
ual
l
y suppor
ti
ng and r
einf
orci
ng so t
hata one-
dimensi
onalappr
oach t
o
dev
elopmenti
sav
oided.Thei
ntegr
ati
oni
shor
izont
al,
ver
ti
cal
,spat
ial
andt
empor
al.
TheDr
aftSi
xthPl
an(
1978-
83)obser
vedt
hatI
ntegr
ati
oncov
ersf
ourpr
inci
pal
di
mensi
ons-
-;i
ntegr
ati
onofsect
oralpr
ogr
amme,
spat
iali
ntegr
ati
on,
int
egr
ati
onof
soci
alandeconomi
cpr
ocessandabov
eal
lthepol
i
cieswi
thav
iewt
oachi
evi
nga
bet
terf
itbet
weengr
owt
h,r
emov
alofpov
ert
yandempl
oymentgener
ati
on.Mor
e
speci
fi
cal
l
yiti
nvol
ves a shar
pfocus on t
argetgr
oups,compr
isi
ng smal
land
mar
ginalf
armer
s,agr
icul
tur
all
abour
ersandr
ural
art
isansandanext
remel
ylocat
ion
speci
fi
cpl
anni
ngi
nther
ural
areas.
Theconceptofr
uraldev
elopmenti
tsel
fasi
ntegr
atedr
uraldev
elopmentar
eas
wasspel
touti
nther
evi
seddr
aftSi
xthPl
an(
1978-
83)
.Int
egr
ati
onwasseenasa
wayofr
isi
ngabov
esi
mpl
yapr
ojectapr
oachora sect
oralappr
oach.Si
ncet
he
di
str
ibut
ionofpov
ert
yandunempl
oymentv
ari
esf
rom r
egi
ont
oregi
onanddi
ff
erent
ar
eashav
edi
ff
erentdegr
eesofdev
elopment
,IRD wassoughtt
obemadeev
en
speci
fi
candut
il
isel
ocalr
esour
cesandendowment
s.Ef
for
tswer
esoughtt
obe
madet
oint
egr
atedi
ff
erentpr
ogr
ammeandcar
ryoutef
fect
iveut
il
izat
ionofl
ocal
r
esour
ces i
n consonance wi
th pl
an obj
ect
ive,l
ocalneeds and ecol
ogi
caland
env
ironment
albal
ance.
Pr
ogr
amme ofagr
icul
tur
e,ani
malhusbandr
y,f
isher
iesand f
orest
rywer
e
soughtt
obebr
oughti
nacompactf
ormt
hroughami
xedf
armi
ngappr
oach.Thi
s
wasseenast
hecor
eofI
RDP.
Wi
tht
hel
aunchi
ngofI
RDPt
hroughoutt
hecount
ry,SFDAwer
emer
gedwi
thi
tin
1980.Di
ff
erentagenci
esi
mpl
ement
ingv
ari
ouspr
ogr
ammesl
i
keSFDA,DPAP,DDP
et
c.wer
emer
gedandt
heDi
str
ictRur
alDev
elopmentAgency(
DRDA)wascr
eat
edt
o
f
unct
ionatt
hedi
str
ictl
evelasasi
ngl
eagencyf
ort
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofI
RDP,
DPAP,
DDP.
(
9)Nat
ionalRur
alEmpl
oymentPr
ogr
amme(
NREP)
.Itr
epl
acedt
hef
oodf
orwor
k
(
FFW)pr
ogr
ammei
n1981,
(
10)Rur
alLandl
essEmpl
oymentGuar
ant
eePr
ogr
amme(
RLEGP)
(
11)JawaharRozgarYoj
ana(
JRY)
TheNREPandRLEGPaswel
lasnew schemeofJawaharLalNehr
uRozgar
Yoj
anawer
emer
gedasasi
ngl
epr
ogr
ammecal
l
edJawaharRozgarYoj
ana.
27
(
12)Tr
aini
ngofRur
alYout
hforSel
f-
Empl
oyment(
TRYSEM)
.
(
13)Dev
elopmentofWomen and Chi
l
dren i
n Rur
alAr
eas (
DWCRA)
.The t
wo
schemes -one f
ocusedony
out
h(TRYSEM)and t
heot
heronwomen(
DWCRA)
wer
elaunchedsepar
atel
ybutl
aterbecamet
hecomponent
sofI
RDP.
(
14)Swar
naJay
ant
iGr
am Swar
ozgarYoj
ana(
SGSY)wasl
aunchedi
nApr
il
,1999.
TheI
RDPandal
l
iedpr
ogr
ammesi
ncl
udi
ngmi
l
li
onwel
lscheme(
MWS)wer
emer
ged
i
ntoasi
ngl
epr
ogr
ammeknownasSwar
naJay
ant
iGr
am Swar
ozgarYoj
ana(
SGSY)
.
TheSGSYi
sconcei
vedasahol
i
sti
cpr
ogr
ammeofmi
cro-
ent
erpr
isedev
elopmenti
n
r
uralar
easwi
th emphasi
sonor
gani
zi
ng i
nrur
alpoori
nto sel
f-
hel
p gr
oup f
or
capaci
tybui
l
ding,pl
anni
ngofact
ivi
ty,i
nfr
ast
ruct
ureandsuppor
ttechnol
ogy
,cr
edi
t
andmar
ket
ingl
i
nkage.I
twasmer
gedoft
hef
oll
owi
ngschemes-I
RDP,DWCRA,
TRYSEM,SI
TRA,GKY,andMWS.I
n2011i
twasr
enamedasNRLM (
Nat
ionalRur
al
Li
vel
i
hoodMi
ssi
on)
(
15)Nat
ionalAgr
icul
tur
eDev
elopmentPr
ogr
amme(
NADP)orRasht
ri
yaKr
ishiVi
kas
Yoj
ana(
RKVY)concer
nedbyt
hesl
ow gr
owt
hinagr
icul
tur
eandal
l
iedsect
or,t
he
Nat
ionalDev
elopmentCounci
lresol
vedi
n2007t
hataspeci
fi
caddi
ti
onalcent
ral
assi
stancebel
aunchedi
nthenameofRKVY.I
tsai
mist
oachi
eve4% annual
gr
owt
hinagr
icul
tur
esect
ordur
ingpl
anper
iod.
(
16)Sampoor
naGr
ameenRozgarYoj
ana(
SGRY)
SGRYwasl
aunchedi
n2001bymer
gingt
woschemessuchasEASandJGSY
(JawaharGr
am Samr
idhYoj
ana)wi
tht
heobj
ect
iveofaddi
ti
onal
wageempl
oyment
andf
oodsecur
it
y.
(
17)EAS(
Empl
oymentAssur
anceScheme)wasl
aunchedi
n1993-
1994f
orcr
eat
ing
addi
ti
onal
empl
oymenti
nrur
alar
ea.
(
18)JawaharGr
am Samr
idhi
Yoj
ana(
JGSY)
.
(
19)Nat
ionalRur
alEmpl
oymentGuar
ant
eeScheme(
NREGS)wasl
aunchedi
n2004
i
n200backwar
ddi
str
ict
sandl
ateronext
endedt
oal
lthedi
str
ict
sint
heent
ir
e
count
ryi
n2008.TheNat
ionalRur
alEmpl
oymentGuar
ant
eeActwaspassedi
n2005
andi
twasr
enamedasMNREGA.
(
20)I
ndr
aAawasYoj
ana(
IAY)wi
thav
iew t
omeett
hehousi
ngneedsoft
her
ural
poor
,Indi
aAwaasYoj
ana(
IAY)wasl
aunchedi
nMay
,1985.
(
21)Samagr
aAwaasYoj
ana(
SAY)
Thi
sisacompr
ehensi
vehousi
ngschemewi
thav
iew t
oensur
ingi
ntegr
ated
pr
ovi
sionofshel
ter
,sani
tat
ionanddr
inki
ngwat
er.
(
22)Pr
adhanMant
riGr
am Sadak Yoj
ana(
PMGSY)l
aunchedbygov
t.ofI
ndi
ain
2000-
2001f
orpr
ovi
dingr
ural
connect
ivi
ty.
28
(
23)Sar
vaShi
kshaAbhi
yan(
SSA)
.
(
24)Accel
erat
edRur
alWat
erSuppl
yPr
ogr
amme(
ARWSP)
(
25)Nat
ional
Dri
nki
ngWat
erMi
ssi
on(
NDWM)
(
26)Raj
i
vGandhi
Nat
ional
Dri
nki
ngWat
erMi
ssi
on(
RGNDWM)
.
(
27)Raj
i
vGandhi
GrameenVi
dyut
ikar
anYoj
ana(
RGGVY)
(
28)Publ
i
cDi
str
ibut
ionSy
stem (
PDS)
(
29)i
ntegr
atedChi
l
dDev
elopmentScheme(
ICDS)
(
30)Accr
edi
tedSoci
alHeal
thAct
ivi
st(
ASHA)
(
31)Khadi
andVi
l
lageI
ndust
ri
esCommi
ssi
on(
KVI
C)
(
32)Nat
ional
Smal
lIndust
ri
esCor
por
ati
onLi
mit
ed(
NSI
CL)
(
33)Counci
lforAdv
ancementofPeopl
e’
sAct
ionandRur
alTechnol
ogi
es(
CAPART)
(
34)Nat
ional
Bankf
orAgr
icul
tur
eandRur
alDev
elopment(
NABARD)
(
35)Mi
cro,
Smal
landMedi
um Ent
erpr
ises(
MSME)
(
36)Suppor
tforTr
aini
ngandEmpl
oymentPr
ogr
amme(
STEP)

29
 PANCHAYATIRAJ

Democr
acyi
sthet
erm der
ivedf
rom Gr dDēmokr
eekwor ati
a,Demo-
meani
ngpeopl
e
andcr
acyorkr
atos-meani
ngr
uleof
,li
ter
all
yrul
ebyt
hepeopl
e.

Democr
acymeansgov
ernanceoft
hepeopl
e,byt
hepeopl
eandf
ort
hepeopl
e.

Panchay
ati
Raj
meansDemocr
ati
cDecent
ral
i
zat
ion.

Decent
ral
i
zat
ionmeansdev
olut
ionofcent
ralaut
hor
it
yamongt
hel
ocaluni
tscl
osed
t
othear
easer
ved,
wher
eaut
hor
it
ydev
olv
esbyt
hispr
ocessonpeopl
e’
sinst
it
uti
on,
it
i
scal
l
eddemocr
ati
cdecent
ral
i
zat
ion.

Democr
ati
cdecent
ral
i
zat
ioni
sal
socal
l
edpol
i
ticaldecent
ral
i
zat
ion.I
tref
erst
othe
t
ransf
erofpol
i
tical
powerandaut
hor
it
ytosub-
nat
ional
lev
elofGov
ernment
.

NEEDFORDEMOCRATI
CDECENTRALI
ZATI
ON

Admi
nist
rat
ionwasdescr
ibedasdemocr
acyatt
het
opandDi
ctat
orshi
patt
he
bot
tom becausepeopl
ewer
enotassoci
atedwi
thadmi
nist
rat
ionont
hel
owert
ier
s
f
rom Di
str
ictDownwor
ds.

HenceB.
R.Meht
acommi
tt
eer
ecommendeddemocr
ati
cDecent
ral
i
zat
ion.As
t
hist
erm wasnoteasi
l
yunder
stood,
theI
ndi
anname Panchay
atiRajwasgi
venf
or
t
his.

I
tmeansasy
stem ofgov
ernment
.Hor
izont
all
yanet
wor
kofv
il
lagePanchay
atsand
v
ert
ical
l
yiti
sanor
gani
cgr
owt
hofpanchay
atr
isi
ngupt
othenat
ional
lev
el.

PANCHAYATIRAJI
NANCI
ENTI
NDI
A

I
nRi
gVeda-Gr
ami
ni(
vil
l
ageheadempl
oyedbyki
ng)

At
her
vaVeda-Sabha,Sami
ti
,Sobhapat
i,Sobhasad.Pr
imar
il
yper
for
mingj
udi
ci
al
f
unct
ion.

Ramay
anaandMahabhar
ata-Gr
ami
niwasr
esponsi
blef
orcol
l
ect
ingst
atuedues,
keepi
ngv
il
lager
ecor
ds.

Kaut
il
ya’
sAr
thaShast
ra-meansasy
stem ofv
il
lageadmi
nist
rat
ion

PANCHAYATIRAJI
NMEDI
AVALPERI
ODS

Not
hingment
ionabl
e.Onl
yinAkbar
’sr
eign,
somespor
adi
cef
for
tswer
emade.
30
PANCHAYATIRAJDURI
NGBRI
TISHPERI
ODS

1.Aspeci
alcommi
ssi
onwasappoi
ntedon1909onl
ocal
sel
fgov
ernment
.

2.Bengal
vil
l
agesel
fgov
ernmentact
,1919

3.Madr
as,
BombayandUni
tedPr
ovi
ncesVi
l
lagePanchay
atact
,1920

4.Bi
harandOr
issav
il
lageAdmi
nist
rat
ionAct
,1920

5.Assam Rur
alsel
fGov
ernmentAct
,1926

6.Punj
abv
il
lagePanchay
atAct
,1939

PANCHAYTIRAJI
NINDEPENDENTI
NDI
A

Mahat
maGandhi
-emphasi
sedonGr
am swar
aj

Spi
ri
tandi
mpor
tanceofPanchay
atiRajf
oundpl
acei
nAr
ti
cle-
40oft
heDi
rect
ive
Pr
inci
plesofSt
atePol
i
cyatconst
it
uti
onofI
ndi
a.

The 1st PM,JawaharNehr

u concei
ved i
tasan i
mpor
tantsoci
o-economi
cand
pol
i
tical
inst
it
uti
onatv
il
lagel
evel
.
Communi
tyDev
elopmentPr
ogr
amme(
1952)
Nat
ional
Ext
ensi
onSer
vice(1953)
Theexper
iencegai
nedi
nthesePr
ogr
ammemadei
tcl
eart
hatpeopl
espar
ti
cipat
ion
wasessent
ial
inPol
i
cymaki
ngandPl
anni
ngatl
ocal
lev
el.

Ther
efor
e,Bal
wantRaiMeht
acommi
tt
eewasappoi
ntedbyPl
anni
ngCommi
ssi
oni
n
1957.

Thi
scommi
tt
eer
ecommendedt
hei
ntr
oduct
ionofPanchay
ati
Raj
syst
em i
nIndi
a.

Panchy
ati
Raj
comei
ntoexi
stencei
n1959wi
tht
het
winobj
ect
ivesof
-

1.Democr
ati
cdecent
ral
i
sat
ion
2.Local
par
ti
cipat
ioni
npl
anpr
ogr
amme
Raj
ast
hanandAndhr
aPr
adeshwer
ethepi
oneeri
nimpl
ant
ingPanchay
ati
Raj
.

Fr
om I o73rdand74thAmendment
ndependenceupt sofconst
it
uti
onofI
ndi
a,sev
eral
commi
tt
eewer
efor
med-
1.Bal
wantRaiMeht
acommi
tt
ee,
1957wassetupt
ost
udyt
hepr
obl
emsand
suggestway
sandmeansf
ori
mpl
ement
ingpanchay
ati
raj
2.AshokMeht
acommi
tt
ee(
1977)suggest
smeanst
orev
ital
i
zePRI
.
3.C.
H.HanumanRaoCommi
tt
ee1984-t
osuggestt
hemet
hodol
ogyf
orDi
str
ict
l
evel
planni
ng.
31
 4.G.
V.K.
RaoCommi
tt
ee,1985-t
ost
udyt
headmi
nist
rat
ivear
rangementf
or
r
ural
dev
elopmentpr
ogr
ammeandpov
ert
yal
l
evi
ati
onscheme.
5.Sanghv
iCommi
tt
ee 1987-t
o exami
ne t
he f
unct
ioni
ng of PRIs,
r
ecommendedr
e-or
gani
sat
ionofv
il
lagesf
orcr
eat
ingv
iabl
egr
am panchay
at.
6.64th const
it
uti
onalAmendmentBi
l
l(1989)t
osetuppanchay
ati
nev
ery
st
ate,
butcoul
dnotbepassedi
nRay
jyaSabha.
7.73rdconst
it
uti
onalAmendment(
1992)
-Aconst
it
uti
onalobl
i
gat
iont
osetup
panchay
ati
nst
ates,hol
del
ect
ionwi
thpr
ovi
sionofr
eser
vat
ionanddev
olv
epower
,
admi
nist
rat
iveandf
inanci
alt
oPRIf
orgr
assr
ootpar
ti
cipat
ionofpeopl
einpl
anni
ng
anddev
elopmentpr
ocess.
8.74thConst
it
uti
onal
Amendment(
1993)f
orur
banl
ocal
Gov
t.
GRAM SABHA-

Thegener
albodyoft
hev
il
lagepanchay
ati
stheGr
am Sabhaconsi
sti
ngoft
heent
ir
e
adul
tpopul
ati
onoft
hev
il
lage.I
not
herwor
ds,
theent
ir
eel
ect
orat
eoft
hepanchay
at
ci
rcl
econst
it
utest
heGr
am Sabha.

TheGr
am Sabhai
sthepr
imar
ybodyt
owhi
cht
heGr
am panchay
atowesi
ts
r
esponsi
bil
i
ty.The Gr
am panchay
atmustpr
esenti
ts budget
s account
s oft
he
pr
evi
ousy
earandannualadmi
nist
rat
iver
epor
tsbef
oret
heGr
am Sabha.Fur
ther
-
mor
e,i
thast
osecur
ethel
att
er’
sappr
ovalofatt
hev
il
lagepr
oduct
ionpl
an,
proposal
f
ort
axat
ionanddev
elopmentpr
ogr
ammesbef
oret
heyar
eenf
orcedbypanchay
at.
TheGr
am Sabhael
ect
sfr
om i
tsmember
sanexecut
ivecommi
tt
eeknownasGr
am
Panchay
at.

PANCHAYATIRAJI
NSTI
TUTI
ONS:
TYPESANDFUNCTI
ONS:
-

Panchay
atir
aji
nst
it
uti
onscompr
iseoft
hreei
nst
it
uti
onsnamel
yGr
am Panchay
ats,
Panchaay
tiSami
ti
sandZi
l
laPar
ishads,t
heconst
it
uti
onsandf
unct
ionsoft
hese
t
hreeor
gani
sat
ionsar
egi
venbel
ow:

GRAM PANCHAYATS:AGr
am panchay
atconsi
stsofaSar
panchand5t
o13
el
ect
edpanchesdependi
ngupont
hepopul
ati
on,
andt
hemember
soft
hepanchay
at
ar
eel
ect
edf
oraper
iodof5y
ear
sbyt
heGr
am sabha.Themember
sofv
il
lage
panchay
atsar
eel
ect
edbyt
hesameel
ect
oralcol
l
ege,
whi
chel
ect
smember
soft
he
Legi
slat
ive Assembl
y oft
he st
ate and t
he Lok Sabha (t
he l
owerhouse of
Par
li
ament
).TheSt
ateEl
ect
ionCommi
ssi
onpr
epar
est
heel
ect
ionr
ollf
orPRI
s
el
ect
ions.TheSar
panchorChai
rper
son(
Presi
dent
)ist
heheadofGr
am Panchay
at,
andt
heSar
panchandDeput
ySar
panchar
eusual
l
yel
ect
edf
rom andbyt
heel
ect
ed

32
member
soft
hePanchay
at.Somet
imes,t
heyar
eel
ect
eddi
rect
lybyt
hepeopl
e.The
annualbudgetanddev
elopmentschemesf
ort
hev
il
lagear
epl
acedbef
oret
heGr
am
Sabhaf
orconsi
der
ati
on and appr
oval
.Gr
am Panchay
atscan beest
abl
i
shed i
n
v
il
lages wi
th a mi
nimum popul
ati
on of300,i
findi
vi
dualv
il
lages hav
e smal
l
popul
ati
ons,t
heycanbegr
oupedt
oget
hert
ofor
m agr
oup-gr
am panchay
at.The
panchay
atsecr
etar
yist
heexecut
iveof
fi
ceroft
heGr
am Panchay
at.Hei
sassi
sted
byv
il
lagel
evel
ext
ensi
onwor
ker
.

FUNCTI
ONSANDPOWERSOFGRAM PANCHAYATS:
1.Col
l
ect
ingt
axes.
2.I
mpr
ovi
ngt
hemeasur
esofsaf
etyandsani
tat
ion.
3.Regi
str
ati
onofbi
rt
handdeat
h.
4.Const
ruct
ionandmai
ntenanceofr
oads.
5.Li
ght
ning.
6.Mai
ntenanceofbur
ial
ground.
7.Pr
imar
yeducat
ion.
8.Cont
rol
off
airandf
est
ival
s.
9.Wat
ersuppl
y.
PANCHAYATSAMI
TI:

Thepanchay
atatt
hei
nter
medi
atel
eveli
sknownasPanchay
atiSami
ti
.Itwor
ksat
t
heTehsi
lorTal
ukal
evel
,al
soknownasDev
elopmentBl
ock.Thepanchay
atsami
ti
act
sast
hel
i
nkbet
weent
hegr
am panchay
atsandt
hedi
str
ict
sadmi
nist
rat
ion.The
Panchay
atSami
tii
sal
soknownasMandalPar
ishad,Tal
ukaPanchay
at,Mandal
Panchay
at.Themai
nsour
ceofi
ncomeoft
hesami
tii
sgr
ant
sandl
oansf
rom t
he
st
ategov
ernment
.Ther
eisa panchay
at sami
tii
n each dev
elopmentbl
ock,a
compactdev
elopmentar
ea.I
tsmember
shi
pcompr
ises:15t
o25di
rect
lyel
ect
ed
member
sfr
om t
err
it
ori
alconst
it
uenci
es.Thepanchay
atsami
tii
scomposed4t
ypes
ofmember
s,
1.TheEx-
off
ici
omember
s:-Al
lSar
panchesoft
heDev
elopmentBl
ock,t
heMPs
andMLAsoft
hear
eaandsub-
Div
isi
onal
Off
icer(
SDO)
,
2.Co-
opt
edmember
s:-r
epr
esent
ati
vesofSC/
STsandwomen,
3.Associ
atemember
s:-onef
armer
,oner
epr
esent
ati
veofcooper
ati
vesoci
eti
es
andoner
epr
esent
ati
veofmar
ket
ingser
vices,
and
4.El
ect
edmember
s:-(
15:25)t
heseel
ect
edmember
sel
ectf
rom amongt
hem
onechai
rmanandonedeput
ychai
rman.Thechai
rmananddeput
ychai
rman
ar
eindi
rect
ly el
ect
ed by t
he el
ect
ed member
s(15:
25)oft
he t
err
it
ori
al

33
 const
it
uenci
es.
Thesami
tii
sel
ect
edf
ort
heper
iodof5y
ear
s,t
her
eisachai
rmanandaDeput
y
Chai
rman,andt
her
eisanof
fi
ceri
nchar
gef
orev
erydepar
tmentoft
hesami
ti
i
ncl
udi
ngadmi
nist
rat
ion,f
inance,publ
i
cwor
ks,agr
icul
tur
e,et
c.t
heBDOi
sthechi
ef
execut
iveof
fi
ceroft
hepanchay
atsami
tiandi
sresponsi
blef
ori
mpl
ement
ingt
he
r
esol
uti
onoft
hesami
tiandi
nst
andi
ngcommi
tt
ee.

FUNCTI
ONSOFTHEPANCHAYATSAMI
TI:

1.Dev
elopmentf
unct
ion l
i
ke pl
anni
ng f
ori
ncr
eased agr
icul
tur
alpr
oduct
ion,
ani
mal
husbandr
y,v
il
lagei
ndust
ri
es.

2.I
mpr
ovementandconst
ruct
ionofi
rr
igat
ionwel
l
.

3.Pr
omot
ionofco-
oper
ati
ves.

4.Pr
ovi
sionofhost
elsf
orSC,
STandbackwar
dcl
asses.

5.Pl
ant
ingoft
rees.

6.I
nputsuppl
i
esandt
hei
rdi
str
ibut
ion.

7.Womenandchi
l
dwel
far
e.

8.Fami
l
ypl
anni
ng.

9.Const
ruct
ionandmai
ntenanceofel
ement
aryschool
s.

10.
Super
visi
onandgui
danceofGr
am Panchay
at.

ZI
LLAPARI
SHAD:

Ev
erydi
str
icthasazi
l
lapar
ishad,
hav
ingj
uri
sdi
cti
onov
ert
heent
ir
edi
str
ictexcl
udi
ng
t
hear
easi
ncl
udedi
namuni
cipal
i
tyoracant
onmentboar
d.Sour
cesofi
ncomeof
zi
l
lapar
ishadar
efr
om t
het
axesonwat
er,
pil
gri
mage,
mar
ket
s,et
c.,
moneyf
rom t
he
st
ategov
ernmentf
orwor
ksandschemesassi
gnedt
othePar
ishadandf
ixedgr
ant
f
rom t
hest
ategov
ernmenti
npr
oduct
iont
other
evenue.TheAddi
ti
onalDeput
y
Commi
sioner
(Dev
elopment
)oft
hedi
str
icti
stheex-
off
ici
oChi
efExecut
iveOf
fi
cerof
t
heZi
l
laPar
ishad.

Theot
hermember
soft
hezi
l
lapar
ishadsar
e:

 Di
rect
lyel
ect
edf
rom demar
cat
edconst
it
uenci
es(t
hesemember
sel
ectone
34
 chai
rmanandonev
icechai
rmanf
rom amongt
hem)

 Al
lchai
rper
sonsofpanchay
atsami
ti
es;

 Member
s of par
li
ament
/ member of Legi
slat
ive Assembl
i
es whose
const
it
uenci
esf
all
int
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onandgeogr
aphi
cal
areaofzi
l
lapar
ishad;

 Zi
l
lapar
ishadshav
emi
nimum 50andmaxi
mum 75member
s;

 Seat
sar
ereser
vedf
orST/
SCs,
backwar
dcl
assesandwomen.

FUNCTI
ONSOFTHEZI
LLAPARI
SHAD:

1.Exami
nat
ionandappr
oval
oft
hebudget
sofpanchay
atsandsami
ti
s.

2.Di
str
ibut
ionoff
undst
ovar
iousbl
ocks.

3.Co-
ordi
nat
ionandconsol
i
dat
ionofpl
anofgr
am panchay
atandsami
ti
s.

4.Gener
alsuper
visi
onoft
heact
ivi
ti
esatpanchay
atsami
ti
es.

5.Pr
omot
ingsecondar
yschool
educat
ion.

I
nsomest
ateswher
ethedeput
ycommi
ssi
onerorcol
l
ect
ori
sthechi
efexecut
ive
of
fi
ceroft
hezi
l
lapar
ishad.Ther
ear
esubj
ectmat
terspeci
ali
stsorof
fi
cer
satt
he
di
str
ictl
eveli
n al
lst
ates f
orv
ari
ous dev
elopment
alpr
ogr
ammes oft
he zi
l
la
par
ishads.I
nsomest
atest
heseof
fi
cer
sar
eundert
headmi
nist
rat
ivecont
rolofzi
l
la
par
ishad.Buti
not
herst
atest
heyar
econnect
edwi
thpanchay
aRajwor
kbutnot
underi
tsdi
rectcont
rol
.

ORGANI
SATI
ONOFPANCHAYATIRAJI
NINDI
A
NON- OFFICIAL OFFICI
AL
Parl
iament - Secret
ary,
Nati
onal Mini
stry of
NATI
ONALLEVEL development Panchayat
iRaj
Counci l
, Pr
ime
Minister as
Chairman

Stat
eLegislatur
e- Stat
eDev elopment
STATELEVEL Stat
eDev elopment Commi ssi
onerand
Commi t
tee, Chi ef Addit
ional
Mini
ster as Development
Chair
man, St ate Commi ssi
oner,
Chamber of PanchayatiRaj
PanchayatiRaj
35
 Chair
man Distr
ict Secr et
ary,
DI
STRI
CTLEVEL Panchayat (Zi
lla Chief Execut ive
Pari
shad) Offi
cer , Di str
ict
Panchay at/Di
str
ict
Collector/
Deputy
Commi ssi
oner

BLOCKLEVEL Chair
man PanchayatUni
on
Panchayat Union Commi ssi
oner
/
(Samit
hi)/Sami
thi
/ Bl
ockDev el
opment
BlockPresi
dent Off
icer
(BDO)

President ExecutiveOf
fi
cer
VI
LLAGELEVEL Vi
llage/ Gr
am (Secretar
y or
Panchay at Vil
lagePanchayat/
Vil
lage
Dev el
opemnt
Offi
cer)

VI
LLAGERS VI
LLAGE
RS

36