 Elongation can be expressed by :

∆= 𝑏𝐿𝑜 + 𝐶 √Ao
Where b & c are Unwin’s constants

 Therefore,
𝐶 √Ao
Elongation % = b + *100
𝐿𝑜
 Tension test was carried out on long proportional specimen
from mild steel with diameter of 20 mm and the gage length
was divided into 4 equal parts and the length of each part after
the test were given in the following table:

Part No. 1 2 3 4
Length (mm) 60 70 70 60

 Illustrate precisely the failure location the gage length

 Draw the elongation distribution on the gage length
 Calculate the values of Unwin’s constants
 Draw the relation between gage length and elongation
 Gage length and % elongation
 Calculate the elongation of a long proportional specimen
produced from the same metal with square cross section 10 x
10 mm
 Illustrate precisely the failure location the gage
length
 The failure location was detected at maximum elongation


 Parts 2& 3
 Draw the elongation distribution on the gage
length
 25

20

15
∆L (mm)

10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
gauge length
  Calculate the values of Unwin’s constants
 Lo = 10do = 200 mm, Each part = 200/4 = 50 mm
Part No. 1 2 3 4
Length (mm) 60 70 70 60
∆𝐿 (𝑚𝑚) 10 20 20 10

∆𝐿 (𝑚𝑚) 40 60
𝐿𝑜 100 200
% EL 40% 30%

 ∆= 𝑏𝐿𝑜 + 𝐶 √Ao A= (π*20^2)/4 = 314.16 mm2

 40 = 100b + 17.725 c & 60= 200 b + 17.725 c
b= 0.2 & c =1.128
 Draw the relation between gage length and
elongation
 ∆= 0.2𝐿𝑜 + 1.128 √Ao
  Draw the relation between gage length and %
elongation
60

40
Elongation %

20

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Gauge length(mm)
 Calculate the elongation of a long proportional
specimen produced from the same metal with
square cross section 10 x 10 mm

 Lo = 11.3 √Ao = 11.3*10 = 113 mm

 ∆= 𝑏𝐿𝑜 + 𝐶 √Ao
 ∆= 0.2 ∗ 113 + 1.128 ∗ 10 = 33.88 𝑚𝑚
 Tension test was carried out on two standard
proportional specimens from metal (A) one of
them is short with % elongation of 34% and the
other is long with % elongation 30%. When the
same test was carried out on specimen with
diameter of 10 mm and gage length of 40 mm
from metal (B), % elongation was 35 %. Which
type of metals has more ductility and why?
Givens Givens
Metal (A) Metal (B)
i) Lo = 5.65 √Ao El% = 34% D = 10 mm
ii) Lo = 11.3 √Ao El% = 30% L0 = 40 mm
Answer: Conclusion

𝐶 √Ao Therefore;
∆= 𝑏𝐿𝑜 + 𝐶 √Ao Divide by Lo El = b +
𝐿𝑜
𝐶 √Ao 𝐶
Metal (A) has
0.34 = b+ 0.34 = b+ …..(1) more ductility
5.65 √Ao 5.65
𝐶 √Ao 𝐶 √Ao than metal (B)
0.30 = b+ 0.30 = b+ …..(2)
11.3 √Ao 11.3

From (1) & (2)

b = 0.26 & c= 0.452
Assume there is a specimen with d= 10 mm & L0 = 40 mm

𝐶 √Ao 0.452 (π∗102/4)

El = b + = 0.26 + = 0.36
𝐿𝑜 40

El % = 36%
  Test No. (6) – Unwin’s constants (P.18)
 Givens:

Part No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Length
25 26 27 30 32 31 29 27 25 24
(mm)

 Its required to solve the questions in the lab

manual
 Its required to solve the bold questions ( 5
questions) in sheet 1