Ain - Shams - Universit - Dynamics - Spring - 2020 (2) - 1

RESEARCH & PROJECT
SUBMISSIONS
Program:
Course Code: PHM032s
Course Name: Dynamics
Examination Committee
Dr. Ahmed Ezzat
Dr. Hussein Elsayed
Dr. Hamada Galal
Ain Shams University

Faculty of Engineering
Spring Semester – 2020
SPRING SEMESTER - YEAR 2019/2002

AIN SHAMS UNIVERSITY PHM032s, Dynamics,
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING Spring 2020
Student Personal Information
Student Name: Abdelrahman Samir Mohamed

Student Code: 1901402
Class/Year: freshmen
Plagiarism Statement
I certify that this assignment / report is my own work, based on my personal study and/or research and that I have
acknowledged all material and sources used in its preparation, whether they are books, articles, reports, lecture
notes, and any other kind of document, electronic or personal communication. I also certify that this assignment /
report has not been previously been submitted for assessment for another course. I certify that I have not copied in
part or whole or otherwise plagiarized the work of other students and / or persons.
Signature/Student Date: 10/6/2020

Name:
Table of Contents
1.1 The path: ............................................................................................................. 5
1.2 The position vector ( ): ....................................................................................... 5
1.3 The velocity vector ( ): ....................................................................................... 5
1.4 Acceleration ( ) : ............................................................................................... 5
2.1 The velocity vector ( . ....................................................................................... 9
2.2 The acceleration vector ( . ................................................................................ 9
2
1.3 The position ( ) : ............................................................................................... 13

3.2 The velocity ( : .............................................................................................. 13
3.3 The acceleration ( : ........................................................................................ 13
4.1 Rectangular coordinates .................................................................................... 17
4.2 Normal and Tangential coordinates ................................................................... 18
4.3 Polar coordinates ............................................................................................... 18
5.1 Work of force .................................................................................................... 21
5.2 The conservative forces ..................................................................................... 21
5.2.1 Work of a weight ............................................................................................ 21
5.2.2 Work of a spring force .................................................................................... 22
5.3 Principle of work and energy ............................................................................. 22
3
10 Rectangular coordinates
First Topic
4
In this part we will discuss the particle motion along path.
Rectangular coordinates are used to describe motion of body, wherever the x- , y- and z-
components of acceleration are created independently .
From a vector combination of the x- , y- and z- components of the position vector , the velocity
and acceleration we will get the curvilinear motion .
1.1 The path:

The path is defined by the relation between the variables .
1.2 The position vector ( ):

The position is represented by a position vector r starting from the origin O of the
axis of motion to a particle, when the particle at point on a curved path is
determined by the vector.
The magnitude of the position is:
1.3 The velocity vector ( ):

The velocity is the rate of change of position with respect time , or it is a
first derivative for position r with respect to time
the magnitude of velocity is :
1.4 Acceleration ( ) :
The acceleration is the rate of change of position with respect to time, or it is a first
derivative for velocity v to time t , or it is second derivative for position s with respect to
time t .
5
It can drive another equation for acceleration .
The magnitude of the acceleration is:
Then we are going to solve some problems in this part.
A rocket is fired from rest at and travels along a parabolic trajectory described
by . If the x component of acceleration is , where t is
in seconds, determine the magnitude of the rocket’s velocity and acceleration when t = 10 s.
SOLUTION
= m
6
When t =10 s.
Then we get the magnitude of the velocity.
= = 1003 m/s
At t =10 s .
Then we get the magnitude of the acceleration.
=103
7
12 Normal and Tangent coordinate

second Topic
8
The goal of this part is the description of motion along

plane curves and space.
The normal and tangent coordinate system is used to

analyze curvilinear motion where it is treating the motion
as combination of two contributions to change in velocity
which change in its direction and change in its magnitude .
Then we are going to know variables:
: the distance travelled on the carve .
: the angle of the tangent .
2.1 The velocity vector ( .

The velocity vector is always tangent to the path of motion
The magnitude is determined by taking the time derivative of the path

function, s .
where
Here v defines the magnitude of the velocity (speed) and defines the
direction of the velocity vector .
2.2 The acceleration vector ( .

Acceleration is the time rate of change of velocity .
Here v represents the change in the magnitude of velocity and represents

the rate of change in the direction of .
Now we can express the acceleration by this equation :
9
Where ( is the radius of curvature.
It is defined as the distance between the particle and the corresponding center of rotation .
If the path is known as y = , then :
There are two components to the acceleration vector:
The tangential component is tangent to the curve and in the direction of increasing or
decreasing velocity.
The normal or centripetal component is always directed toward the center of curvature of
the curve.
The magnitude of the acceleration vector is:
In case the tangential component of acceleration is constant, we can use Newton’s

equations.
Then we are going to solve some problems in this part .
10
The car passes point A with a speed of 25 m/s after which its
speed is defined by . Determine the
magnitude of the car’s acceleration when it reaches point B ,
where s = 51.5 m .
Figure 4
SOLUTION
When x=50
= =0.9194 m/
At car B
When s= 51.5 m
Then we calculate the magnitude of the car’s acceleration
= 2.75
11
13 polar coordinates
third Topic
12
We use the polar coordinates to solve the problem which face us when the angular motion
data for the radial coordinate r is Dated to describe the motion of the particle.
1.0 The position ( ) :

The position vector is defined by the position of particle at any instant.
We can express the position of p in the polar coordinates as:
3.2 The velocity ( :

The velocity vector is defined by differentiating r with respect to time t .
Then
By using the chain rule :
We can prove that so
Therefore:
Thus, the velocity vector has two components, the first component called the radial
component is the rate at which the vector r stretches, the second component called the
transverse component is due to the rotation of r.
3.3 The acceleration ( :

The acceleration vector is defined by differentiating v with respect to time t.
13
After the differentiation the acceleration can be expressed as :
Thus, the acceleration vector has two terms, the first term is the
radial acceleration, the second term is the transverse
acceleration .
the relation between and is :
Or ,
in case the motion in circular path when r is constant the terms will be :
, , ,
if the motion is in the space , then the variable will be ( and the
coordinates in this case are called cylindrical coordinates and therefore the
position, velocity, and acceleration of the particle can be written in terms
of its cylindrical coordinates as follows:
14
A radar gun at O rotates with the angular velocity of

rad/s and angular acceleration of , at the
instant u = 45°, as it follows the motion of the car traveling along
the circular road having a radius of . Determine the
magnitudes of velocity and acceleration of the car at this instant.
SOLUTION
is constant ,
Then we calculate the magnitude of the car’s velocity
Then we calculate the magnitude of the car’s acceleration
15
14 Force and Acceleration

forth Topic
16
The method of force and acceleration depends on only one main equation which is:
Where F is the resultant unbalanced force acting on the particle, and a is the acceleration of
the particle. the positive scalar m is called the mass of the particle.
This equation is called Newton’s second law, where the Newton’s second law forms the
basis of the study of dynamics.
To use this equation we have to select the coordinates will be used such as rectangular
coordinate, normal and tangent coordinate and polar coordinates.
4.1 Rectangular coordinates

When a particle moves a rectilinear motion and we apply the second law of
Newton with regard to rectangular coordinates x , y, z, the forces on the
particle, just as its acceleration may be determined with regard to its
components .
By applying the equation of motion:
To satisfy this equation, the respective components are on the on the left side the
corresponding components shall be equal on the right side. Therefore we may write the
following three scalar equations:
, ,
Motion equations are utilized to solve problems requiring a relation between the forces
that act on a particle and the accelerated motion that they cause.
17
4.2 Normal and Tangential coordinates

the equation of particle motion can be expressed in the tangential, normal, and
binormal directions , during moving a particle along a known curved path ,
Notice that in binormal direction there is no particle motion, as the particle is
restricted to move along the path .
This equation is fulfilled given:
, ,
Remember that is guided in the direction of +n. It ticks the direction of change in the
velocity. mind also that is tangent to the path. It ticks the change in the velocity
magnitude.
4.3 Polar coordinates

Polar coordinates are advantageous while angular motion of the radial line r
is defined or when the direction can be represented conveniently with those
coordinates.
While all the forces affect on a particle are resolved into polar components,
along the directions of the unit-vector the motion equation can be
expressed as:
This equation is fulfilled given:
, ,
18
At the instant , the boy’s center of mass G is momentarily at rest.

Determine his speed and the tension in each of the two supporting cords of the
swing when . The boy has a weight of 60 lb. Neglect his size and
the mass of the seat and cords.
SOLUTION
Where
Where
19
15 Work and Energy method

fifth Topic
20
This method is especially advantageous when the problem includes finding position or
velocity when two different positions are known along its motion path.
To use this method, we should first understand how to calculate the work of a force.
5.1 Work of force

A force operates on a particle as the particle undergoes a displacement in the force's line of
motion.
Work is defined as the product of the components of force and displacement which act in
the same direction. And, if the angle between the force and the displacement vector is , the
increment of work done by the force is:
By utilizing the dot product definition and integrating, the total work may be expressed as
Work is positive if the force and the movement are in the same direction. If they oppose
then the work is negative. If the force and the displacement directions are perpendicular,
the work is zero.
5.2 The conservative forces

It is the force which its work done is independent on the path between the points such as
work of a weight and work of a spring force.
5.2.1 Work of a weight

The work done by the gravitational force acting on a weight of an object can be calculated
by using:
21
The work of a weight is the product of the magnitude of the particle’s weight and its
vertical displacement. If is upward, the work is negative since the weight force always
acts downward.
5.2.2 Work of a spring force

When stretched, a linear elastic spring develops a force of magnitude , where k is
the spring stiffness and s is the displacement from the unstretched position
The work of the spring force moving from position to position is :
5.3 Principle of work and energy

By integrating the equation of motion ,the principle of work and
energy can be written as
is the work done by all the forces acting on the particle as it

moves from point 1 to point 2. work may be either a scalar which is
positive or negative..
and are the kinetic energies of the particle at the initial and final
position, respectively Thus, and ,the kinetic energy is always a

positive scalar.
So the initial kinetic energy of the particle plus the work done by all the forces effective on
the particle as it moves from its initial to final position is equal to that of the particle
Generally the principle of work and energy shouldn’t be utilized, to defined forces
guided normal to the path, since these forces don't work.
22
Marbles having a mass of 5 g are dropped from rest at A

through the smooth glass tube and accumulate in the can at C.
Determine the placement R of the can from the end of the tube
and the speed at which the marbles fall into the can. Neglect
the size of the can.
SOLUTION
(+ )
Marbles are dropped from rest
=0
= 0.6386 s
(+ )
23
Reference
Ferdinand Beer, E. J. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics 11th Edition. McGraw-
Hill Education; 11 edition (February 13, 2015).
Hibbeler, R. C. Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics (13th Edition) . Prentice Hall; 13

edition (April 21, 2012).
James L. Meriam, L. G. Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics 8th Edition. Wiley; 8 edition

(June 22, 2015).
Lecture notes
24

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RESEARCH & PROJECT

Ain Shams University

SPRING SEMESTER - YEAR 2019/2002

Student Personal Information

Student Name: Abdelrahman Samir Mohamed

Signature/Student Date: 10/6/2020

1.3 The position ( ) : ............................................................................................... 13

In this part we will discuss the particle motion along path.

1.1 The path:

1.2 The position vector ( ):

The magnitude of the position is:

1.3 The velocity vector ( ):

the magnitude of velocity is :

It can drive another equation for acceleration .

The magnitude of the acceleration is:

Then we are going to solve some problems in this part.

by . If the x component of acceleration is , where t is

Then we get the magnitude of the velocity.

Then we get the magnitude of the acceleration.

12 Normal and Tangent coordinate

The goal of this part is the description of motion along

The normal and tangent coordinate system is used to

Then we are going to know variables:

: the distance travelled on the carve .

: the angle of the tangent .

2.1 The velocity vector ( .

The magnitude is determined by taking the time derivative of the path

2.2 The acceleration vector ( .

Here v represents the change in the magnitude of velocity and represents

Now we can express the acceleration by this equation :

Where ( is the radius of curvature.

If the path is known as y = , then :

There are two components to the acceleration vector:

The magnitude of the acceleration vector is:

In case the tangential component of acceleration is constant, we can use Newton’s

Then we are going to solve some problems in this part .

Then we calculate the magnitude of the car’s acceleration

1.0 The position ( ) :

We can express the position of p in the polar coordinates as:

3.2 The velocity ( :

By using the chain rule :

We can prove that so

the magnitude of velocity is :

3.3 The acceleration ( :

After the differentiation the acceleration can be expressed as :

the magnitude of velocity is :

the relation between and is :

A radar gun at O rotates with the angular velocity of

Then we calculate the magnitude of the car’s velocity

Then we calculate the magnitude of the car’s acceleration

14 Force and Acceleration

4.1 Rectangular coordinates

By applying the equation of motion:

4.2 Normal and Tangential coordinates

This equation is fulfilled given:

4.3 Polar coordinates

This equation is fulfilled given:

At the instant , the boy’s center of mass G is momentarily at rest.

15 Work and Energy method

5.1 Work of force

5.2 The conservative forces

5.2.1 Work of a weight