“Term Report”

THE UNITED NATIONS

Submitted to
Mr. Amir Sultan

Prepared by:
Mohammad Farooq Ahmed
Shahzar Sharoz
Mustafa Iqbal Bawaney

BAHRIA UNIVERSITY
OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, KARACHI

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of “Allah”, the most beneficent and merciful who gave us strength
and knowledge to complete this Report.

This Report has been prepared as a partial fulfillment of the requirement of our
Course on “International Relations”. It is the combined effort of Mohammad
Farooq Ahmed, Shahzar Sharoz and Mustafa Iqbal Bawaney. Working on the
Report has proved to be a great experience for us.

We would like to express sincere gratitude to our International Relations teacher,

Sir Amir Sultan, who gave us the opportunity to prepare this Report. Besides
providing us useful knowledge on the subject, the assignment added significantly
to our analytical abilities also.

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 Table Of Contents
INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………4

HISTORY……………………………………………………………………………………….5

OBJECTIVES OF UNITED NATIONS…………………………………………………6

PRINCIPLES OF UNITED NATIONS…………………………………………………7

Principal Organs Of United Nations……………………………………………..8

o GENERAL ASSEMBLY……………………………………………………………………………..8
o SECURITY COUNCIL……………………………………………………………………………….9
 Role Of Security council …………………………………………………………………….9
o SECRETARIAT……………………………………………………………………………………….10
 SECRETARY GANERAL:……………………………………………………………………..10
 STAFF SELECTION:…………………………………………………………………………….10
o ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL……………………………………………………….11
o INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE……………………………………………………11
o TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL………………………………………………………………………..12

SPECIALIZED INSTITUTIONS ………………………………………………………..13

o Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)……………………………………………..13
o International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)…………………………………………..14
o International Labor Organization (ILO)…………………………………………………..14
o International Monetary Fund (IMF)……………………………………………………….15
o United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..15
o World Health Organization (WHO)……………………………………………………….16
o World Bank(WB)………………………………………………………………………………….16

CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………17

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REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………….17

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INTRODUCTION

The United Nations Organization (UNO) or simply the United Nations (UN) is an
international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in
international law, international security, economic development, social progress,
human rights, and achievement of world peace. The UN was founded in 1945
after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between
countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue. It contains multiple subsidiary
organizations to carry out its missions.

There are currently 192 member states, including nearly every sovereign state in
the world. From its offices around the world, the UN and its specialized agencies
decide on substantive and administrative issues in regular meetings held
throughout the year. The organization has six principal organs: the General
Assembly (the main deliberative assembly); the Security Council (for deciding
certain resolutions for peace and security); the Economic and Social Council (for
assisting in promoting international economic and social cooperation and
development); the Secretariat (for providing studies, information, and facilities
needed by the UN); the International Court of Justice (the primary judicial organ);
and the United Nations Trusteeship Council (which is currently inactive). The UN's
most visible public figure is the Secretary-General, currently Ban Ki-moon of South
Korea, who attained the post in 2007. The organization is financed from assessed
and voluntary contributions from its member states, and has six official
languages: Arabic, Chinese (Mandarin), English, French, Russian, and Spanish.

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 HISTORY

After the League of Nations failed to prevent World War II (1939–1945) and
realizing that humankind cannot afford a Third World War, the United Nations
was established to replace the flawed League of Nations in 1945 in order to
maintain international peace and promote cooperation in solving international
economic, social and humanitarian problems. The earliest concrete plan for a new
world organization was begun under the support of the U.S. State Department in
1939. Franklin D. Roosevelt first coined the term 'United Nations' as a term to
describe the Allied countries. The term was first officially used on 1 January 1942,
when 26 governments signed the Atlantic Charter, pledging to continue the war
effort. On 25 April 1945, the UN Conference on International Organization began
in San Francisco, attended by 50 governments and a number of non-
governmental organizations involved in drafting the Charter of the United
Nations. The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 upon approval
of the Charter by the five permanent members of the Security Council—France,
the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United
States—and by a majority of the other 46 signatories. The first meetings of the
General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, and the Security Council, took
place in London in January 1946.

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 OBJECTIVES OF UNITED NATIONS
1) To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective
collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and
for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to
bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice
and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or
situations which might lead to a breach of the peace;

2) To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle
of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate
measures to strengthen universal peace;

3) To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an

economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and
encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all
without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion..

4) To act as a common platform for harmonizing the activities of various nations

for the attainment of these objectives of the UN .

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 PRINCIPLES OF UNITED NATIONS
The Organization and its Members, shall act in accordance with the following
Principles:

1) The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its
Members.
2) All Members, in order to ensure to all of them the rights and benefits
resulting from membership, shall fulfill in good faith the obligations
assumed by them in accordance with the present Charter.
3) All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in
such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not
endangered.
4) All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or
use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any
state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United
Nations.
5) All Members shall give the United Nations every assistance in any action it
takes in accordance with the present Charter, and shall refrain from giving
assistance to any state against which the United Nations is taking
preventive or enforcement action.
6) The Organization shall ensure that states which are not Members of the
United Nations act in accordance with these Principles so far as may be
necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security.
7) Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations
to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic
jurisdiction of any state or shall require the Members to submit such
matters to settlement under the present Charter.

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Principal Organs Of United Nations

The United Nations' system is based on six principal organs; the General
Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the
Secretariat, the Trusteeship council ( which suspended operations in 1994, upon
the independence of Palau)and the International Court of Justice.

GENERAL ASSEMBLY

The General Assembly occupies a central position as the chief deliberative,

policymaking and representative organ of the United Nations and it was
established in 1945 under the Charter of the United Nations. Composed of all
United Nations member states(192 countries), the assembly meets in regular
yearly sessions from September to December under a president elected from
among the member states. It also plays a significant role in the process of
standard-setting and the codification of international law and it also provides a
unique forum for multilateral discussion of the full spectrum of international
issues covered by the Charter. Its powers are to oversee the budget of the United
Nations, appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council and receive
reports from other parts of the United Nations. The Assembly may make
recommendations on any matters within the scope of the UN, except matters of
peace and security that are under Security Council consideration.

SECURITY COUNCIL
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The Security Council is charged with maintaining peace and security among
countries. While other organs of the United Nations can only make
'recommendations' to member governments, the Security Council has the power
to make binding decisions that member governments have agreed to carry out.
The Council makes recommendations to the General Assembly on the
appointment of Secretary General and admission of new Members to the UN.

The Security Council held its first session on 17 January 1946 at Church House,
London. Its headquarters is in New York city.

The Security Council is made up of 15 member states, consisting of 5 permanent

members–China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States–and
10 non-permanent members, currently Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil,
Gabon, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, Nigeria, Turkey, and Uganda. The ten
temporary seats are held for two-year terms with member states voted in by the
General Assembly on a regional basis. The presidency of the Security Council is
rotated alphabetically each month, and is held by Uganda for the month of
October 2010.

Role Of Security council

The UN's role in international collective security is defined by the UN Charter,
which gives the Security Council the power to:

 Investigate any situation threatening international peace;

 Recommend procedures for peaceful resolution of a dispute;
 Call upon other member nations to completely or partially interrupt
economic relations as well as sea, air, postal, and radio communications, or
to sever diplomatic relations;
 Enforce its decisions militarily, or by any means necessary;
 Avoid conflict and maintain focus on cooperation.

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 SECRETARIAT

The United Nations Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General, assisted by a

staff of international civil servants worldwide and its headquarter is in New York.
It provides studies, information, and facilities needed by United Nations bodies
for their meetings. It also carries out tasks as directed by the UN Security Council,
the UN General Assembly, the UN Economic and Social Council, and other UN
bodies.

STAFF SELECTION:
The United Nations Charter provides that the staff be chosen by application of the
"highest standards of efficiency, competence, and integrity," and that the staff
shall not seek or receive instructions from any authority other than the UN. Each
UN member country is enjoined to respect the international character of the
Secretariat and not seek to influence its staff. The Secretary-General alone is
responsible for staff selection.

SECRETARY GANERAL:
The Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General, who acts as the de facto
spokesperson and leader of the UN. The current Secretary-General is Ban Ki-
moon, who took over from Kofi Annan in 2007 and will be eligible for
reappointment when his first term expires in 2011.

The Secretary-General's duties include helping resolve international disputes,

administering peacekeeping operations, organizing international conferences,
gathering information on the implementation of Security Council decisions, and
consulting with member governments regarding various initiatives. The Secretary-
General may bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter that, in his
or her opinion, may threaten international peace and security.

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 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) assists the General Assembly in
promoting international economic and social cooperation and development. It
has 54 members, all of which are elected by the General Assembly for a three-
year term. The president is elected for a one-year term and chosen amongst the
small or middle powers represented on ECOSOC. ECOSOC meets once a year in
July for a four-week session. ECOSOC's functions include information gathering,
advising member nations, and making recommendations. The role of the Council
is to promote higher standards of living, full employment, economic and social
progress and identifying solutions to international economic, social and health
problems. In addition, ECOSOC is well-positioned to provide policy coherence and
coordinate the overlapping functions of the UN’s subsidiary bodies and it is in
these roles that it is most active.

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

The International Court of Justice (ICJ), is the primary judicial organ of the United
Nations. Established in 1945 by the United Nations Charter, the Court began work
in 1946 as the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice

Its purpose is to adjudicate disputes among states and to give advisory opinions
on legal questions submitted to it by duly authorized international organs,
agencies, and the UN General Assembly. The court has heard cases related to war
crimes, illegal state interference and ethnic cleansing, among others, and
continues to hear cases.

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The ICJ is composed of fifteen judges elected to nine year terms by the UN
General Assembly and the UN Security Council from a list of persons nominated
by the national groups in the Permanent Court of Arbitration. Elections take place
every three years, with one-third of the judges retiring (and possibly standing for
re-election) each time, in order to ensure continuity within the court

TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL

The United Nations Trusteeship Council, one of the principal organs of the United
Nations, was established to help ensure that non-self-governing territories were
administered in the best interests of the inhabitants and of international peace
and security. The Trusteeship Council was formed in 1945 to oversee the
decolonization of those dependent territories that were to be placed under the
international trusteeship system created by the United Nations Charter as a
successor to the League of Nations mandate system.

Under the Charter, the Trusteeship Council was to consist of an equal number of
United Nations Member States administering trust territories and non-
administering states. Thus, the Council was to consist of all U.N. members
administering trust territories, the five permanent members of the Security
Council(China, France . Russian Federation.UK and US), and as many other non-
administering members as needed to equalize the number of administering and
non-administering members, elected by the United Nations General Assembly for
renewable three-year terms.

The Trusteeship Council suspended its operation on 1 November 1994, and

although under the United Nations Charter it continues to exist on paper, its
future role and even existence remains uncertain. The Trusteeship Council is
currently headed by Michel Duclos, with Adam Thomson as vice-president.

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SPECIALIZED INSTITUTIONS
There are many UN organizations and agencies that function to work on particular
issues. It is through these agencies that the UN performs most of its humanitarian
work. Examples include mass vaccination programmes (through the WHO), the
avoidance of famine and malnutrition (through the work of the WFP) and the
protection of vulnerable and displaced people.

Some examples of Specialized Institutions of UN are as follows:

Food and Agriculture Organization

(FAO)

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO) is a specialized

agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. It
was established on 16 October 1945 in Quebec, Canada and is headed by Jacques
Diouf .Serving both developed and developing countries, FAO acts as a neutral
forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and debate
policy. FAO is also a source of knowledge and information, and helps developing
countries and countries in transition modernize and improve agriculture, forestry
and fisheries practices, ensuring good nutrition and food security for all. It is
headed by Jacques Diouf.

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 International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA)

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an international organization

that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use
for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. The IAEA was established as
an autonomous organization on 29 July 1957 and it has 151 member states.

Though established independently of the United Nations through its own

international treaty, the IAEA Statute, the IAEA reports to both the UN General
Assembly and Security Council .The IAEA is headed by Yukiya Amano and has its
headquarters in Vienna, Austria.

International Labor
Organization (ILO)
The International Labor Organization (ILO) is a specialized agency of the United
Nations that deals with labor issues. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland.
It has 183 member states and it is headed by Juan Somavía.

The main task of the organization is to improve the living and working conditions
of the workers throughout the world and also to stop child labor. It was created in
April 1919 and in 1946 it became the first specialized agency of the United
Nations.

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 International Monetary Fund
(IMF)
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the intergovernmental organization that
oversees the global financial system by following the macroeconomic policies of
its member countries , in particular those with an impact on exchange rate and
the balance of payments. It is an organization formed with a stated objective of
stabilizing international exchange rates and facilitating development through the
enforcement of liberalizing economic policies on other countries as a condition
for loans, restructuring or aid. It also offers loans with varying levels of
concession, mainly to poorer countries. The International Monetary Fund was
conceived in July 1944 originally with 45 members and came into existence in
December 1945. It is headed by Dominique Strauss-Kahn and its headquarters are
in Washington, D.C., United States.

United Nations Educational,

Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO)
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a
specialized agency of the United Nations established on 16 November 1945. Its
stated purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting collaboration
among the nations through education, science and culture in order to further

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universal respect for justice, for the rule of law and for the human rights and
fundamental freedoms which are affirmed for the peoples of the world, without
distinction of race, sex, language or religion, by the Charter of the United Nations.
UNESCO has 193 Member States and it is headed by Irina Bokova and has its
headquarters in Paris, France.

World Health Organization

(WHO)
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United
Nations (UN) that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health.
Established on April 7, 1948, with its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, the
agency inherited the mandate and resources of its predecessor, the Health
Organization, which was an agency of the League of Nations. It has 191 members
and is headed by Margaret Chan.

The main objective of WHO is the attainment by all people of the highest possible
level of health and its major task is to combat disease, especially key infectious
diseases, and to promote the general health of the people of the world.

World Bank(WB)
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to
developing countries for capital programmes. The World Bank has a stated goal of
reducing poverty. By law, all of its decisions must be guided by a commitment to
promote foreign investment, international trade and facilitate capital investment.

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 WB is headed by Robert B. Zoellick and it has 187 member states and its
headquarters is in Washington, D.C, USA.

CONCLUSION
The United Nation has been successful in achieving some of its objectives
mentioned in the UN Charter such as self determination of people, solving
international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian
character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for
fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or
religion. On the other hand the United Nations failed to maintain peace in the
world and also failed to solve dispute among the member countries.

REFERENCES:
http://www.ask.com
http://www.un.org
www.wikipedia.org
www.google.com

S.No. Name Report Presentation TOTAL

Appearanc Style Respond to Qs
e
(5 marks) (1 mark) (3 marks) (1 mark) (10
marks)
1. Farooq Ahmed
2. Mustafe Iqbal

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3. Shahzar Sharoz

COMMENT(S):

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