Representation of Bandpass

Signals
Dr. James S. Kang
Professor
ECE Department
Cal Poly Pomona

1
 Hilbert Transform
• Unlike Fourier transform or Laplace transform, Hilbert transform
transforms a time domain signal to another time domain signal.
• A Hilbert transform of a real signal s(t) is defined as the convolution
of the signal m(t) and 1/(πt):
1 1 ∞ 𝑠𝑠(𝜆𝜆)
• 𝑠𝑠̂ 𝑡𝑡 = ∗ 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 = ∫−∞
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝑡𝑡−𝜆𝜆
• Since the integrand goes to infinity at λ = t, the Hilbert transform can
be redefined as the Cauchy principal value
1 𝑡𝑡−𝜀𝜀 𝑠𝑠(𝜆𝜆) ∞ 𝑠𝑠(𝜆𝜆)
• 𝑠𝑠̂ 𝑡𝑡 = lim ∫−∞ 𝑡𝑡−𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫𝑡𝑡+𝜀𝜀 𝑡𝑡−𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜋𝜋 𝜀𝜀→0

2
 Hilbert Transform
1
• 𝐹𝐹 sgn(𝑡𝑡) =
𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
• Apply the symmetry (duality) property of the Fourier transform
• 𝐹𝐹 𝑆𝑆(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑠𝑠(−𝑓𝑓)
1 1
• 𝐹𝐹 = sgn(−𝑓𝑓), 𝐹𝐹 = 𝑗𝑗 sgn −𝑓𝑓 . sgn −𝑓𝑓 = −sgn(𝑓𝑓).
𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑡𝑡 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
1
• 𝐹𝐹 = −𝑗𝑗 sgn 𝑓𝑓
2

𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 1

sgn(t)
-1

-2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

3
 Hilbert Transform
• Apply convolution property
−𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑓𝑓 , 𝑓𝑓 > 0
• 𝑆𝑆̂ 𝑓𝑓 = −𝑗𝑗 sgn 𝑓𝑓 𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓 = � 0, 𝑓𝑓 = 0
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑓𝑓 , 𝑓𝑓 < 0
• Hilbert transform is a process of shifting the phase by –90o for all
positive frequencies and by 90o for all negative frequencies. A phase
shifter that shifts the phase by –90o can be used to obtain the Hilbert
transform

4
 Hilbert Transform

𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠̂ 𝑡𝑡
–90o Phase Shifter

• 𝑠𝑠̂ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐹𝐹 −1 𝑆𝑆̂ 𝑓𝑓 = 𝐹𝐹 −1 −𝑗𝑗 sgn 𝑓𝑓 𝑆𝑆(𝑓𝑓)

• This equation suggests a way of computing Hilbert transform
indirectly using frequency domain approach. To compute the Hilbert
transform of a real signal s(t) with Fourier transform S(f), multiply S(f)
by – j sgn(f) and then take the inverse Fourier transform.

5
 EXAMPLE
• Find the Hilbert transform of the following signals.
• (a) 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜃𝜃
• (b) 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜃𝜃
• (c) 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 = 10 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝜋𝜋2000𝑡𝑡 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2𝜋𝜋1000𝑡𝑡
• (a) 𝑠𝑠̂ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜃𝜃 − 90𝑜𝑜 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜃𝜃
• (b) 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜃𝜃 − 90𝑜𝑜
• 𝑠𝑠̂ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜃𝜃 − 90𝑜𝑜 − 90𝑜𝑜 = −𝐴𝐴 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜃𝜃
• (c) 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 = 5 sin 2𝜋𝜋1000𝑡𝑡 + 5 sin 2𝜋𝜋3000𝑡𝑡
• 𝑠𝑠̂ 𝑡𝑡 = −5 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 − 5 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
6
 EXAMPLE
• Determine the Hilbert transform of 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎).
1 𝑓𝑓
• 𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
1 𝑓𝑓
• 𝑆𝑆̂ 𝑓𝑓 = −𝑗𝑗 sgn 𝑓𝑓 𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓 = −𝑗𝑗 sgn 𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
−𝑗𝑗 𝑓𝑓− 4 𝑗𝑗 𝑓𝑓+ 4
•= 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
2 2

1 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 1 𝑓𝑓
• 𝐹𝐹 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎
2 2 𝑎𝑎
2
• Applying frequency shifting property, we get
7
 EXAMPLE
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
1 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋 4 𝑡𝑡 1 𝑓𝑓− 4
• 𝐹𝐹 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑒 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎
2 2 𝑎𝑎
2
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
1 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋 4 𝑡𝑡 1 𝑓𝑓+ 4
• 𝐹𝐹 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑒 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎
2 2 𝑎𝑎
2
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
−𝑗𝑗 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋 4 𝑡𝑡 𝑗𝑗 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋 4 𝑡𝑡
• 𝑠𝑠̂ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑒
2 2 2 2
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋 𝑡𝑡 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋 𝑡𝑡
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑒𝑒 4 −𝑒𝑒 4 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
• = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
2 2𝑗𝑗 2 2
2
𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
•= 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2
2 2

8
 Analytic Signals
• We define the analytic signal of a real signal s(t) as
• 𝑠𝑠+ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑗𝑗𝑠𝑠̂ 𝑡𝑡
• Thus, the analytic signal is a complex signal. The Fourier transform of
the analytic signal is given by
2𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓 , 𝑓𝑓 > 0
• 𝑆𝑆+ 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑗𝑗𝑆𝑆̂ 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓 + sgn f 𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓 = � 𝑆𝑆 0 , 𝑓𝑓 = 0
0, 𝑓𝑓 < 0
• Notice that the spectrum of the analytic signal has only positive
frequency components. Real signal has symmetric spectrum.
9
 Analytic Signals
• The complex conjugate of the analytic signal is given by
• 𝑠𝑠+∗ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑗𝑗𝑠𝑠̂ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑠𝑠− (𝑡𝑡)
• The Fourier transform of 𝑠𝑠− (𝑡𝑡) is given by
0, 𝑓𝑓 > 0
• 𝑆𝑆− 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑗𝑗𝑆𝑆̂ 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓 − sgn f 𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓 = � 𝑆𝑆 0 , 𝑓𝑓 = 0
2𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓 , 𝑓𝑓 < 0
• Notice the absence of the positive frequency components in this case.

10
 Analytic Signals
• Analytic signal: 𝑠𝑠+ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑗𝑗𝑠𝑠̂ 𝑡𝑡
• Envelope of Analytic Signal
• 𝐸𝐸 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑠𝑠 2 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑠𝑠̂ 2 (𝑡𝑡)
• Phase of Analytic Signal
−1 ̂
𝑠𝑠(𝑡𝑡)
• 𝜃𝜃 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝑠𝑠(𝑡𝑡)

11
 Representation of Bandpass Signals
• Let 𝑠𝑠+ 𝑡𝑡 be a bandpass signal and 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 be the equivalent lowpass
representation. The lowpass spectrum 𝑆𝑆ℓ 𝑓𝑓 is obtained by shifting
the bandpass spectrum 𝑆𝑆+ 𝑓𝑓 by the carrier frequency fc.
• From the frequency shifting property of the Fourier transform, we
have
• 𝐹𝐹 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡)𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡 = 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 , shift to right
• 𝐹𝐹 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡)𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡 = 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 , shift to left
• 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑠𝑠+ 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
• 𝑆𝑆ℓ 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑆𝑆+ 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
12
 Representation of Bandpass Signals
• Multiplication of 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 to both sides of 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑠𝑠+ 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 yields
• 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑠𝑠+ 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡 = 𝑠𝑠+ 𝑡𝑡
• 𝑠𝑠+ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
• 𝑆𝑆+ 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑆𝑆ℓ 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 , shift to right by 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 .
• 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 is complex. 𝑆𝑆ℓ 𝑓𝑓 is not symmetric. 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 is called complex
envelope of the bandpass signal s(t).
• 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗(𝑡𝑡)
• 𝑠𝑠+ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑗𝑗𝑠𝑠̂ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
• = 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗(𝑡𝑡) 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗(2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡)
13
 Representation of Bandpass Signals
• The real part of 𝑠𝑠+ 𝑡𝑡 is given by
• 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑠𝑠+ (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗(𝑡𝑡) 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡
• = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗(𝑡𝑡) 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗(2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡)
• = 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 sin(2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡)
• The imaginary part of 𝑠𝑠+ 𝑡𝑡 is given by
• 𝑠𝑠̂ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑠𝑠+ (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡)
• x(t) and y(t) DSB-SC modulates carriers 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 , sin(2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡),
− sin(2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡).

14
 Representation of Bandpass Signals
• The equivalent lowpass signal 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗(𝑡𝑡) can be
represented in polar notation.
• 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑎𝑎(𝑡𝑡)𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝜃𝜃(𝑡𝑡)
• Envelope: 𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑡𝑡
−1 𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡)
• Phase: 𝜃𝜃 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡)
• Other notations: 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑠𝑠𝐼𝐼 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐼𝐼 𝑡𝑡 = I channel data waveform
• 𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑠𝑠𝑄𝑄 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑄𝑄 𝑡𝑡 = Q channel data waveform
• 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑠𝑠𝐼𝐼 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑗𝑗𝑠𝑠𝑄𝑄 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐼𝐼 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗(𝑡𝑡)
15
 Hilbert Transform Receiver

𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡

𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠+ 𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡
𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠+ 𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡

𝑠𝑠̂ 𝑡𝑡 𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
16
 Spectrum of Bandpass Signal
• The Fourier transform of the bandpass signal 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 is given by
∞ −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 ∞
• 𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓 = ∫−∞ 𝑠𝑠(𝑡𝑡)𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫−∞ 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• Let 𝐸𝐸 = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗. Then, 𝐸𝐸 ∗ = 𝑎𝑎 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗. 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐸𝐸 = 𝑎𝑎. 𝐸𝐸 + 𝐸𝐸 ∗ = 2𝑎𝑎
1
• 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸 + 𝐸𝐸 ∗
2
∞ 1
• 𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓 = ∫−∞ 2 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑠𝑠ℓ∗ 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 ∞ 1 ∞ ∗
• = ∫−∞ 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋(𝑓𝑓−𝑓𝑓
𝑐𝑐 )𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫−∞ 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋(−𝑓𝑓−𝑓𝑓
𝑐𝑐 )𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 2
1 1 ∗ 1 1 ∗
• 𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑆𝑆ℓ 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑆𝑆ℓ −𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 = 𝑆𝑆ℓ 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑆𝑆ℓ −(𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 )
2 2 2 2

17
 Spectrum of Bandpass Signal
• 𝑆𝑆ℓ 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 is a shift of 𝑆𝑆ℓ 𝑓𝑓 to the right by fc. 𝑆𝑆ℓ −𝑓𝑓 is a flip of
𝑆𝑆ℓ 𝑓𝑓 . 𝑆𝑆ℓ −(𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ) is the shift of 𝑆𝑆ℓ −𝑓𝑓 to the left by fc.
𝑆𝑆ℓ∗ −(𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ) is 𝑆𝑆ℓ −(𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ) with negative phase. The phase
response is shifted to the right and left without flip. The phase
response is an odd function of frequency.
• 𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓 is the spectrum of the real bandpass signal.
• 𝑆𝑆ℓ 𝑓𝑓 is the spectrum of the equivalent lowpass signal.

18
 Proof of 𝑠𝑠+ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑗𝑗𝑠𝑠̂ 𝑡𝑡
2𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓 , 𝑓𝑓 > 0
• 𝑆𝑆+ 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑗𝑗𝑆𝑆̂ 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓 + sgn f 𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓 = � 𝑆𝑆 0 , 𝑓𝑓 = 0
0, 𝑓𝑓 < 0
1, 𝑓𝑓 ≥ 0
• 𝑆𝑆+ 𝑓𝑓 = 2𝑈𝑈 𝑓𝑓 𝑆𝑆(𝑓𝑓), 𝑈𝑈 𝑓𝑓 = �
0, 𝑓𝑓 < 0
∞ ∞
• 𝑠𝑠+ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐹𝐹 −1 𝑆𝑆+ 𝑓𝑓 = ∫−∞ 𝑆𝑆+ 𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫−∞ 2𝑈𝑈 𝑓𝑓 𝑆𝑆(𝑓𝑓)𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝑑𝑑𝑓𝑓
• Convolution property: 𝐹𝐹 ℎ(𝑡𝑡) ∗ 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) = 𝐻𝐻 𝑓𝑓 𝑋𝑋(𝑓𝑓)
• 𝐹𝐹 −1 2𝑈𝑈 𝑓𝑓 𝑆𝑆(𝑓𝑓) = 𝐹𝐹 −1 2𝑈𝑈 𝑓𝑓 ∗ 𝐹𝐹 −1 𝑆𝑆(𝑓𝑓)
• Duality property: 𝐹𝐹 𝑋𝑋 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑥𝑥(−𝑡𝑡), Time reversal property: 𝐹𝐹 𝑥𝑥 −𝑡𝑡 = 𝑋𝑋(−𝑓𝑓)

19
 Proof of 𝑠𝑠+ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑗𝑗𝑠𝑠̂ 𝑡𝑡
2 2 1
• 𝐹𝐹 sgn 𝑡𝑡 = = = . Apply duality (symmetry) property.
𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
1
• 𝐹𝐹 = sgn(−𝑓𝑓)
𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑡𝑡
1 1
• 𝐹𝐹 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡) = 𝛿𝛿 𝑓𝑓 + . Apply duality (symmetry) property.
2 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
1 1
• 𝐹𝐹 𝛿𝛿 𝑡𝑡 + = 𝑢𝑢(−𝑓𝑓). Multiply by 2.
2 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑡𝑡
1
• 𝐹𝐹 𝛿𝛿 𝑡𝑡 + = 2𝑢𝑢(−𝑓𝑓). Apply time reversal property.
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
1
• 𝐹𝐹 𝛿𝛿 −𝑡𝑡 + = 2𝑢𝑢 𝑓𝑓 = 2𝑈𝑈(𝑓𝑓). 𝛿𝛿 −𝑡𝑡 = 𝛿𝛿 𝑡𝑡 .
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗(−𝑡𝑡)

20
 Proof of 𝑠𝑠+ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑗𝑗𝑠𝑠̂ 𝑡𝑡
1
• 𝐹𝐹 𝛿𝛿 𝑡𝑡 + = 2𝑈𝑈(𝑓𝑓)
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗(−𝑡𝑡)
−1 1
• 𝐹𝐹 2𝑈𝑈 𝑓𝑓 = 𝛿𝛿 𝑡𝑡 +
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗(−𝑡𝑡)
• 𝐹𝐹 −1 𝑆𝑆(𝑓𝑓) = 𝑠𝑠(𝑡𝑡)
• 𝐹𝐹 −1 2𝑈𝑈 𝑓𝑓 𝑆𝑆(𝑓𝑓) = 𝐹𝐹 −1 2𝑈𝑈 𝑓𝑓 ∗ 𝐹𝐹 −1 𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓
1 1
• = 𝛿𝛿 𝑡𝑡 + ∗ 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 = 𝛿𝛿 𝑡𝑡 ∗ 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑗𝑗 ∗ 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 −𝑡𝑡 𝜋𝜋𝑡𝑡
• 𝑠𝑠+ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑗𝑗𝑠𝑠̂ 𝑡𝑡

21
 Energy of Bandpass Signal s(t)
∞ 2 ∞ 2
• 𝐸𝐸 = ∫−∞ 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫−∞ 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 ∞ 2
• = ∫−∞ 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑠𝑠ℓ∗ 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓
𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4
1 ∞
• = ∫−∞ 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑠𝑠ℓ∗ 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑠𝑠ℓ∗ 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4
1 ∞
•= ∫ 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 2
+ 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 2
+ 𝑠𝑠ℓ2 (𝑡𝑡)𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗4𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 +𝑠𝑠ℓ∗2 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗4𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4 −∞
• 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑎𝑎(𝑡𝑡)𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝜃𝜃(𝑡𝑡) , 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑎𝑎(𝑡𝑡)
1 ∞ 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 ∞ 2
• 𝐸𝐸 = ∫ 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 + ∫ 𝑎𝑎 (𝑡𝑡) 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗(4𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡+2𝜃𝜃(𝑡𝑡)) + 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗(4𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡+2𝜃𝜃(𝑡𝑡)) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 −∞ 4 −∞
1 ∞ 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 ∞ 2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(4𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡
• 𝐸𝐸 = ∫ 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 + ∫ 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜃𝜃(𝑡𝑡)) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 −∞ 2 −∞

22
 Energy of Bandpass Signal s(t)
• The real envelope, 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑎𝑎(𝑡𝑡), changes slowly compared to
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(4𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 2𝜃𝜃(𝑡𝑡)). Thus, the second integral vanishes. Therefore,
the energy of s(t) is given by
1 ∞ 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 ∞ 2
• 𝐸𝐸 = ∫ 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 = ∫ 𝑎𝑎 (𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 −∞ 2 −∞

23
 Representation of Linear Bandpass System
• Conjugate property of Fourier transform: 𝐹𝐹 𝑥𝑥 ∗ (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑋𝑋 ∗ (−𝑓𝑓).
• If h(t) is real, ℎ∗ 𝑡𝑡 = ℎ(𝑡𝑡). Thus,
• 𝐻𝐻 ∗ −𝑓𝑓 = 𝐻𝐻(𝑓𝑓)
• Let
• 𝐻𝐻 𝑓𝑓 = 𝐴𝐴(𝑓𝑓)𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝜃𝜃(𝑓𝑓) . 𝐻𝐻 −𝑓𝑓 = 𝐴𝐴(−𝑓𝑓)𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝜃𝜃(−𝑓𝑓)
• 𝐻𝐻 ∗ −𝑓𝑓 = 𝐴𝐴 −𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝜃𝜃 −𝑓𝑓 = 𝐴𝐴(𝑓𝑓)𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝜃𝜃(𝑓𝑓)
• 𝐴𝐴 𝑓𝑓 = 𝐴𝐴 −𝑓𝑓
• 𝜃𝜃 𝑓𝑓 = −𝜃𝜃 −𝑓𝑓

24
Representation of Linear Bandpass System
• ℎℓ (𝑡𝑡) = impulse response of the equivalent lowpass system. ℎℓ (𝑡𝑡) is
complex in general.
• 𝐻𝐻ℓ (𝑓𝑓) = transfer function of the equivalent lowpass system.
• 𝐻𝐻ℓ 𝑓𝑓 = 𝐹𝐹 ℎℓ (𝑡𝑡)
• 𝐻𝐻(𝑓𝑓) = transfer function of the bandpass system.
• ℎ(𝑡𝑡) = impulse response of the bandpass system = 𝐹𝐹 −1 𝐻𝐻(𝑓𝑓)
• 𝐻𝐻 𝑓𝑓 = 𝐻𝐻ℓ 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝐻𝐻ℓ∗ −𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
• Flip 𝐻𝐻ℓ 𝑓𝑓 to get 𝐻𝐻ℓ −𝑓𝑓 . Shift to left by 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 to get 𝐻𝐻ℓ −𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 =
𝐻𝐻ℓ −(𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ) . Conjugate to get 𝐻𝐻ℓ∗ −𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 .
25
 Representation of Linear Bandpass System
∞
• 𝐹𝐹 ℎℓ (𝑡𝑡)𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡 = ∫−∞ ℎℓ (𝑡𝑡)𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
∞
•= ∫−∞ ℎℓ (𝑡𝑡) 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋(𝑓𝑓−𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 )𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐻𝐻ℓ 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
∗ −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 ∞ ∗
• 𝐹𝐹 ℎℓ (𝑡𝑡)𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐 = ∫−∞ ℎℓ (𝑡𝑡)𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
∞ ∗ ∗
•= ℎ (𝑡𝑡) 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋(−𝑓𝑓−𝑓𝑓 )𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐻𝐻
∫−∞ ℓ ℓ −𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
𝑐𝑐

•ℎ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐹𝐹 −1 𝐻𝐻(𝑓𝑓) = 𝐹𝐹 −1 𝐻𝐻(𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ) + 𝐹𝐹 −1 𝐻𝐻ℓ∗ −𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐

•ℎ 𝑡𝑡 = ℎℓ 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡 + ℎℓ∗ 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 2𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 ℎℓ 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
• 𝐻𝐻 𝑓𝑓 = 𝐹𝐹 ℎ(𝑡𝑡) = 𝐻𝐻ℓ 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝐻𝐻ℓ∗ −𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐

26
 Response of a Bandpass System to a
Bandpass Signal
• Bandpass system
s(t) r(t)
h(t)
S(f) R(f)

H(f)

• 𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑡 = ℎ(𝑡𝑡) ∗ 𝑠𝑠(𝑡𝑡), 𝑅𝑅 𝑓𝑓 = 𝐻𝐻(𝑓𝑓)𝑆𝑆(𝑓𝑓)

• 𝑟𝑟ℓ 𝑡𝑡 = equivalent lowpass response
• 𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑟𝑟ℓ 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡

27
 Response of a Bandpass System to a
Bandpass Signal
∞
• 𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑡 = ℎ(𝑡𝑡) ∗ 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 = ∫−∞ 𝑠𝑠 𝜏𝜏 ℎ 𝑡𝑡 − 𝜏𝜏 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• 𝑅𝑅 𝑓𝑓 = 𝐻𝐻(𝑓𝑓)𝑆𝑆(𝑓𝑓)
• 𝐻𝐻 𝑓𝑓 = 𝐻𝐻ℓ 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝐻𝐻ℓ∗ −𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
1 1 ∗
• 𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑆𝑆ℓ 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑆𝑆ℓ −𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
2 2
1 1
• 𝑅𝑅 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑆𝑆ℓ 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑆𝑆ℓ∗ −𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝐻𝐻ℓ 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝐻𝐻ℓ∗ −𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
2 2
• 𝑆𝑆ℓ 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ≈ 0 for f < 0, 𝐻𝐻ℓ 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ≈ 0 for f < 0.
• 𝑆𝑆ℓ 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝐻𝐻ℓ∗ −𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ≈ 0
• 𝑆𝑆ℓ∗ −𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝐻𝐻ℓ 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ≈ 0
28
 Response of a Bandpass System to a
Bandpass Signal
1
• 𝑅𝑅 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑆𝑆ℓ 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝐻𝐻ℓ 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑆𝑆ℓ∗ −𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝐻𝐻ℓ∗ −𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
2
• 𝑅𝑅ℓ 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑆𝑆ℓ 𝑓𝑓 𝐻𝐻ℓ 𝑓𝑓 = output spectrum of equivalent lowpass
system.
• 𝑟𝑟ℓ 𝑡𝑡 = response of equivalent lowpass system
1
• 𝑅𝑅 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑅𝑅ℓ 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑅𝑅ℓ∗ −𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
2
∞
• 𝑟𝑟ℓ 𝑡𝑡 = ℎℓ 𝑡𝑡 ∗ 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝑡𝑡 = ∫−∞ 𝑠𝑠ℓ 𝜏𝜏 ℎℓ 𝑡𝑡 − 𝜏𝜏 𝑑𝑑𝜏𝜏

29
 Representation of Bandpass Stationary
Stochastic Processes
• n(t) = sample function of a wide-sense stationary (WSS) stochastic
process with zero mean and power spectral density (PSD) Φ𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 (𝑓𝑓).
• n(t) = narrowband bandpass process
• 𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜃𝜃(𝑡𝑡)
• 𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑧𝑧(𝑡𝑡)𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡
• 𝑧𝑧 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝜃𝜃 𝑡𝑡 = complex envelope.
• If E[n(t)] = 0, then E[x(t)] = 0 and E[y(t)] = 0.
• n(t) is stationary. Autocorrelation function is not a function of t,
function of time shift τ.

30
 Representation of Bandpass Stationary
Stochastic Processes
• We can show
• 𝜙𝜙𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝜏 = 𝜙𝜙𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝜏
• 𝜙𝜙𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝜏 = −𝜙𝜙𝑦𝑦𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝜏
• Proof
• 𝜙𝜙𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝜏𝜏 = 𝐸𝐸 𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡 𝑛𝑛(𝑡𝑡 + 𝜏𝜏)
• = 𝐸𝐸� 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 �𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜏𝜏 cos�2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡 +
𝜏𝜏)� − 𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜏𝜏 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜏𝜏 ��

31
 Representation of Bandpass Stationary
Stochastic Processes
• 𝜙𝜙𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝜏𝜏 = 𝐸𝐸 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡 + 𝜏𝜏) cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜏𝜏
• +𝐸𝐸 𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡 + 𝜏𝜏) sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜏𝜏
• −𝐸𝐸 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡 + 𝜏𝜏) cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜏𝜏
• −𝐸𝐸 𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡 + 𝜏𝜏) sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜏𝜏
• cos 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐵𝐵 = 0.5 cos 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵 + 0.5 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵)
• sin 𝐴𝐴 sin 𝐵𝐵 = 0.5 cos 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵 − 0.5 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵)
• sin 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐵𝐵 = 0.5 sin 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵 + 0.5 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵)
• cos 𝐴𝐴 sin 𝐵𝐵 = −0.5 sin 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵 + 0.5𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵)
32
 Representation of Bandpass Stationary
Stochastic Processes
• 𝐸𝐸 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡 + 𝜏𝜏) = 𝜙𝜙𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝜏𝜏), 𝐸𝐸 𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡 + 𝜏𝜏) = 𝜙𝜙𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 (𝜏𝜏)
• 𝐸𝐸 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡 + 𝜏𝜏) = 𝜙𝜙𝑦𝑦𝑥𝑥 (𝜏𝜏), 𝐸𝐸 𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡 + 𝜏𝜏) = 𝜙𝜙𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 (𝜏𝜏)
• 𝜙𝜙𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝜏𝜏 = 0.5 𝜙𝜙𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝜏 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝜏𝜏 + 0.5 𝜙𝜙𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝜏 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 4𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 4𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝜏𝜏
• +0.5 𝜙𝜙𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝜏 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝜏𝜏 − 0.5 𝜙𝜙𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝜏 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 4𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 4𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝜏𝜏
• +0.5 𝜙𝜙𝑦𝑦𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝜏 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝜏𝜏 − 0.5 𝜙𝜙𝑦𝑦𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝜏 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 4𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 4𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝜏𝜏
• −0.5 𝜙𝜙𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝜏 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝜏𝜏 − 0.5 𝜙𝜙𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝜏 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 4𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 4𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝜏𝜏
• Since n(t) is wide-sense stationary, 𝜙𝜙𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝜏𝜏 must be independent of t.
Thus, the coefficients of 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 4𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 4𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝜏𝜏 and 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(4𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 +
4𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝜏𝜏) must be zero.

33
 Representation of Bandpass Stationary
Stochastic Processes
• 𝜙𝜙𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝜏 − 𝜙𝜙𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝜏 = 0
• 𝜙𝜙𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝜏 = 𝜙𝜙𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝜏
• 𝜙𝜙𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝜏 + 𝜙𝜙𝑦𝑦𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝜏 = 0
• 𝜙𝜙𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝜏 = −𝜙𝜙𝑦𝑦𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝜏
• 𝜙𝜙𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝜏𝜏 = 𝜙𝜙𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝜏 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝜏𝜏 + 𝜙𝜙𝑦𝑦𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝜏 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝜏𝜏

34
 Modulation Property
• Modulation property
∞ 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 +𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡
• 𝐹𝐹 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡) = ∫−∞ 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) 𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2
1 ∞ −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋(𝑓𝑓−𝑓𝑓 )𝑡𝑡 1 ∞ −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋(𝑓𝑓+𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 )𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
•= ∫ 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) 𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫ 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡)𝑒𝑒
2 −∞ 2 −∞
1 1
•= 𝐹𝐹 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝐹𝐹 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
2 2
∞ 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 −𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
• 𝐹𝐹 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 sin(2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡) = ∫−∞ 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) 𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝑗𝑗
1 ∞ −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋(𝑓𝑓−𝑓𝑓 )𝑡𝑡 1 ∞ −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋(𝑓𝑓+𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 )𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
•= ∫ 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) 𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − ∫ 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡)𝑒𝑒
2𝑗𝑗 −∞ 2𝑗𝑗 −∞
1 1
•= 𝐹𝐹 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 − 𝐹𝐹 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
2𝑗𝑗 2𝑗𝑗

35
 Hilbert Transform of Modulated Signal
• 𝐻𝐻 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡) = 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡)
• 𝐻𝐻 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 sin(2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡) = −𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡)
1
• Proof −𝑗𝑗 =
𝑗𝑗
1 1
• 𝐻𝐻 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡) ↔ −𝑗𝑗 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑓𝑓) 𝐹𝐹 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝐹𝐹 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
2 2
1
•= 𝐹𝐹 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 − 𝐹𝐹 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ↔ 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡)
2𝑗𝑗
1 1
• 𝐻𝐻 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡) ↔ −𝑗𝑗 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑓𝑓) 𝐹𝐹 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 − 𝐹𝐹 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
2𝑗𝑗 2𝑗𝑗
1
•=− 𝐹𝐹 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝐹𝐹 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ↔ −𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡)
2

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 Envelope Detector
• Let a modulated signal be
• 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡)
• 𝑠𝑠̂ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
• Analytic signal: 𝑠𝑠+ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑗𝑗𝑠𝑠̂ 𝑡𝑡
• Envelope of Analytic Signal: 𝐸𝐸 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑠𝑠 2 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑠𝑠̂ 2 (𝑡𝑡)
• 𝐸𝐸 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑓𝑓 2 𝑡𝑡 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 (2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡) + 𝑓𝑓 2 𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 (2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡)
• If 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 0, 𝐸𝐸 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡)

37
 AM Demodulation
• sAM(t) = 1(1+0.8cos(2π1000t))cos(2π100,000t)
• Sample time = 1/1000000

38
AM Demodulation

39