T W O C Y C LIC D E VIC E S

1. A steam power plant has following inlet and outlet conditions at inlet and exit of boiler and condenser

respectively. Constant pressure heating in boiler: Inlet state 1 at 1200 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 75℃, outlet state 2 at

1200 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 500℃. Constant pressure colling in condenser: Inlet state 3 at 20 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and dry saturated

vapor, outlet state 4 at 20 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and saturated liquid state.

If the mass flow rate of water through power plant is 5 𝑘𝑔/𝑠, determine net power output and thermal

efficiency of the plant.

2. A refrigerator based on 𝑅 − 134𝑎 has following inlet and outlet conditions at inlet and exit of

evaporator and condenser respectively. Evaporator: −5℃, Inlet state 1 as wet vapor and outlet state 2 as

dry saturated vapor. Condenser: Inlet state 3 at 800 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 60℃ and outlet state 4 as saturated

liquid state. Both the heat transfer processes occur at constant pressure. It is known that specific enthalpy

at condenser exit is same as that at evaporator inlet and is 255 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. Determine 𝐶𝑂𝑃 of the refrigeration

system.
 IN S E ARC H O F 𝜼𝑴𝑨𝑿 AN D 𝜷𝑴𝑨𝑿

Reversible heat engine and refrigerator

3. If a heat engine could be employed directly between the sun’s surface (5800 𝐾) and earth’s atmosphere

(300 𝐾), what maximum theoretical efficiency it could have?

4. Consider a heat engine operating between thermal reservoirs of 700 𝐾 and 300 𝐾. If the heat engine

receives 20 𝑀𝐽 energy as heat from high temperature reservoir, what minimum heat it will have to reject

to atmosphere?

5. A reversible heat engine has an efficiency of 40%.

(i) If the high temperature is raised by 10%, what is the new efficiency, keeping the same low temperature?

(ii) If the low temperature is reduced by 10%, what is the new efficiency, keeping the same high

temperature?

6. Two reversible heat engines are connected in series between thermal reservoirs of temperatures 4𝑇 and

𝑇. The heat rejected by first heat engine is supplied to second heat engine at an intermediate temperature.

Determine

(i) The ratio of work done by 𝐻𝐸1 and 𝐻𝐸2 if both have same efficiency.

(ii) The ratio of efficiency of 𝐻𝐸1 and 𝐻𝐸2 if both produce the same amount of work.

7. A Carnot cycle heat engine is such that heat addition and rejection take place at 800 𝐾 and 300 𝐾

respectively. Let the working substance is air with 𝑅 = 0.287 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 and 𝛾 = 1.4. If the volume of the air

gets doubled during heat addition process, determine the net work output of the engine.

8. A Carnot cycle refrigerator (1 − 2 − 3 − 4) takes heat at 260 𝐾 and rejects at 300 𝐾. Let the working

substance is an ideal gas. Process 1 − 2 and 3 − 4 are heat transfer processes. If the volume of the

refrigerant reduces by half in the heat rejection process, determine the net-work input to the refrigerator.

HE and HP with multiple reservoirs

9. A reversible heat engine takes heat 𝑄 from a reservoir (𝑅1) at temperature 2𝑇. It produces net-work

output of 0.4𝑄. The heat engine also has heat interactions with two other reservoirs 𝑅2 and 𝑅3 at 3𝑇 and

𝑇 respectively. Determine whether the engine is absorbing the heat or releasing the heat with each of the

reservoirs 𝑅2 and 𝑅3.

10. A reversible heat engine takes heat 𝑄 from a reservoir (𝑅1) at temperature 2𝑇. It produces net-work

output of 0.65𝑄. The heat engine also has heat interactions with two other reservoirs 𝑅2 and 𝑅3 at 3𝑇

and 𝑇 respectively. Determine the thermal efficiency of the engine.

11. A system executes a reversible cycle while interacting with three thermal reservoirs 𝑅1, 𝑅2 and 𝑅3 at

1500 𝐾, 500 𝐾 and 1000 𝐾 respectively. The system takes 300 𝑘𝐽 by heat transfer from 𝑅1 and 200 𝑘𝐽 at by

heat transfer 𝑅2. Determine whether the cyclic device is a heat engine or a heat pump? Determine

thermal efficiency if it is a heat engine and 𝐶𝑂𝑃 if it is a heat pump.

E N T R OP Y

Entropy change

12. A thermal reservoir at temperature 1800 𝐾 transfers heat to another reservoir at 400 𝐾. The rate of heat

transfer is 100 𝑘𝑊. Compute entropy change of (i) reservoir 1 (ii) reservoir 2 and (iii) universe in 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

due to this heat transfer

13. A solid metal cube of side 50 𝑚𝑚 is taken out of oven at 600 𝐾 and left in open surroundings at

300 𝐾. The cube cools until it comes in thermal equilibrium with surroundings. If the specific heat

capacity and density of metal are 0.8 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 and 9000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 respectively, determine the entropy change

of (i) metal block, (ii) surroundings and (iii) universe due to this process.

14. A solid steel sphere of diameter 100 𝑚𝑚 is taken out of oven at 900 𝐾 and quenched in 10 𝑘𝑔 water at

300 𝐾. The heat transfer takes place till both are in thermal equilibrium. Assume no other heat transfer

than that between steel ball and water. If the specific heat capacity and density of steel are 0.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾

and 7850 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 respectively and specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾, determine the entropy

change of (i) steel sphere, (ii) water and (iii) universe due to this process.

15. 100 𝑘𝑔 of air initially at 200 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 300 𝐾 receives heat in a constant volume process such that

pressure becomes twice. Then equal amount of heat is removed from it at constant pressure. Determine

the total entropy change of the air.

16. A rigid insulated container has two parts of equal volume separated by a membrane. Initially, part

1 has air at 200 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 600 𝐾 and part 2 has air at 300 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 500 𝐾. The membrane gets punctured and

mixing happens till thermal equilibrium is attained. Determine (i) final pressure in the container and

(ii) change in entropy of the universe in the process, if total volume of container is 1 𝑚3 .
17. Five moles of methane contained in a piston cylinder assembly at 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 300 𝐾 is heated at constant

pressure to temperature 400 𝐾. The molar heat capacity of methane is given by 𝑐𝑝 =

(17.449 + 60.559 × 10−3 𝑇 + 1.117 × 10−6 𝑇 2 − 7.204 × 10−9 𝑇 3 ) 𝐽/(𝑚𝑜𝑙 − 𝐾), where 𝑇 is in Kelvin. Determine the

change in entropy of methane due to heating.

18. A 10 𝑘𝑔 closed rigid steel container has 0.2 𝑘𝑔 superheated water vapor at 1000 𝑘𝑃𝑎, both at 200℃. The

total mass is now cooled to ambient temperature 30℃. Determine change in entropy of (i) steel container

and (ii) water due to this process. Take 𝑐 = 0.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 for steel.

19. In previous problem, what is the total change in entropy of the universe? Take 𝑐 = 0.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 for steel.

20. Consider two cylinders as shown in figure. Initially, cylinder A contains 50 𝑘𝑔 of liquid water at

100 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 30℃ whereas cylinder B contains 10 𝑘𝑔 saturated vapor water at 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎. Heat transfer takes

place from cylinder B to cylinder A till both sides come to thermodynamic equilibrium. Assuming no

heat transfer to or from surroundings, determine the total entropy increase of universe due to this process.
 A N S WE R S

1. 𝜂 = 25.42%, 𝑃 = 4.02 𝑀𝑊 11. 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝. 𝐶𝑂𝑃 = 6

2. 𝛽 = 2.8135 12. (𝑖) − 4800 𝑘𝐽/𝐾 (𝑖𝑖) + 21600 𝑘𝐽/𝐾(𝑖𝑖𝑖) + 16800 𝑘𝐽/𝐾

3. 94.287% 13. (𝑖) − 0.6238 𝑘𝐽/𝐾 (𝑖𝑖) + 0.9 𝑘𝐽/𝐾 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) + 0.2762 𝑘𝐽/𝐾

4. 8.57 𝑀𝐽 14. (𝑖) − 2.0737 𝑘𝐽/𝐾 (𝑖𝑖) + 3.74 𝑘𝐽/𝐾 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) + 1.671 𝑘𝐽/𝐾

5. (𝑖) 45.45% (𝑖𝑖) 46% 15. 5.3527 𝑘𝐽/𝐾

6. (𝑖) 2 (𝑖𝑖) 0.625 16. (𝑖) 250 𝑘𝑃𝑎 (𝑖𝑖) 23.84 𝐽/𝐾

7. 99.47 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 17. 55.075 𝐽/𝐾

8. 40𝑅 ln 2 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 18. (𝑖) − 2.2259 𝑘𝐽/𝐾 (𝑖𝑖) − 1.2414 𝑘𝐽/𝐾

9. 𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑅2 & 𝑅3. 𝑄2 = 0.15𝑄, 𝑄3 = 0.45𝑄 19. 0.97397 𝑘𝐽/𝐾

10. 53.06% 20. 4.1772 𝑘𝐽/𝐾