08 - Chapter 1

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,ay; xd;W
jpU%yu;> jpUke;jpuk; - mwpKf Ma;T
irtj; jpUKiwfSs; gj;jhtjhf itj;J vz;zg;gLk;

jpUke;jpuj;ij ,aw;wpatu; jpU%yu; vd;w rpj;juhthu;. rpj;ju;fs; gw;wpAk;
jpU%yupd; tho;f;ifj; jfty;fs; Fwpj;Jk; jpUke;jpuj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jp
mjd; rhuk; kw;Wk; rpwg;G gw;wpAk; tpsf;Fk; tifapy; ,e;j ,ay;
mikfpd;wJ.
rpj;ju;fs; - mwpKfk;
jkpo; kugpy; „rpj;jHfs;‟ vdg;gLk; FOtpdH gy fhykhf tho;e;J

te;Js;sdu;. „rpj;Jf;fs; iftug;ngw;wtH rpj;jH‟fs; Mtu;. rpj; - mwpT>
rpj;ij cilatHfs; rpj;jHfs;. mwpT gilj;jtHfs; rpj;jHfs;. „ml;lkh
rpj;jp‟ vd;W kughff; fUjg;gLk; vl;Lj; jpwikfis mile;jtHfs;
rpj;ju;fs; MtH. ,it ,aw;if mspj;j jpwikfs; vdTk; mw;Gjj; jd;ik
cilad vd;Wk; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thwhd ml;lkh rpj;jpfisr;
rpj;jHfs; gapw;rpapdhy; ngw;wdH.
mit>
“ 1. mzpkh - rpwpjhd Njfj;ij miljy;
2. kfpkh - ngupjhjy;
3. ,yfpkh - ,Nyrha; ,Uj;jy;
4. fupkh - kiyfshYk;> thAtpdhYk; mirf;fTk; Kbahky;
ghukhapUj;jy;
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5. gpuhj;jp - kdj;jpdhy; epidj;jit ahTk; jd; Kd;Nd mila>
mtw;iwg; ngWjy;
6. gpuhfhkpak; - $L tpl;Lf; $L gha;jy;
7. <rj;Jtk; - NjtHfsplj;Jk; jd; Miziar; nrYj;jy;
8. trpj;Jtk; - midj;ijAk; trg;gLj;jy;.”1
vd;gdthFk;.
kdpjid cyfpaYf;F mbikahf;Fk; nghwpGyd; Mir

czu;TfspypUe;J ePq;fp> mtw;iw Kdpe;jtu;fNs „Kdptu;fs;‟ Mtu;.
,tu;fs; kf;fSf;F newpfhl;Lk; rKjha kW kyu;r;rpahsu;fs; Mtu;.
up~pfSk; Kdptu;fSk; ntt;NtWgl;ltu;fs; vd;Dk; fUj;J

epyTfpd;wJ. up~pfs; Gjpad fz;L kf;fl; $l;lj;jpw;F mwpKfg;gLj;Jk;
njhz;lu;fs; Mtu;.
„rpj;ju;‟ vd;gtu; ,tu;fsplkpUe;J Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;ltu;. „rpj;jk;‟

vd;gJ me;jf;fuzq;fSs; xd;W. rpj;jj;jpd; mirTfshNyNa midj;Jj;
jj;Jtq;fSk; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. rpj;jj;ij ntd;wtu;fNs rpj;ju;fs; Mtu;.
rKjhaj;jpw;Fg; gad;glhj rhj;jpuq;fisg; gpd;gw;whjtu;fshfr; rpj;ju;fs;
cs;sdu;.
jkpofj;jpy;>
“mfj;jpau;> Nghfu;> Nfhuf;fu;> ifyhr ehju;> jpU%yu;>

rl;ilKdp> ee;jp> $d;fz;zu;> nfhq;fzu;> kr;rKdp> thrKdp>
$u;kKdp> fkyKdp> ,ilf;fhlu;> Gz;zhf;fr P u;> Re;juhde;ju;>
cNuhkKdp> gpukKdp vd;Dk; gjpndz; rpj;ju;fs;
tho;e;jhu;fs;” 2 vd mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp Rl;bAs;sJ.
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jpU%yH - mwpKfk;
jpU%yu; gpwe;j khjk;> el;rj;jpuk; Kjypatw;iwg; Nghfu; rg;j

fhz;lk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.
“nra;aNt apd;dnkhU khu;f;fk; ghU
nrk;gtsf; fdpthah Ja;a ghyh
ca;aNt jpU%y nud;w rpj;J
cyfkjpy; jhd; gpwe;j Njjp tz;zk;
igaNt Gul;lhrpj; jpq;f sg;gh
ghyfdhu; te;Jjpj;j khjkhFk;
nta;aNt mtpl;lnkd;w %d;whq; fhy;jhd;
Nkjpdpapy; te;Jjpj;j rpj;J khr;Nr” 3
,g;ghlypd; topahfj; jpU%yu; gpwe;j khjk; „Gul;lhrp‟ vd;Wk;

el;rj;jpuk; „mtpl;lk;‟ %d;whk; fhy; (ghjk;) vd;Wk; mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. mtu;
ee;jpapd; cgNjrk; ngw;wJk; Kf;jp ngw;wJk; %y el;rj;jpuj;jpy;jhd;.
Mjyhy;> mtu; „%yu;‟ vd;w ngaupidg; ngw;whu;.
,e;jpa ehl;bd; tl vy;iyahfpa ,kakiyapd; rpfuq;fspy; rpwe;j

fapyhaj;jpy; cs;s ,katHf;F (,katH - ,kakiy thrpfs;)
newpaUSk; ee;jp (rptd;) apd; vl;L khzhf;fHfSs; xUtu; jpU%yu;
Mthu;. ,jidj; jkpo; %thapuk; E}y;>
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“ee;jp mUs;ngw;w ehjiu ehbby;
ee;jpfs; ehy;tH rptNahf khKdp
kd;W njhOj gjQ;ryp tpahf;fpukH
vd;wptH vd;NdhL vz;kU khNk” 4
jpU%yH jk;Kila E}ypy; Xuplj;jpYk; „ehy;tH ee;jpfs;‟ ,d;dhH

vd;W mtHfs; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. mtUf;Fg; gpd;dhy; te;j
ngupNahHfs; rdfH> rde;jdH> rdhjdH> rdw;FkhH vd;wdH.
„gjQ;ryp‟ vd;w NgH cilatHfs; gyH mf;fhyj;jpNyNa

,Ue;jjhy;> jk;Kld; $l ,Ue;j xUghlrhiy khzhf;fuhfpa
gjQ;rypiaf; Fwpg;gplNt jpU%yH „kd;W njhOj‟ vd;W milnfhLj;Jf;
$wpAs;shu;. Vida gjQ;rypfs; vy;yhk; „kd;W njhOjtHfs;‟ my;yH.
v. gp. fPj; vd;gtH tlnkhopapy; kfhghbak; ,aw;wpa gjQ;ryp fp. K.

150Mk; fhyg;gFjpiar; rhu;e;jtu; vd;Wk;> Nahf #j;jpuk; ,aw;wpa gjQ;ryp
fp. gp. Vohk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhu;e;jtu; vd;Wk; rupj;jpu E}y; Muha;r;rpAld;
$wpAs;shu;. rpyH jpU%yH jk; E}ypy; $wpa gjQ;ryp> kfhghbak;
,aw;wpatH vd;W nfhz;L> jpU%yupd; fhyk; fp. K. ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;L
vd;Wk;> rpyH jpU%yH $wpaJ> Nahf #j;jpuk; nra;j gjQ;ryp vd;W
nfhz;L> jpU%yupd; fhyk; fp. gp. Vohk; E}w;whz;L vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;ldu;.
jpU%yH jk;KldpUe;jtiu „kd;W njhOj gjQ;ryp‟ vd;W

milnkhop nfhLj;Jf; $wpAs;shu;. Mjyhy;> „kd;W njhOj‟ gjQ;ryp
NtW> „Nahf #j;jpuk;‟ nra;j gjQ;ryp NtW> „khghbak;‟ ,aw;wpa gjQ;ryp
NtW vd mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
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„tpahf;fpukH‟ vd;ghH> tpahf;fpughjH> tpahf;fpugjH> Gypf;fhy; KdptH

vd;W gythwhfg; Ngrg;gLtH.
Mjypd;> ,t;ntz;kUk; rk fhyj;jtHfs; MtH. ,tHfs; midtUk;

fapyhaj;jpy; cs;s rpj;jH FOtpdiur; NrHe;jtHfs;. Mjyhy;jhd;
ckhgjp rpthr;rhupahH jpU%yiuf; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ „fapyhaj;njhU rpj;jH‟
vd;whH.
gjQ;rypAk;> tpahf;fpukUk; fapiyapdpd;Wk; njd;dhl;Lf;Fte;J

jpy;iyak;gyj;jpy; vk;ngUkhDila eld juprdk; fhz te;jNghJ
jpU%yUk; jk;Kila cz;ik clYld; (%yDila clYs; GF Kd;)
mtHfSld; $lNt te;J> eld juprdj;ijf; fz;L> fspj;Jg; gpd;
fapiyf;Fr; nrd;W> mq;Fj; jtj;jpdpy; ,Ue;jhH vd;gij>
“nrg;Gk; rpthfkk; vd;Dkg; NghHngw;W
mg;gb ey;Fk; mUze;jp jhs;ngw;Wj;
jg;gpyh kd;wpy; jdpf;$j;Jf; fz;lgpd;
xg;gpy; vONfhb AfkpUe; NjNd.” 5
kw;Wk;
“,Ue;Njdpf; fhaj;jpy; vz;zpyp Nfhb
,Ue;Njd; ,uhg;gfy; mw;w tplj;Nj
,Ue;Njd; ,katH Vj;Jk; gjj;Nj
,Ue;Njd; vd;ee;jp ,izabf; fPNo.” 6

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vd;w ghly;fspd; top czuKbfpd;wJ. „,katH Vj;Jk; gjj;Nj‟

vd;wjhYk;> „vd; ee;jp ,izabf; fPNo‟ vd;wjhYk;. jpU%yu; jpy;iyf;
$j;ijf; fz;L> fspj;jgpd; fapiy nrd;W jtk; ,aw;wpdhH vd;W
mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
jpU%yH - ngau;f;fhuzk;
jpU%yH gjQ;ryp kw;Wk; tpahf;fpukUld; njd;dhl;Lf;F Kjy;Kiw

te;jNghJ> mtUf;Fj; „jpU%yH‟ vd;w ngau; ,y;iy. ,uz;lhk; Kiw
mtH tUk;NghJ> Nrhoehl;Lr; rhj;jD}upy; NfhFyk; Nka;f;Fk; „%yd;‟
vd;gtu; ,we;Jfplu;;jikf; fz;L> jk; cliy XH murkug; nghe;jpy;
Nrkpj;J itj;Jtpl;L> jk; capiu %yd; Fuk;igAs; (cly;) GFj;jp
%ydhf vOe;j gpd;dH mg;ngaH Vw;gl;lJ MFk;.
,jidj; jkpo; %thapuj;jpYs;s>
“%yd; ciunra;j Kg;gJ cgNjrk;
%yd; ciunra;j Ke;E}W ke;jpuk;
%yd; ciunra;j %th apuk;jkpo;
%yd; ciunra;j %d;Wk;xd; whNk.” 7
vd;w ghapur; nra;As; Kg;gJ cgNjrKk;> Ke;E}W ke;jpuKk; %yd; ciu

nra;jjhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. me;E}y;fisg; ghLk;NghJ mtUf;F „%yd;‟
vd;w ngaH ,y;iy vd;whYk; ,r;nra;As; %yd; Fuk;igAs; GFe;j gpd;dH
nra;j jkpo; %thapuj;Jf;Fg; ghapur; nra;Ashjyhy; clk;G NtWghL
fUjhJ ciuj;jhu; vdyhk;.
„jpU%yupd; tho;tpay; tpOkpaq;fs;‟ vd;w E}ypd; Mrpupau;

f. md;gofd;>
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“jpU%yupd; cz;ikahd ngau; njupatpy;iy. Nrf;fpohu;

ngupa Guhzj;jpy; „jpU%yu;‟ vd;w ngaiuNa Rl;bAs;shu;.
Nrf;fpohu; fz;zg;gehadhupd; Guhzj;jpy; fz;zg;gupd;
,aw;ngau; „jpz;zd;‟ vd;W Rl;bAs;shu;. Mdhy;> jpU%yupd;
,aw;ngau; ,d;dJ vdr; Rl;ltpy;iy. Mjyhy; jpU%yupd;
,aw;ngau; mwpag;gltpy;iy” 8
vd;W fUj;Jiuj;Js;shu;. ,f;fUj;J Vw;Gilajy;y.
„ke;jpuk; Ke;E}W‟ vd;w E}ypy; rpwg;Gg; ghapuj;jpy;>
“ke;jpuq; nfhz;L topgL NthHf;Fr;
Re;ju ehjd; nrhy;ypa ke;jpuk;
ee;jpve; ehjd; ehthu Xjpdd;
ige;njhb Nkdpg; gadJ jhNd.” 9
vd;Wk;>
“te;jkl NkO kd;DQ;rd; khHf;fj;jpd;
Ke;jp cjpf;fpd;w %yd; kltiu
je;jpuk; xd;gJ rhHT% thapuk;
Re;jud; Mfkr; nrhd;nkhope; jhNd.” 10
vd;Wk; Rl;lg;ngw;Ws;s nra;As;fspy; jpU%yUila ,aw;ngaH

„Re;juehjd;‟ vd;W Rl;lg;ngw;Ws;sJ.
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,tUf;F „ehjd;‟ vd;w gl;lk; ee;jpahy; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jid>
“ee;jp mUshNy ehjdhk; NgHngw;nwhk;.” 11
vd;W mbapy; fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,tH ee;jp mUshNyNa %yd; Fuk;igAs;

Gf NeHe;jik> njd;dhl;by; tho;e;jik> ,iwabNru;e;jik Mfpatw;iw>
“ee;jp aUshNy %yid ehbNdd;.” 12
“ee;jp mUsht njd;nrAk; ehl;bdpy;
ee;jp topfhl;l ehdpUe; NjNd.” 13
“ee;jp mUshNy %yid ehbg;gpd;
ee;jp mUshNy rjhrptd; MapNdd;.” 14
Mfpa mbfshy; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
jpU%yupd; fhyk;
f. nts;isthuzdhu; jpU%yupd; fhyk; fp.gp. Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;bd;

,Wjp> Mwhk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fk; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;L mjw;fhd
fhuzq;fshfg; gpd;tUk; rhd;Wfisr; Rl;bAs;shu;.
Re;juu; jpU%yiug; ngau; Fwpj;Jg; Nghw;wpapUg;gjhYk; Njthu %tu;

ghly;fspy; jpUke;jpur; nrhw;nwhlu;fSk; nghUl; $WfSk; vLj;jhsg;
gl;bUg;gjhYk; jpU%yuJ fhyk; fp.gp. Vohk; Ew;whz;bw;F Kw;gl;lJ. ,J
Nknyy;iy. jpU%yu; jk; E}ypy; gjpndz; nkhopfisf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
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,g;ghFghL njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpYk; rq;f E}y;fspYk; ,y;iy. vdNt>

filr;rq;f fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du; tho;e;jtu; jpU%yu;. ,J fPnoy;iy.
jpU%yu; jpy;iyf; Nfhapiyg; „nghd;dk;gyk;‟ vd;gu;. $j;jg; ngUkhd;
MLk; mk;gyj;jpw;F Kjd;Kjy; nghd;Nta;e;jtd; fp.gp. Ie;jhk;
E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j gy;ytd; rpk;k tu;kd; Mthd;. vdNt> ,jw;Fg;
gpd;dNu ,g;ghly; vOjg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mjyhy;> jpU%yu; fhyk;
fp.gp. Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp my;yJ Mwhk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fkhFk;
vd;W jpU%yupd; fhyj;ij tiuaiw nra;Js;shu;. 15 ,f;fUj;J Vw;GilaJ
my;y.
jkpo;nkhopahdJ Kjd;Kjy; cUt vOj;JfisAk;> gpd;du; Nfhy;

vOj;JfisAk;> gpd;du; tl;l vOj;JfisAk;> gpd;du; rJu vOj;JfisAk;;
nfhz;L khWjy; mile;J te;Js;sJ.
cUt vOj;Jf; fhyj;jpy; jkpopy; ,Ue;J rPdk; - flhuk; - RNkupak;

- gpdPrpak; - vfpg;jpak; Kjypa gy nkhopfs; gpupe;jd.
Nfhy; vOj;Jf; fhyj;jpy; jkpopy; ,Ue;J kuhl;bak; - tq;fk; -

Nfhryk; - gYr;rpak; - Mupak; - ghyp - gpuhfpUjk; Kjypa gynkhopfs;
gpupe;jd.
tl;l vOj;Jf; fhyj;jpy; jkpopy; ,Ue;J njYq;F - fd;dlk; - JS

- kiyahsk; Kjypa nkhopfs; gpupe;jd. jkpOf;Fj; jw;fhyk; rJu
vOj;Jf; fhyk; MFk;.
Nfhy; vOj;Jf; fhyj;jpy; MupaHfs; tlNkw;Ff; fztha;fs;

topahfj; jkpo;ehl;by; Eioe;jdu;. mjhtJ> mug;gh - nkhfQ;rjhNuh
Kjypa jkpoUila efuq;fs; kz;khupahy; mopnta;jpa gpw;iwf; fhyj;jpy;
MupaHfs; Kjd;Kjy; rpe;Jejpg; gpuNjrj;jpy; FbNawp> gpd;du; fq;if ghAk;
ehl;il tpe;jpakiy tiu ntd;W> MupahtHj;jj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;lhHfs;. MupahtHj;jj;Jf;F „,e;J];jhdk;‟ vd;W ngaH.16
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,e;J];jhdk; vd;w ngaUf;F „,e;Jf;fs; trpf;Fk; ,lk;‟ vd;gJ nghUs;.

MupaUf;F „,e;Jf;fs;‟ vd;w ngaH ghurPfHfshy; toq;fg;gl;lJ. „,e;J‟
vd;w gjk; ghurPf nkhopiar; NrHe;jJ.
MupaH MupahtHj;jj;ij epiyehl;ba fhyj;jpy; gy jkpo;kd;dHfs;>

tp];thkpj;jpuH - rdfH KjypNahH Mupa kjj;ij Vw;wdu;. Mjyhy;
mtu;fs; jkpo; kd;du;fSf;F caupa rpwg;igAk; tpRthkpj;jpuUf;Fg;
„gpuk;kup~p‟ vd;w gl;lKk; rdfUf;F „Qhdup~p‟ vd;w gl;lKk; mspj;jdu;.
Mupakjj;ij Vw;fhj jkpo;kd;dHfSk; Vidj; jkpo;r;rhd;NwhUk;
mtu;fsplkpUe;J jg;gp> tpe;jpakiyf;Fj; njw;Nf „jf;fzk;‟ vd;w
jkpo;ehl;bd; gFjpf;F te;jdu;. jf;fhzj;jpNyjhd; jkpOf;Fg; gpd;
tl;nlOj;Jf; fhyk; njhlq;fpw;W.
Nfhy; vOj;Jf; fhyj;jpy; jkpopy; 16 capHfSk; 35 nka;fSk;

,Ue;jJ NghyNt tl;l vOj;Jf; fhyj;jpYk; ,Ue;jd. MupahtHj;jj;jpy;
Nfhy; vOj;Jf;fshy; toq;fpa nkhopfSf;F tljkpo; - tlnkhop vd;Wk;>
jf;fhzj;jpy; tl;nlOj;Jf;fshy; toq;fpa nkhopfSf;Fj; njd;jkpo; -
njd;nkhop vd;Wk; tof;Ffs; Vw;gl;ld.
gpd;du;> ghujfhyj;Jf;Fr; rw;W Kd;gpd; jkpOf;Fr; rJu vOj;Jf;

fhyk; njhlq;fpw;W. rJu vOj;Jf; fhyj;jpy;jhd; jkpOf;F 12 capHfSk;>
18 nka;fSk; vd mwpQHfs; tFj;jhHfs;. ,f;fhyj;jpNyjhd;
Jtuhgjpapdpd;Wk; te;j cNyhgh Kj;jpiu> mfj;jpaH> Ngufj;jpak;>
rpw;wfj;jpak; vd ,uz;L ,yf;fz E}y;fis tFj;jhH. goe;jkpo;
nkhopapdpd;Wk; NtW gpupe;J „nre;jkpo;‟ vdj; jkpo;nkhopf;Fg; ngaupl;lhH.
jkpo;nkhop kpfr; rPHjpUe;jpa Kiwapy; Ma;j vOj;ijr; NrHj;J 31
vOj;Jf;fSld; toq;fyhapd.
,NjNghy tpahrUk; tlehl;by; toq;fpa nkhopfshfpa Mupak; -

gpuhfpUjk; Kjypatw;iwr; rPHjpUj;jpr; „rk];fpUjk;‟ vdg; ngaH mikj;J>
rk];fpUjj;jpy;> gy Guhzq;fSk; ,jpfhrq;fSk; vOjpdhH. Mdhy;> mtH
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jkpopy; ,Ue;j Nfhy; vOj;Jf;fisNa fUtpahff; nfhz;ldH. mjdhNyNa

rk];fpUjj;Jf;F „tljkpo;‟ vd;w ngaUk; mike;jJ.
jpU%yUila fhyk; „,uhkhaz fhyk;‟ MFk;. ,uhkhaz fhyk;

jkpOf;F tl;nlOj;Jf; fhyk; MFk;. jkpo; %thapuj;jpy; (1) mfj;jpaH> (2)
jpupGuhjpfs;> (3) ,uhtzd;> (4) rye;jud;> (5) jf;fd;> (6) me;jf mRud;> (7)
khHf;fz;lH KjypatHfisg; gw;wpAk; jpU%yH $wpAs;shH. ,tHfspy;
ngUk;ghyhH jpU%yUf;F Ke;jpatHfshAk;> rpyH rk fhyj;jtHfshAk;
,Ue;Js;shu;fs;.
jpU%yUf;Fr; rk fhyj;jtuhd gjQ;ryp tpahf;fpukH Kjypa

vOtupy; jruj ,uhkUf;Ff; FyFUthapUe;j trpl;lUila jq;ifia
kze;jtH tpahf;fpukH. tpahf;fpukUila gps;isjhd; cgkd;dpA.
cgkd;dpA gpwe;jJ tlehl;by; trpl;lUila Mrpukj;jpy; vd;W

Guhzk; $Wk;. gpwe;jJ Kjy; fhkNjDtpDila ghiyf; Fbj;J
cgkd;dpA tsHe;jhH. „njd;dhl;by; jk;gpjhtpd; Mrpukj;Jf;F te;j gpd;>
ghYf;fhf cgkd;dpA mo> tpahf;fpukH eluh[g; nghUkhid Ntz;l>
$j;jg;ngUkhd; mUs;Rue;J ghw;fliyNa tutioj;Jf; nfhLj;jhH‟ vd;W
Nfhapw; Guhzj;jpy; ckhgjp rptk; $Wfpd;whH. mg; ghly;fshtd :
“ew;ghd; kpFje; ijaUk; Gjy;tH
eQ;re; jjpAa;e; jplez; zpidNay;
,w;gh ypdpah Fjpah jpkwpj;
jpLth Dilahd; neLth dilthd;
Kw;gh Yidah nddeP ngWkh
Kdpah Jnfhnsd; Wtrpl; lKdpf;

21
fw;ghH jUgpd; dpiakd; Dkzf;
fldhy; cldh newpfz; ldNd” 17
“gpd;gf; nfhbkd; Dgkd; dpaidg;
ngwte; jtUe; jjpnfhz; LngaHe;J
,d;gr; Rugpg; nghopgh DfHtpj;
njopyh utsHj; jpLeh sptHjhk;
md;gpw; Gzuf; nfhzHtpj; Jkfpo;e;J
manyd; wpLKd; gapYk; gbNrH
Gd;gw; fkHgz; lKKd; gwpghy;
NghYa;j; jdTk; Gfoh jpfo;thd;.” 18
“kzNk jUghy; ngWkh wokh
kfdhH Kdpahk; mwpNahk; mwpNahk;
czNt ,dpjhk; mitjhk; ,tHfh
Zilah nudtho; tpilah ndjpNu
JzHNk nyOntq; fdy;jq; fpeLj;
JQ;Rk; njhopwQ; nrdieQ; rOjf;

22
fzNk ,iwahd; ,iwghy; miyAq;
fly;ngw; wJfz; Lfspj; jpLthd;.” 19
Mjypd;> trpl;lH> cgkd;dpA> gjQ;ryp> tpahf;fpukH> jpU%yH>

KjypNahH rkfhyj;jtH vd;gJ njspT.
jruj> ,uhkUila fhyk; fp.K. 6000 vd;Wk;> mtH ghz;b ehl;Lj;

jiyefuhfpa fghlGuk; nrd;w fhyj;J> mg;NghJ Kbjhq;fp murhz;l
mde;jFz ghz;bad;> mtiu cgrupj;jjhfTk; ghz;ba tk;rhtspAk;
rupj;jpuKk; NgRfpd;wd. Mjypd;> jpU%yH fhyk; ,d;iwf;F Vwf;Fiwa
8000 Mz;Lfs; Mfpd;wd.
jpU%yH fhyk; ,uhkhaz fhyk; vd;W> mjhtJ fp.K. 6000 vd;W

nfhz;lhy;> jpU%yH jk; E}ypd;fz; $wpa jpupGuhjpfSk;> nghjpakiy
mfj;jpaUk;> rye;juDk;> jf;fDk;> me;jf mRuDk;> khHf;fz;NlaUk;
jpU%yUf;F Kw;gl;ltHfs; Mfpd;whHfs;.
trpl;lH - tpahf;fpukH - kd;W njhOj gjQ;ryp - cgkd;dpA -

NfhjkH - rjhee;jH - ,uhtzd; - gQ;rtb mfj;jpaH jruj ,uhkH> rdfH
KjypatHfs; rk fhyj;jtHfs; Mfpd;whHfs;.
,uhtzDila Nridnkhop njYq;F mk;nkhopia cz;L

nra;jtd; ,uhtzd;. jkpo; tl;nlOj;JfisNa rpwpJ khw;wp mk;nkhopf;F
neLq;fzf;F Vw;ghL nra;jhHfs;. Mjypd;> njYq;fpYk; 16 capHfSk;> 35
nka;fSkhf 51 vOj;Jf;fs; cz;L.
jpU%yH tl;nlOj;Jf; fhyj;jtH vd;gjhy; jk;Kila E}ypy;

jkpo;nkhopapYs;s 16 capHfisg; gw;wpAk; 35 nka;fisg;gw;wpAk;
$wpAs;shH. mg; ghly;fs; tUkhW :
23
“XJk; vOj;NjhL capHf;fiy %ite;J
Mjp vOj;jit Ik;gNjh nlhd;nwd;gH
Nrhjp vOj;jpd; epiy,U %d;Ws
ehj vOj;jpl;L ehbf;nfhs; sPNu.” 20
“tpe;Jtp Yk;Rop ehjk; vOe;jpl
ge;jj; jiytp gjpdhW fiyajh
Re;ju thfuk; fhYlk; ghapdhs;
me;jK kpd;wpNa Ik;gj;njhd; whaNj. ” 21
“Ik;g njOj;Nj midj;JNt jq;fSk;
Ik;g njOj;Nj midj;JM fkq;fSk;
Ik;g njOj;NjAk; MtJ mwpe;jgpd;
Ik;g njOj;Jk;Ngha; mQ;nrOj; jhNk.” 22
Mjypd;> jpU%yH tl;nlOj;Jf; fhyj;jtH vd;W $Wtjpy; jil

xd;Wkpy;iy. mtH rJu vOj;Jf; fhyj;jtuhdhy; 12 capHfisAk; 18
nka;fisANk gw;wpg; ghbapUg;ghH.
jpU%yH $wpaJ Mupa nkhopapd; jpupghfpa rk];fpUjj;jpd;

vOj;JfisNa xopa jkpo; vOj;Jf;fis my;y vd;W kWf;f tha;gG;
cs;sJ.
24
“vd;id ed;whf ,iwtd; gilj;jdd;
jd;id ed;whfj; jkpo;nra;A khNw.” 23
vd;W mbfspd; topahfj; jpU%yu; ,iwtd; mUshy; jkpo; %thapuk;

nra;jtH vd;gJ mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. mt;thW ,Uf;f mtu; NtW nkhopapd;
vOj;Jfisf; $w tha;g;G ,y;iy.
ek;gpahz;lhH ek;gp jpUte;jhjpapy;>
“. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KOj;jkpopd;
gbkd;D Ntjj;jpd; nrhw;gb Nagu tpl;nld;Dr;rp
mbkd;d itj;j gpuhd;%y dhfpd;w mq;fzNd. ” 24
vd;W KOj; jkpopd;gb kd;Dk; Ntjj;jpd; nrhw;gbj; jpU%yu; ghbajhff;

$wpAs;sikahy;> jpU%yH NtW nkhopfspd; vOj;Jfisg; gw;wp
KOj;jkpo; E}yhfpa jkpo; %thapuj;jpy; $w tha;g;G ,y;iy. Mifahy;>
jpU%yH jkpOf;F tl;nlOj;Jf; fhyj;jtH vd;gJ cWjp.
e.rp. fe;ijahgps;is kw;Wk; ,uh. khzpf;fthrfk; MfpNahu;

jpU%yupd; fhyk; fp.gp. Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;L vd;W Fwpg;gpl;L mjw;fhd
fhuzq;fshfg; gpd;tUk; rhd;Wfisr; Rl;bAs;sdu;.
rpk;ktu;kd; (fp.gp.550-575) jpy;iyf; Fsj;jpy; Fspj;jTld; jd;

; p „,uzpatu;kd;‟ (nghd; epwKilatd;) Mdhd;. mq;Fg;
rUkNeha; ePqf
gjQ;ryp> tpahf;fpughju; KjypNahu; jq;fp topghL nra;jy; fz;L Fsj;ijg;
GJg;gpj;jhd;. NfhapYk; vOg;gpdhd;. „jkpo; kz;lyk; Ie;Jk;‟ vd;Dk;
jpUke;jpug; ghly; Fwpg;gpLk; Ie;J kz;lyq;fs; fp.gp. ehd;fhk; E}w;whz;by;
jhd; gpupf;fg;gl;ld. vdNt> jpU%yu; fhyk; fp.gp. Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;L
vd;wdu;. 25 ,tu;fspd; fUj;Jfs; Vw;Gilad my;y.
25
jkpo; kz;lyk; vd;gjw;Fr; rpy gQ;r jpuhtpl nkhopfshd jkpo;>

njYq;F> fd;dlk;> kiyahsk;> kuhl;buk; toq;Fk; kz;lyq;fs; vd;Wk;
Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba> nfhq;F> njhz;il kz;lyq;fs; vd;Wk; nghUs;
nra;J ,lHg;gLthH MapdH.
„kz;lyk;‟ vd;W jpU%yH $wpaJ Mrpah - INuhg;gh – Mg;gpupf;fh -

mnkupf;fh - M];jpNuypahf; fz;lq;fisNa MFk;. kz;lyk; vd;gjid
kz; + jyk; vdg; gpupf;fNtz;Lk;. mg;ghl;bNyNa> jkpo;ehl;Lr; rpj;jH
Fohq;fs; mf;fz;lq;fspNy „Qhdk; ckpo;tJNghy cyfk; jpupthH‟ vdf;
$wp kz;lyk; vd;gJ cyfk; (fz;lq;fs;) vd;W tpsf;fpAs;shH.
,uhkhaz fhyj;jpy; mNahj;jpapYk;> Nfhryj;jpYk;> fpl;fpe;ijapYk;>

,d;Dk; tlehl;by; gy ,lq;fspYk; jkpo;nkhop nghJnkhopahf
,Ue;jnjd;W ehuhaz ma;aq;fhH 1939-Mk; Mz;L> „nre;jkpo;‟ ,jopy;
„td;kPfUk; jkpOk;‟ vd;w fl;Liuapy; tpsf;fpAs;shH. Mjypd; jkpo;nkhop
,uhkhaz fhyj;jpy; tl ngUq;fy;ypy; ,Ue;J njd;FkupahWtiu
gutpapUe;jnjd;W mwpayhk;. mf;fhyj;jpy; jkpo;nkhopahdJ Ie;J
fz;lq;fspYk; gutp ,Ue;jJ. jkpo;nkhopapd; ,e;j epiyiaj;jhd;>
“jkpo;kz; lyk;Ie;Jk; jhtpa Qhdk;
ckpo;tJ Nghy cyfk; jpupthH
mtpO kdKk;vk; khjp mwpTk;
jkpo;kz; lyk;Ie;Jk; jj;Jt khNk.” 26
vd;W jpU%yH $wpAs;shH.
,Jtiu fz;ltw;why;> jpU%yH ,uhkhaz fhyj;jtH vd;Wk;>

mtuJ fhyk; ,d;iwf;F Vwj;jho 8000 tUlq;fs; Kd;dH vd;W
cWjpg;gLfpd;wJ.
26
jpU%yupd; gazk;
jpU%yH „Re;juehjd;‟ vd;Dk; ngaUld; Kjy; Kiw njd;dhl;Lf;F

te;J jpy;iyapy; jg;gpyh kd;wpy; gjQ;ryp> tpahf;fpukHfSld; jdpf;
$j;Jf; fz;lJ 8000 tUlq;fs; Kd;dH MFk;.
mjd;gpd; mtH jpUf;fapiyf;Fr; nrd;W 3000 Mz;Lfs; jtk;

,aw;wpdhH. gpd; fp.K. 3100y;> mjhtJ 5041 Mz;Lfs; Kd;dH> mjhtJ
ghujr; rz;il Kbtpy; mtH nghjpakiy mfj;jpaiur; re;jpf;f tpUk;gpf;
fapiyapdpd;Wk; Gwg;gl;lhH. jpU%yUf;F ,J ,uz;lhtJ njd;dhl;L
ahj;jpiu MFk;.
“fapyhaj; njhUrpj;jH nghjpapw; NrHthH” 27
vd;w ckhgjp rpthr;rhupahupd; thf;F ,jid cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.
jpU%yH fapyhaj;jpdpd;Wk; Gwg;gl;L tUk; topapy; kfhejpf;

fiuapy; g+up (n[fd;dhjk;)apy; Jtiuf; Nfhkhd; fz;zd; xU Ntldhy;
nfhy;yg;gl;lhH. mt;Ntld; mf;fz;zd; ruPuj;ijr; rpijapy; itj;Jf;
nfhSj;j> clNd ngUkio nghopa> fUfpa if> fhy;fisAila
fz;zd; ruPukhdJ nts;sj;jhy; mbj;Jf;nfhz;L Nghfg;gl;Lg; g+upf;Fg;
gf;fj;jpy; xJf;fptplg;gl;lJ. mt;t+uhH mjidf; fz;L Jtiuf;Nfhkhd;
fz;zd; ruPunkd;W fUjp> vLj;J> mjid mlf;fk; nra;J Nfhapy;
mikj;jhHfs;. mJNt> ,g;NghJ n[fd;dhjk;. ,jidj; jpU%yH NeNu
fz;ltH Mdjhy;>
“,Uf;FU thfpa vopy;Ntjj;jp Ds;Ns
cUf;FzH thAzH Ntjj;Js; Xq;fp
ntUf;FU thfpa NtjpaH nrhy;Yk;

27
fUf;FU thfpa fz;zD khNk.” 28
vd;W jk; jkpo; %thapuj;jpy; ghbAs;shH. Mjypd;> ,uz;lhk; jlit

jpU%yH njd;dhL Nghe;jJ fp. K. 3100Mk; Mz;L MFk;.
,tH nghjpiaia Nehf;fp tUk; topapy; rhj;jD}upy;> jpUtUspaf;f>

jk; cliy> XH ,lj;jpy; Nrkpj;J itj;J tpl;L> ,we;J fple;j Nfhf;Fy
Nka;f;Fk; %yd; Fuk;igAs; (cly;) Gf;F> Mf;fspd; JaH ePf;fpg; gpd; jk;
cliy itj;j ,lj;jpy; te;J ghHf;f mt;Tly; kiwf;fg;gl;lijj;
jpU%yH czHe;jhH. ,jid>
“mfyplj;jhH nka;ia mz;lj;J tpj;ijg;
Gfyplj;njk; nka;iag; Nghftpl; lhidg;
gfyplj; Jk;,u Tk;gzpe; Njj;jp
,fyplj; NjapU zPq;fpepd; NwNd.” 29
vd;W jkpo; %thapuj;jpy; tpsf;fpAs;shH.
gpd;du;> %ydpd; clNyhL „jpU%yH‟ vd;w ngaUld;

jpUthtLJiwia mile;J> mq;Nf Nfhapypd; ntspg;gpufhuj;jpy; tlNkw;F
%iyapy; ,Ue;j XH murkuj;jbapy; 3000 Mz;Lfs; Nahfj;jpy; ,Ue;J
Mz;Lf;F xU ghthfj; „jkpo; %thapuj;ij‟g; ghbaUsp> fp. K. 100Mk;
Mz;L guKj;jp mile;jhH. mtH jpUthtLJiw murkuj;J ePoypy;
,Ue;jhH vd;gij>
“NrHe;jpUe; Njd;rpt kq;ifjd; gq;fid
NrHe;jpUe; Njd;rpt dhtL jz;Liw
NrHe;jpUe; Njd;rpt Nghjpapd; ePoypy;

28
NrHe;jpUe; Njd;rpt ehkq;fs; XjpNa.” 30
vd;w ghlybfshYk;
“Qhdj; jiytpjd; de;jp efHGf;F
Cdkpy; xd;gJ Nfhb Afe;jDs;
Qhdg;gh Y}l;bnad; dhjid aHr;rpj;J
ehD kpUe;Njd;ew; Nghjpapd; fPNo.” 31
vd;w ghlybfshYk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
jhk; guKj;jp miltjd; Kd;dk; „jkpo; %thapuj;ijj;‟ jk;Kila

VO rPlHfSf;Fg; Gfl;b> cyfpy; gy klq;fis Vw;ghL nra;J gjp> gR>
ghr ,yf;fzq;fisg; Gfl;Lk;gb nra;J> jkpo; %thapug;ghf;fs;
tiuag;gl;l xU Rtbiaj; jpUthtLJiwj; jpUf;Nfapypd; Kd;dH
,Uf;Fk; gypgPlj;jpd;fo
P ;r; Nrkpj;J itj;J tpl;Lg; gpd; jhk; guKj;jp
va;jpdhH.
jpU%yUf;F VO rPlHfs; cz;L vd;gJk;> mtH VO klq;fisj;

jhgpj;jhH vd;gJk;>
“ke;jpuk; ngw;w topKiw khyhq;fd;
,e;jpud; Nrhkd; gpukd; cUj;jpud;
fe;JUf; fhyhq;fp fQ;r kiyaNdhL
,e;j vOtUk; vd;top ahNk.” 32

29
“te;j klNkO kd;Dk;rd; khHf;fk;
Ke;jp cjpf;fpd;w %yd; kltiu.” 33
vd;w jkpo; %thapur; nra;Al;fshy; mwpayhk;.
jpU%yH jpUthtLJiwj; jpUf;Nfhapypd; Kd;dH cs;s gypgPlj;jpd;

fPo; itj;jpUe;j jkpo; %thapuk; tiuag;gl;l Rtbiaj;jhd;> fp.gp. 634
Kjy; fp.gp. 650 tiu tho;e;j jpUQhd rk;ge;jH vLj;jhH vd;W
$wg;gLtjw;F Mjhuq;fs; ,y;iy.
jpU%y ehadhH fp. K. 6000 Kjy; fp. K. 100 tiu 5900 Mz;Lfs;
capNuhL ,Uf;fKbAkh vd;w Iaj;ij mtu;jk; ghly;fspd; top ePff
;
,aYk;.
“tspapid thq;fp taj;jp ylf;fpy;
gspq;nfhj;Jf; fhak; gOf;fpDk; gpQ;rhk;
njspaf; FUtpd; jpUtUs; ngw;why;
tspapDk; ntl;L tspaD khNk.” 34
vd;Wk;>
“ePy epwDil Neupio ahnshLk;
rhyTk; Gy;ypr; rjnkd; wpUg;ghHf;F
Qhy kwpa eiujpiu khwpLk;
ghyD khtH guhee;jp ahizNa.” 35

30
vd;Wk;>
“vq;Nf ,Uf;fpDk; g+up ,lj;jpNy
mq;Nf mJnra;apy; Mf;iff;F moptpy;iy.” 36
vd;Wk;>
“mz;lk; RUq;fpy; Mf;iff;F moptpy;iy.” 37
vd;Wk;>
“ehl;l kpuz;Lk; eL%f;fpy; itj;jpby;
thl;lK kpy;iy kidf;Fk; moptpy;iy.” 38
vd;Wk;>
“<uhW fhy;nfhz;L vOe;j Gutpiag;
Nguhkw; fl;bg; ngupJz ty;ypNuy;
ePuh apuKk; epykh apuj;jhz;Lk;
NguhJ fhak; gpuhd;ee;jp MizNa.” 39
vd;Wk;>
“fhw;iwg; gpbf;Fk; fzf;fwp thsHf;Ff;
$w;iw Aijf;Fk; FwpaJ thNk.” 40
vd;Wk;>
31
“%y ehb %f;fl; lyf;Fr;rpAs;
ehY thry; eLTs; ,Ug;gpHfhz;
Nkiy thapy; ntspAwf; fz;lgpd;
fhyd; thHj;ij fdhtpYk; ,y;iyNa.” 41
vd;Wk;>
“clk;gh uopapy; capuhH moptH
jplk;gl nka;Q;Qhdk; NruTk; khl;lhH
clk;ig tsHf;Fk; cghak; mwpe;Njd;
clk;ig tsHj;Njd; capHtsHj; NjNd. ” 42
vd;Wk; jpU%yu; jk; mDgtj;ijf; $wpAs;shH. Mjyhy; jpU%yH> fp. K.

6000 Kjy; fp. K. 100 tiuapyhd> 5900 Mz;Lfs; jpUthtLJiwapy;
ew;Nghjpapd;fo
P ; ,Ue;jhH vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs;
ghz;ba ehl;by; fp. K. 50 Kjy; fp. gp. 30 tiu murhz;l „fUq;if

xs;ths; ngUk;ngaH tOjp‟ fhyj;jpy; cs;ke;jpuj; jiytuha; ,Ue;J.
„ts;StH‟ vd;Dk; gl;lk; ngw;W> tOjpapd; Ntz;LNfhl;fpzq;fpj;
jpUf;Fws; vd;Dk; ePjpE}iyg; ghbatH „thshH neLkhwd;
ts;StdhH‟MthH.
32
“jg;gh Kjw;ghthy; jhkhz;l ghlypdhy;
Kg;ghypd; ehw;ghy; nkhope;jtH - vg;ghYk;
ititj;j $HNty; tOjp kdkfpoj;
nja;tj; jpUts; StH” 43
vd;w fPue;ijahH ghlypdhy; tOjpapd; fl;lisg;gb jpUts;StH

jpUf;Fwisg; ghbdhH vd;gJ mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.
“mwdwpe;Njk; Md;w nghUs;njupe;Njk; ,d;gpd;
jpwdwpe;Njk; tPL njspe;Njk; - kwd;vwpe;j
thshH neLkhwd; ts;StdhH jk;thahy;
Nfsh jdnty;yhq; Nfl;L.” 44
vd;w nfhbQhoy; khzpg+jdhH ghlyhy; jpUts;StUila ,aw;ngaH

„neLkhwd; ts;StH‟ vd;gJ ngwg;gl;lJ.
jpUts;StH jk; ,stajpy; njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; ,yf;fz

E}iyAk;> „jkpo; %thapuk;‟ vd;Dk; jj;jt E}iyAk; ed;F fw;wtH.
murpay; QhdKk; cyf mwpTk; kpFjpAk; cilatH thl; giliaj;
jhq;fpr; rz;il nra;tjpy; ,izaw;wtH. ,tH fUq;if xs;ths; ngUk;
ngaH tOjpAlDk; jdpj;Jk; gy jlitfspy; giftHfSld; kiye;J
ntw;wpngw;wtH. mjdhdd;Nw> „kwd; vwpe;j thshH neLkhwd; ts;StdhH‟
vd;W nfhb Qhoy; khzpg+jdhH Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
jpUts;StH fp. K. 75 Kjy; fp. gp. 36 tiu tho;e;jtH. vd;gjhy;>

,tH gpwg;gjw;F 25 Mz;Lfs; Kd;dH mjhtJ fp. K. 100-,y; jpU%yH
33
„jkpo; %thapuk;‟ vd;Dk; E}iy ,aw;wp> jk;Kila VO rPlHfSf;Fk;

cgNjrpj;Jtpl;Lg; guKj;jp aile;jij mwpe;jtH vd;gjhy;> jkpo;
%thapuj;ij ed;Ffw;whH.
jkpo; %thapuj;jpdpd;Wk; jpUts;StH vLj;jhz;l gFjpfSs; rpy

gpd;tUkhW:
1. „MUk; mwpahH mfhuk; mtndd;W.” 45 - jkpo; %thapuk;
“mfuk; Kjy vOj;njy;yhk; Mjpgftd;.” 46 - jpUf;Fws;
2. “mwpTiliahH neQ;nrhL MjpgftDk;.” 47 - jkpo; %thapuk;
“Mjpgftd; Kjw;NwAyF.” 48 - jpUf;Fws;
3. “NghJfe; NjWk; Gupril ahdb.” 49 - jkpo; %thapuk;
“kyHkpir Vfpdhd;.” 50 - jpUf;Fws;
4. “nghUsJtha; epd;w Gz;zpad;.” 51 - jkpo; %thapuk;
“,iwtd; nghUs;NrH Gfo; Gupe;jhH.” 52 - jpUf;Fws;
5. “vz; rj;jp J}a;ikAk;.” 53 - jkpo; %thapuk;
“vz; Fzj;jhd;.” 54 - jpUf;Fws;
6. “jd;id nahg;ghH xd;Wkpy;yhj; jiykfd;.” 55 - jkpo; %thapuk;
“jdf;F ctik apy;yhjhd;.” 56 - jpUf;Fws;
7. “mwthop me;jzd; Mjp guhgud;.” 57 - jkpo; %thapuk;

34
“mwthop me;jzd; jhs;.” 58 - jpUf;Fws;
8. “tpisf;Fk; jtk; mwk; Nky; Jiz ahNk.” 59 - jkpo; %thapuk;
“jhdk; jtk; ,uz;Lk;.” 60 - jpUf;Fws;
9. “Kof;fp vOtd Kk;kj Ntok;
mlf;f mwpntDk; Njhl;bahy; itj;Njd;.” 61 - jkpo; %thapuk;
“cud; vd;Dk; Njhl;bahy; XH Ie;Jk; fhj;jy;.” 62 - jpUf;Fws;
10. “MNk Rit xsp a+Nwhir ehw;wk;.” 63 - jkpo; %thapuk;
“Rit xsp a+Nwhir ehw;wnkd; iwe;jpd;.” 64 - jpUf;Fws;
,yf;fzr; rhd;W
njhy;fhg;gpak; Gwj;jpizapay; 20 Mk; #j;jpu ciuapy;>

“Nahfpfsha; cghaq;fshd; Kf;fhyKk; czHe;j kh%yH
KjypNahH mwptd; Nja;j;J midepiy tifNahH MtH.
mtHf;F khzhf;fuhfj; jtQ; nra;NthH jhgjg; gf;fj; juhtH ” 65
vd er;rpdhHf;fpdpaH $Wk; tpsf;fk; ngUik tha;e;j rptNahfpauhfpa

jpU%y ehadhiuAk; mtHjk; khzhf;fHfisAk; Fwpj;jike;Js;sik
,q;F xg;G Nehf;fpAzuj; jFtjhFk;.
jpUke;jpur; nrhy;yhl;rpfs;
tlnkhopAk; njd;jkpOk; kiwfs; ehd;Fk; njspe;JzHe;j rptQhdr;

nry;tuhfpa jpU%yH> jhk; rptNahf epiyapypUe;J rpe;jpj;JzHe;j rpthfk
cz;ikfis ,e;ehl;ltH ahtUk; XjpAzHe;J ca;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk;
35
mUs;Nehf;Fld; jpUke;jpug; gDtiy mUspr; nra;jikahy;> mtuUspa

ghly;fspy; rka rhj;jpuf; FwpaPLfshfpa gjp> gR> ghrk;> Mztk;> fd;kk;>
khia> rpj;J> mrpj;J> rupia> fpupia> Nahfk;> Qhdk;> rj;J> mrj;J>
rjrj;J> Ntjhe;jk;> rpj;jhe;jk;> ehjhe;jk;> Nghjhe;jk;> Nahfhe;jk;> fyhe;jk;>
ehjk;> tpe;J> rj;jp> rhj;Jkhd;> tape;jtk;> rj;jhjp thf;F kdhjpfs;>
rhf;fpuhjPjk;> Rj;jk;> Jupak; tpQ;QhdH> gpusahfyj;J mQ;QhdH> ,akk;>
epakk;> Mjdk;> gpuhzhahkk;> gpuj;jpahfhuk;> jhuiz> jpahdk;> rkhjp>
ftr epahrq;fs; Kj;jpiu> gj;khrdk;> gj;jpuhrdk;> rpq;fhjdk;> g+ufk;>
Fk;gfk;> Nurfk; vd;gd KjyhfTs;s tlnrhw;fSk; nrhw;nwhlHfSk;
mf;fhyj;Jg; nghJ kf;fspilNa toq;fpa tof;Fr; nrhw;fs; rpyTk; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sd. jkpo; tlnkhop vd;Dk; ,UnkhopfisAk; fye;J jpU%yH>
“mw;wpl tr;rpt khFk; mZtNd” 66
vd;Wk;>
“cw;wKg; ghnyhd;W khahs; cjakhk;” 67
vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s mbfspy; „mZtd;‟> „khahs;‟ Nghd;w GJr; nrhw;fs;

,lk; ngw;Ws;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. Ntj Mfkq;fspd; Kbe;j Kbghfpa
irtrkaj; jj;Jtk; vd;w nghUspy; rpj;jhe;jk; vd;w nrhw;nwhliu Kjd;
Kjy; toq;fpatH jpU%y ehadhNuahtH. Re;juH fhyj;Jg; gy;yt
kd;ddhfpa ,uz;lhk; eurpq;f tHkd;> jhd; fhQ;rpapy; mikj;j
ifyhrehjH Nfhapypw; nghwpj;Js;s tlnkhopf; fy;ntl;by;> irt rpj;jhe;j
khHf;fj;ijg; gpd; gw;wpatd; vdj; jd;idf; Fwpj;jpUg;gJ ,q;F
Nehf;fj;jFtjhFk;.
Mupak;> jkpo; vd;Dk; ,UnkhopfisAk; czHe;J ,kak; Kjy;

Fkup tiuAs;s vy;yhj; jyq;fspYk; Nghf;FtuT Gupe;j jtKdptuhfpa
jpU%yH mUspa jpUke;jpug; ghly;fspy; rka rhj;jpuf; FwpaPLfshfpa tl
nrhw;fSk; Nrup tof;Fr; nrhw;fSk; tputpf; fhzg;gLjy; ,ay;Ng.
36
jpUke;jpuj;jpd; nkhopf;fyg;G xd;Nw gw;wpj; jpU%yH fhyj;jpd;

njhd;ikapidf; Fwpj;J IAWjw;Fr; rpwpJk; ,lkpy;iy.
gpw rkaj;ijg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; jpU%yH> jk; E}ypy;

MWrkaq;fs; vdTk; mtw;wpw; gythfpa E}W rkaq;fs; vdTk; ,e;ehl;by;
toq;Fk; rkaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. MapDk; Ntj tof;nfhL khWgl;l
Gwr;rkaq;fshfpa Gj;j> rkz kjq;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gk; Gwr;rkaf;
fho;gG
; k; jpUke;jpug; ghly;fspy; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy. ,jidf; $He;J
Nehf;Fq;fhy;> Gj;j rkz kjq;fs; jkpo; ehl;bw; GFe;J ahz;Lk; gutpj;
jkpo; kf;fsJ tho;f;ifapy; Nt&d;wp epiyngWjw;F Kd;dNuNa
rptNahfpauhfpa jpU%yH> rpthfkg; nghUs; Fwpj;j ,j;jpUke;jpug;
gDtiy ,aw;wpaUspdhH vd;gJ tpsq;Fk;.
,Jtiu fz;l mfr;rhd;Wfspd; topahfTk; Gwr;rhd;Wfspd;

topahfTk; jpU%yupd; fhyk; fp. K. 6000 Kjy; fp. K. 100 tiu vd
cWjpnra;ag;ngw;wJ.
ek;gpahz;lhu; ek;gpapd; ghu;itapy; jpU%yu; tuyhW
ek;gpahz;lhH ek;gpfs; jpUj;njhz;lH jpUte;jhjpapy; jpU%yu;

Fwpj;J gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. jpUf;ifapyhaj;jpy; rptngUkhdJ
jpUf;NfhapYf;F Kjw;ngUk; fhty;g+z;l jpUee;jp NjtuJ jpUtUs;ngw;w
khzhf;fUs; mzpkh Kjypa vz;tifr; rpj;jpfSk; (ml;lkh rpj;jpfs;)
iftug;ngw;w rptNahfpahH xUtH ,Ue;jhH. mtH mfj;jpa Kdptuplj;jpw;
nfhz;l el;gpdhy; mtNuhL rpyfhyk; jq;Ftjw;F vz;zp mk;KdptH
vOe;jUspa nghjpakiyia milAk; nghUl;Lj; jpUf;fapiyapdpd;Wk;
Gwg;gl;Lj; njd;jpir Nehf;fpr; nrd;whH. nry;Yk; topapy; jpUf;Nfjhuk;>
gRgjpNeghsk;> mtpKj;jk; (fhrp)> tpe;jkiy> jpUg;gUg;ge;jk;> jpUf;fhsj;jp>
jpUthyq;fhL Mfpa jpUj;jyq;fisg; gzpe;Njj;jpf; fhQ;rp efiuaile;J
jpUNtfk;gg; ngUkhid ,iwQ;rpg;Nghw;wp> me;efupYs;s rptNahfpahH
fshfpa jtKdptHfSld; md;Gld; mstshtp kfpo;e;jhH. gpd;dHj;
37
jpUtjpifiaaile;J Kg;Gunkupj;j ngUkhid topgl;Lg; Nghw;wp> ,iwtd;

mw;Gjj; jpUf;$j;jhbaUSk; jpUtk;gyj;jpidj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;L
jpfOk; nghw;gjpahfpa ngUk;gw;wg;Gypa+iu te;jile;jhH. vy;yhTyq;fSk;
ca;Ak;gb Ie;njhopy; jpUf;$j;J ,aw;wpaUSk; $j;jg;ngUkhid
tzq;fpj; Jjpj;Jr; rpe;ij fsp$He;jhH. gRfuzq;fs; rptfuzq;fshfpa
J}a epiyapy; jk;Ks;sj;Nj nghq;fpnaOe;j rptNghjkhfpa
nka;AzHtpdhy; rpthde;jj; jpUf;$j;jpidf; fz;Lfspj;J Muhj ngU
Ntl;ifapdhy; mj;jpUj;jyj;jpy; jq;fpapUe;jhH.
jpy;iyj; jpUeldq; fz;L kfpo;e;j rptNahfpahH> mq;fpUe;J

Gwg;gl;Lf; fhtpupapy; ePuhb mjd; njd;fiuapid mile;J> cikak;ikahH
gRtpd; fd;whf ,Ue;J ,iwtid topghL nra;J mk;Kjy;tDld;
vOe;jUspapUe;J mUs; GupAk; jpUthtLJiwia mile;jhH. jpUf;
Nfhapiy tyk; te;J gRgjpahfpa ,iwtid topgl;L> mj;jpUg;gjpapid
tpl;L ePq;fhnjhU fUj;Jk; jk; cs;sj;Nj Njhd;w mq;Nf jq;fpapUe;jhH.
MtLJiwapiwtiu topgLjypy; Muhj ngUq; fhjiyAila
rptNahfpahH> mj;jyj;ij mfd;W nry;Yk; nghOJ fhtpupf; fiuapYs;s
Nrhiyaplj;Nj gRf; $l;lq;fs; fjwp mOtijf; fz;lhH. me;jzHfs;
thOk; rhj;jD}upNy njhd;Wnjhl;L Mdpiu Nka;f;Fk; Fbapw; gpwe;j
Madhfpa %yd; vd;gtd; tplk; jPz;b ,we;jikahy; mjidj; jhq;fhj
gRf;fs; capH ePq;fpa mtdJ clk;gpidr; Rw;wpr; Rod;W te;J
Nkhg;gdTk; fjWtdkhfp tUe;jpd.
Nka;g;ghd; ,we;jikahy; gRf;fisile;j Jauj;jpidf; fz;l

mUshsuhfpa rptNahfpahuJ cs;sj;jpy; „,g;gRf;fs; cw;w Jauj;jpid
ePf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;‟ vd;wNjhH vz;zk; jpUtUshy; Njhd;wpaJ. „,e;j
,ilad; capHngw;nwOe;jhyd;wp ,g;gRf;fs; Jauk; ePqf
; h‟ vdj;
jpUTsj;njz;zpa jtKdptH> jk;Kila jpUNkdpiag; ghJfhtyhd
Njhuplj;J kiwj;J itj;J tpl;Lf; $Ltpl;Lf; $L gha;jy;
(gufhag;gpuNtrk;) vd;Dk; gtd topapdhNy jkJ capiu mt;tpiladJ
clk;gpw; GFkhW nrYj;jpj; jpU%yuha; vOe;jhH. vOjYk; gRf;fnsy;yhk;
38
jk; Jauk; ePqf

; p md;gpdhy; mtuJ clk;gpid ehj;jOk;g ef;fp Nkhe;J
fidj;J kpFe;j fisg;gpdhNy thnyLj;J Js;spf;nfhz;L jhk; tpUk;gpa
,lj;jpw; nrd;W Gy; Nka;e;jd. jpU%yehadhH mJfz;L jpUTsk; kfpo;e;J
Mdpiufs; NkAkplq;fspw; nrd;W ed;whf Nka;j;jUspdhH. tapwhu Nka;e;j
mg;gRf;fs;> $l;lkhfr; nrd;W fhtpupahw;wpd; Kd;JiwapNyapwq;fp ed;dPH
gUfpf; fiuNaw> mg;gRf;fisf; FspHe;j epoypNy jq;fp ,isg;ghWk;gb
nra;J ghJfhj;jUspdhH.
#upad; Nkw;wpiria mZf khiyg;nghOJ te;jJ. gRf;fs; jj;jk;

fd;Wfis epidj;Jj; jhNk nky;y ele;J rhj;jD}iu miltdthapd.
mg;gRf;fs; nry;Yk; topapNy njhlHe;J gpd;nrd;w rptNahfpahH. gRf;fs;
ahTk; jj;jkf;Fupa tPLfspw; nrd;W NrHe;j gpd;dH mt;t+H topapy; jdpNa
epw;ghuhapdH.
me;epiyapy;> %yDila khdkpF kidawf; fpoj;jpahfpa eq;if>

„vd; fztH nghOJ nrd;w gpd;dUk; tuj; jho;e;jdNu mtHf;F vd;d
NeHe;jNjh‟ vd;W mQ;rpatsha;j; jd; fztidj; Njbf; nfhz;L nrd;W>
rptNahfpahH epd;w ,lj;ijaile;jhs;. jd; fztJ clk;gpw; Njhd;wpa
cs;SzHT khw;wj;ijf; fz;L „,tHf;F VNjh jPq;F NeHe;jpUj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;‟ vd;W vz;zp mtiuj; jsHtpd;wp ,y;yj;jpw;F mioj;Jr;
nry;Yk; fUj;Jld; mtUlk;igj; njhLtjw;F neUq;fpdhs;. jpU%yuhfpa
rptNahfpahH> mts; jk;ikj; jPz;lnthz;zhjthW jLj;J epWj;jpdhH. jd;
fztidad;wp kf;fs; Kjypa neUq;fpa Rw;wj;jhH xUtUkpd;wpj;
jdpahshfpa mts;> mtuJ njhlHgw;w epiyfz;L mQ;rp kdq;
fyq;fpdhs;. „ckJ md;Gila kidtpahfpa vspNahid ntWj;J
ePq;Fjyhfpa ,jdhy; vdf;F vj;jifa ngUe; Jd;gj;ijr; nra;J tpl;B u;‟
vd;W $wpg;Gyk;gp thl;lKw;whs;. me;epiyapy; epiwjtr;nry;tuhfpa
jpU%yH> mtis Nehf;fp „eP vz;zpathW ,q;F cdf;F vd;Dld;
vj;jifa cwNtJk; ,y;iy‟ vdf; $wptpl;L> mt;t+upy; mUe;jtH gyUk;
39
jq;fpapUe;jw;nfd mike;Js;s nghJklj;jpw; GFe;J rptNahfj;jpy;

mkHe;jpUe;jhH.
jd; fztdJ jd;ik NtWgl;ljidf; fz;l %yd; kidtp> mJ

gw;wp ahuplj;Jk; nrhy;yhkYk;> jt epiyapduhfpa mtH ghy;
mizahkYk; md;wpuT KOtJk; cwq;fhjtuha;j; JaUw;whs;. nghOJ
tpbe;jJk; jd; fztH epiyia mt;t+upYs;s ey;Nyhuplk; vLj;Jiuj;jhs;.
mJNfl;l rhd;NwhH> jpU%yiu mZfp mtuJ epiyikia ehb> „,J
gpj;jpdhy; tpise;j kaf;fkd;W‟ Nga; gpbj;jy; Kjyhfg; gpwpnjhU rhHghy;
csjhfpaJk; md;W. rpj;j tpfhuf; fyf;fq;fisnay;yhk; mwNt fise;J
njspT ngw;w epiyapy; rptNahfj;jpy; mOe;jpa fUj;J cilatuha; ,tH
mike;Js;shH. „,e;epiyik ahtuhYk; mse;jw;fupajhk;‟ vdj; njspe;jdH.
„,tH ,Utifg; gw;Wf;fisAk; mWj;J QhNdhgNjrj;jhy; gukH
jpUtbiag; ngw;w rPtd; Kj;jHfisg; Nghd;W vy;yhtw;iwAk; xUq;Nf
mwpaty;y Kw;WzHTilatuhf tpsq;Ffpd;whH. MfNt Kd;id epiyg;gb
cq;fs; Rw;wj; njhlHghfpa tho;tpy; <LgLthH my;yH‟ vd %yd;
kidtpf;F vLj;Jiuj;jhHfs;. mJNfl;l mts;> mstpyhj; Jauj;jhy;
kaf;fKw;whs;. mUNfAs;stHfs; mtisj; Njw;wp mtsJ kidf;F
mioj;Jr; nrd;whHfs;.
rhj;jD}upy; nghJklj;jpy; rptNahf epiyapy; mkHe;jpUe;j jpU%yH>

Nahfk; fiye;J vOe;J Kjy; ehspNy gRf;fs; te;j topNa nrd;W jk;
clk;gpidr; Nrkkhf itj;j ,lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W ghHj;jhH. mq;F mjidf;
fhzhjtuhfp> mJkiwe;j nraiy nka;AzHTila rpe;ijapy; Muha;e;J
njspe;jhH. gpiwKbf;fz;zpg; ngUkhdhfpa ,iwtd;> capHfsplk; itj;j
ngUq;fUizahNy mUspa rpthfkq;fspd; mUk; nghUs;fis
,e;epyTyfpy; jpU%yuJ thf;fpdhy; jkpopNy tFj;Jiuf;ff; fUjpa
jpUtUl;wpwj;jhy; rptNahfpahuJ Ke;ija clk;gpid kiwg;gpj;jUspdhH.
,k; nka;ikapidj; jpU%yH jkJ Kw;WzHtpdhy; njspaTzHe;jhH.
me;epiyapy; jk;ikg; gpd; njhlHe;J te;j MaHFyj;jtHfl;Fk; jkf;Fk;
40
vj;jifa njhlHGk; ,y;iynad;gij mtHfl;F tpsq;f mwpTWj;jUspdhH.

mtHfs; vy;yhUk; jk;iktpl;L ePqf ; pagpd; rptngUkhd; jpUtbfisr;
rpe;jpj;J mt;tplj;ijtpl;lfd;W jpUthtLJiwj; jpUf;Nfhapiy mile;jhH.
mj;jpUf;Nfhapypy; tPw;wpUe;jUSk; mk;ikag;guhfpa ,iwtiu tzq;fp
mj;jpUf;Nfhapypd; Nkw;fpy; kjpw;Gwj;NjAs;s mur kuj;jpd;fPo;j;
Njthrdj;jpy; rptNahfj;J mkHe;J> cs;sf; fkyj;jpy; tPw;wpUe;jUSk;
mUk;nghUshfpa rptGuk; nghUNshL ,uz;lwf;$b xd;wpapUe;jhH.
,q;qdk; rptNahf epiyapy; mkHe;jpUe;j jpU%yehadhH CNdhL

njhlHe;j ,g;gpwtpahfpa jPa eQ;rpdhYsthk; Jauk; ePqf
; p ,t;Tyfj;jhH
ca;Ak; nghUl;L rupia> fpupia> Nahfk; Qhdk; vd;Dk; ehy;tif
ed;ndwpfSk; ehy;tif kyHfshf tpupe;J tpsq;Fk; ey;y
jpUke;jpukhiyahfpa E}iy ,iwtd; jpUtbf;F mzpe;J Nghw;Wk;
epiyapy;>
“xd;wtd; jhNd ,uz;ltd; ,d;dUs;
epd;wdd; %d;wpDs; ehd;FzHe;jhd; Ie;J
ntd;wdd; MW tpupe;jdd; VOk;gHr;
nrd;wdd; jhdpUe; jhDzHe; Njl;Nl” 68
vd;Dk; jpUg;ghliyj; njhlq;fp Xuhz;Lf;F xU jpUg;ghlyhf ,t;thW

%thapuk; Mz;Lfs; ,t;Tyfpy; rptNahf epiyapy; mkHe;jpUe;J %thapuk;
jpUg;ghly;fs; mUspr; nra;jhH.vy;yhk; ty;y guk;nghUs; md;Ng
cUthdtH vd;gij jk; ghly; %yk; tpsf;FfpwhH. mg;ghly; gpd; tUkhW:
“md;Gk; rptKk; ,uz;nld;gH mwptpyhH
md;Ng rptkhtJ ahUk; mwpfpyhH
md;Ng rptkhtJ ahUk; mwpe;jgpd;

41
md;Ng rptkha; mkHe;jpUe;jhNu” 69
,t;thuhfj; jkpo; %thapukhfpa jpUke;jpuj; jpUKiwapid

epiwTnra;J rptngUkhd; jpUtUshNy jpUf;fapiy mile;J
mk;Kjy;tDila jpUtb ePoypy; vd;Wk; gpupah JiwAk; Ngupd;gg;
ngUtho;tpidg; ngw;W ,dpjpUe;jhH.
“Fbkd;D rhj;jD}Hf; Nfhf;Fy Nka;g;Nghd; Fuk;igGf;F
Kbkd;D $dw; gpiwahs/d; wd;id KOj;jkpopd;
gbkd;D Ntjj;jpd; nrhw;gb Nagu tpl;nlDr;rp
mbkd;d itj;j gpuhd;%y ehfpd;w mq;fzNd ” 70
vd;W jpU%yH tuyhw;iw ek;gpahz;lhH ek;gpfs; jpUj;njhz;lH

jpUte;jhjpapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
jpU%yu; gw;wpa ,tuJ fUj;Jfs; Vw;Gilad my;y. fhuzk;>

ek;gpahz;lhH ek;gpfs; gf;jpapd; kpFjpahy; tuyhw;iw
kpifg;gLj;jf;$batu;. rhd;whf> mtu; jd; gf;jpapd; kpFjpahy; 60
ehad;khu; vz;zpf;ifia 63 Mf tpupTgLj;jpatu;.
ehad;khiu mwpKfk; nra;J itj;jtH Re;ju%Hj;jp ehadhH. mtH

rptngUkhd; mb vLj;Jf; nfhLf;fg; ghba ehad;khH 60 NgHjhd;.
Re;ju%Hj;jp ehadhH kiwe;J 100 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;du; ek;gpahz;lhH
ek;gp Re;ju%Hj;jp ehadhH ghba 60 ehad;khu; Fwpj;J tpupthfg; ghbdhu;.
mg;NghJ 60 ehad;khiug; ghb> me;j 60 ehad;khiug; ghbf; nfhLj;j
Re;juH> mtiug; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;j mg;gh (riladhH)> mk;kh
(,irQhdpahH) MfpNahiur; NrHj;J ehad;khu; vz;zpf;ifia 63 Mf
Mf;fpdhH. Mjyhy;> gf;jpapy; Njha;e;j xUtu; kw;nwhUtiug; gw;wpf;
42
Fwpg;gpLk; tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gfspy; nghjpe;Js;s cz;ikj;jd;ik

Nfs;tpf;Fl;gl;lNj MFk;.
jpU%yH gilj;jjhff; fUjg;gLk; E}y;fs;
jpU%yH E}y;fs; gy cs;sd. mtw;Ws; rpy E}y;fNs

mwpag;gl;Ls;sd. mit gpd;tUkhW:
1. jpU%yH fhtpak; 8000

2. rpw;gE}y; 1000
3. Nrhjplk; 300
4. khe;jpuPfk; 600
5. itj;jpar; RUf;fk; 200
6. #f;Fk Qhdk; 100
7. ry;ypak; 1000
8. ngUq;fhtpak; 1500
9. Nahf Qhdk; 16
10. fhtpak; 1000
11. jPl;ir tpjp 100
12. Mwhjhuk; 64
13. fUq;fpil 600
14. NfhHit tpjp 16
15. gr;ir E}y; 24
16. tpjp E}y; 24
17. jPl;ir tpjp 18
18. jpUke;jpuk; 3000
jpU%yu;> %yd; Fuk;igAs; GFe;j gpd;dH nra;j E}y; „jkpo;

%thapuk;‟ vd;w xU E}NyahFk;. %yd; Fuk;igAs; GFKd;dH> „cgNjrk;
Kg;gJ‟> „ke;jpuk; Ke;E}W‟ vd;w ,uz;L E}y;fs; nra;Js;shH. mtu;
43
gilj;jjhff; Fwpg;gplg;ngw;Ws;s kw;w 15 E}y;fSk; jpU%yu;jhd;

gilj;jhu; vd;gjw;Fj; jf;fr; rhd;Wfs; ,y;iy.
jpUke;jpuk; - mwpKfk;
rptngUkhdpd; jpUtUs; ngw;w ehd;kiw Nahfpfspy; xUtuhd

jpU%yNjt ehadhH mUspr; nra;j jpUke;jpu khiy irtg; ngUkf;fs;
Nghw;wp tzq;Fk; gd;dpU jpUKiwfspy; gj;jhtJ jpUKiwahf
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. irt rpj;jhe;j jj;Jt cz;ikfis tpsf;Fk; rpwe;j
rhj;jpu E}yhfTk;> irt newpapy; epd;W rptkhk; guk;nghUisg; gw;wr;
rpe;jpj;J> topgl;L> rptkhk; jd;ikiag; ngWtjw;fhd rhjdq;fs; nfhz;l
XH xg;gw;w E}yhfTe; jpfo;fpd;wJ. mJkl;Lkd;wpr; rptNahf Kbthfpa
rptQhd mDgtk; miltjw;fhd ghijiar; Rl;bf;fhl;Lk; jdpr;rpwg;Gg;
ngw;wjhAk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. mj;Jld;> rptQhdj;jpd; thapyhff;
fpilf;fg;ngWk; mUk;ngUk; czHTfSf;F ,yf;fzkhfTk; jpUke;jpuk;
mike;Js;sJ.
„jpU‟ vd;Dk; nrhy; nry;tk;> rpwg;G> moF> xsp> nghypT>

nja;tj;jd;ik Nghd;w nghUspidf; Fwpg;gjhf mike;Js;sJ. „ke;jpuk;‟
vd;w nrhy; „kiwnghUs;‟ my;yJ „kiwnkhop‟ vd;w nghUspy;
mikfpd;wJ. 71
jpU%yupd; jpUke;jpukhiy> jpUke;jpuk; vd;w ngauhy; toq;fg;gLk;.

,e;E}y; irtj; jpUKiwfSs; gj;jhtjhf ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. jkpo;
nkhopapy; ngUQ;rpwg;Gf;F cupa Kjd;ikahd E}y;fisj; njhFj;J
ciuf;Fk; xU gok;ghly; cs;sJ. mjpy; jpUke;jpuKk; ,izf;fg;
ngw;wpUg;gJ ,jd; rpwg;gpw;Fr; rhd;W $wp epw;fpwJ. irt Mfkq;fspd;
rhukhfj; jpfOk; ,e;E}iy> jkpopy; vOe;j irtrkaQ; rhHe;j xU
fiyf;fsQ;rpak; vd;Nw $wyhk;. jpUke;jpuk; xd;gJ cl;gpupTfisf;
nfhz;lJ. xt;nthU gpupTk; xU „je;jpuk;| vdf; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j
xd;gJ je;jpuq;fSk;> Mfkq;fs; xd;gjpd; rhukhf mike;Js;sd.
44
Mfkq;fs; 28> mtw;Ws; xd;gjpd; rhukhf xd;gJ je;jpuq;fs;

mike;Js;sd. mjid>
“ ngw;wey; yhfkk; fhuzk; fhkpfk;
cw;wey; tPu Kau;rpe;jpa thJsk;
kw;wt;tp ahks khFq;fh Nyhj;juk;
Jw;wey; Rg;gpuQ; nrhy;Y kFlNk” 72
vd;w ghly; njhFj;Jiuj;Js;sJ.
me;j Mfkq;fs; gpd; tUkhW: fhuzk;> fhkpfk;> tPuk;> rpe;jk;>

thJsk;> tpahksk;> fhNyhj;juk;> Rg;gpuk;> kFlk; vd;gdthFk;.
1. Kjy; je;juk; - fhuz Mfkk;

2. ,uz;lhk; je;juk; - fhkpf Mfkk;
3. %d;whk; je;juk; - tPu Mfkk;
4. ehd;fhk; je;juk; - rpe;jpa Mfkk;
5. Ie;jhk; je;juk; - thJs Mfkk;
6. Mwhk; je;juk; - tpahks Mfkk;
7. Vohk; je;juk; - fhNyhj;ju Mfkk;
8. vl;lhk; je;juk; - Rg;gpu Mfkk;
9. xd;gjhk; je;juk; - kFl Mfkk;
xd;gJ je;jpuq;fSs; Kjy; ehd;F je;jpuq;fs; mwk;> nghUs;>

,d;gk;> tPL vd;Dk; ehd;ifAk; Rl;bAs;sd. Ie;J Kjy; xd;gJ tiuAs;s
je;jpuq;fs; tPLNgW> tPLNgw;Wtop> topghL> topghl;LWjp> tho;f;if vd;Dk;
Ie;ijAk; czu;j;jpAs;sd.
45
jpUke;jpur; nrk;nghUs;
„rpj;jhe;jk;‟ vd;gJ> Kbe;j Kbtpidf; Fwpf;Fk; irtk; vd;gJ

rptj;njhlHGilaJ vdg; nghUs;gLk; irtk; rptj;Jld; rk;ge;jkhtijj;
jpUke;jpuk; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.
“irtk; rptj;Jld; rk;ge;jkhtJ
irtk; jidawpe; Njrptk; rhUjy;
irtk; rpte;jd;idr; rhuhky; ePTjy;
irtk; rpthde;jQ; rhAr; rpaNk”. 73
mjhtJ> irtkhtJ rptkhk; guk;nghUSld; nghUe;jp epw;wyhk;. rpt

jj;Jtj;ij czHe;J mjd; ikakhf tpsq;Fk; rptj;ijg; gw;wp xd;wp
epw;wyhk;. rPtd; jd;dplj;jpNyNa rptkhdJ xsptpl;L mike;jpUg;gij
czHe;J nfhs;tjhk;. ,e;j epiyapy; fpilf;Fk; NgNw rpthde;jg; NgwhFk;
vd;gijAk; mwpe;J nfhs;tjhk;. vdNt> irt rpj;jhe;jk; capHfs;
rptj;Jld; rk;ge;jg;gLtjhy; milaf;$ba ngUepiyia tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
rpt guk;nghUs; capHfs; Nky; nfhz;l ngUk; fUizapd; fhuzkhf
mUshsHfs; %yk; mUspr; nra;j Qhdj; njhFjpNa irt
rpj;jhe;jkhFnkdTk; $wyhk;. ,iwtd;> capH mtw;wpidg;gw;wp epw;Fk;
jis> ,tw;wpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s njhlHG Nghd;wtw;wpd; jd;ikia
Ma;e;J> mj;jisapd; jd;ikia tpsf;fp kha ,Uis mfw;wpr; rPtd;
rptidr; rhUk; Kiwfisg; Nghjpg;gNj irt rpj;jhe;jkhFk;.
gd;dpU jpUKiwfs; irtrkaj;jpd; capH ehbahf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

gj;jhtJ jpUKiwahfpa jpUke;jpuk; irt rkaj;jpw;fhd rpj;jhe;jj; ijj;
njspthf vLj;Jj; jUfpd;wJ vd;gJk; mwpQHfshy; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;ljhFk;. ,iwtd; ,iwtpf;F mUspr; nra;j rpthfkq;fspd;
nghUis> rhuj;ijj; jpU%yH jkpopy; tFj;Jj; je;jhH vd;gjw;fhd
46
rhd;Wfs; jpUke;jpug; ghly;fs; 77> 81 Mfpatw;wpd; %ykhfNt

fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.
rpthfkq;fs; capHfisg; gw;wpAk;> capHfisg; ge;jpf;fpd;w ghrj;jpd;

jd;ikiag; gw;wpAk;> ghrj;ij ePf;fp cs;nshsp ngUf;fp ,iwtDila
jpUtbiar; rhHjy; gw;wpAk; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. ,it rupia> fpupia> Nahfk;>
Qhdk; vd;gdthf ehd;F ghjq;fsha; tFj;Jg; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. MfNt>
mwpag;gLk; nghUisg; gw;wpAk;> mwpfpd;w mwptpd; jd;ikiaAk;>
mwpfpd;wtidAk;> mtidr; Rw;wpAs;s ,Ushfpa khiaapd; $l;lj;ijg;
gw;wpAk;> mjD}Nl tpsq;Fk; rptj;ijg; gw;wpAk; rptnrh&gj;jpd;
gpughtj;ijg; gw;wpAk; jpUke;jpu khiyapy; jhd; Kw;wpYk; tpsf;fp
tpl;ljhfj; jpU%yH $Wfpd;whH. mJNt irt rpj;jhe;jg; nghUshFk;.
“NQaj;ij Qhdj;ij QhJU tj;jpid
khaj;ij khkhia jd;dpy; tUk;giu
Maj;ij ar;rptd; jd;id aNfhru
tPaj;ij Kw;Wk; tpsf;fpapl;NlNd” 74
mjhtJ> jpU%yH mUspa jpUke;jpuk;> gjp> gR> ghrk; vDk;

Kg;nghUs; cz;ikapidAk;> rupia> fpupia> Nahfk;> Qhdk; vd;Dk;
ehy;tif ed;ndwpfisAk; tpsf;Ftjhf mike;Js;sJ. vdNtjhd;
Nrf;fpohH ngUkhd; jpU%yiuf; Fwpj;J> „eyQ;rpwe;j QhdNahff; fpupah
rupianayhk; kyHe;j nkhopj; jpU%yj;NjtH‟ vd;W tho;j;JfpwhH.
,e;E}ypYs;s xd;gJ je;jpuq;fSs; Kjy; ehd;Fk; rptQhdk; ngw
tpUk;GNthHf;Fj; Njitahd jFjpiag; gw;wpAk; mjw;fhd rhjdq;fisAk;
tpsf;Ffpd;wd. MW Kjy; xd;gJ tiuapYs;s je;jpuq;fs; Qhdj;ijg;
gw;wpAk;> Qhdk; ngw;NwhUila mDgtk; gw;wpAk;> mDgtk; ngw;NwhH
va;Jk; Ngw;wpidg; gw;wpAk;> mtHfSila cyf tho;tpd; ngUikiag;
gw;wpAk; vLj;Jf; $Wfpd;wd. ,tw;wpw;F ikakhf epw;gJ Ie;jhtJ je;jpuk;.
47
,jpy;jhd; irt rpj;jhe;j cz;ikfs; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. rupiaahjp

ehw;ghjq;fs; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;tjd; tpisthfg;
ngwg;gLk; rk;ge;jj;jpd; jd;ik njspthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,iwtidg; Nghy; capUf;Fk; Mf;fKk; mopTk; ,y;iy vd;gJ

irtf; nfhs;ifahFk;. „gjpapidg;Nghy; gR ghrk; mdhjp‟ cly;> nry;tk;>
,sik Nghd;wtw;wpy; <LghL nfhz;L mtw;wpw;fhf ciog;gtd; Qhdk;
ngwj; jFjpaw;wtd;. ,tw;wpd; epiyahikia czHe;J vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk;
mbg;gilahd ,iwtd; kPJ ePq;fhj gw;W itg;gNj Qhdk; ngWtjw;F
Kjw;gbahFk;. ,ij czuhky; epiyaw;wnjhd;iw epiynadf; fUJgtH
capupd; cz;ikj; jd;ikapid mwpahjtHfs; MthHfs;. mjidaLj;J
Qhdk; ngw Kay;gtd; mwk; nra;Jk;> md;G g+z;Lk;> fy;tp Nfs;tp
Nkw;nfhz;Lk;> nfhy;yhik> Gyhy; kWj;jy;> gpwd; kid eathik>
fs;Sz;zhik Nghd;w tpujq;fis Nkw;nfhz;Lk; nja;tg;GytH
jpUts;StH mUspa fUj;Jf;fis mfj;jpw; nfhz;L mtw;iwg;
gpd;gw;Wtjd; %yk; irt rpj;jhe;j newpiaf; filg;gpbj;jtdhfpd;whd;
vd;fpd;w epiy jpUke;jpuj;jpy; Kjy; je;jpuj;jpy; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
mjNdhL ed;ndwp mwpe;J> xOfp tPL Ngw;wpid milAk;

Fwpf;NfhSld; ew;nghUisf; Nfl;LzHtjw;fhd MtYld;> ngupNahHfis
mwpe;Jk; topgl;Lk; cs;skhfp jPHj;jj;jpd; cz;ikfis czHe;Jk;
rptepe;ij> FU epe;ij> kNfRtu epe;ij Mfpa jPikfis mwNt
mfw;wpAk; jk;ik mwpe;j jj;Jt Qhdpfisj; Jizahff; nfhz;Lk; irt
rpj;jhe;j Vzpapy; mLj;j gbapy; fhy; itf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gJk; ,uz;lhk;
je;jpuj;jpd; rhukhFk;.
%d;whk; je;jpuj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs; ruPu rpj;jp cghakhFk;. capH

jq;fpAs;s clk;G Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mwk; Kjypatw;iwr; nra;a clk;G
Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy;> clk;gpd; typik> kdj;jpd; typik> ,iwtid
ehLtjw;Nfahk;. ,iwtid ehLjy; Ntz;b Nahf khHf;fkhfr; nra;aj;
jFe;jtw;iwr; nra;tJk;> jfhtw;iw ePf;fpAk;> cliyAk;> cs;sj;ijAk;
48
xUKfg;gLj;jpr; rptNahf rhjdj;ij Nkw;nfhz;L rptQhdj;ijg; ngWtJ

irt rpj;jhe;j newpapd; ehd;F ghfq;fspy; xd;whdgbahy; jpUke;jpuk;
Nahfj;jpw;F xU rpwe;j ,lj;ij ey;fp NahfhDgtq;fis
tpupTgLj;jpAs;sJ.
mNjNghy rptNahfj;ijg;ngw ke;jpuq;fspd; JizAk;

,d;wpaikahjjhf cs;sJ vd;gijAk; ehd;fhk; je;jpuj;jpy;
njuptpf;fpd;wJ.
Ie;jhk; je;jpuk; jpUke;jpuj;jpw;F capH ehbahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

,jd;fz; Rj;jk;> mRj;jk;> khHf;fk;> fLk; Rj;jk; vd;Dk; ehy;tifr;
irtq;fSk;> rupia> fpupia> Nahfk;> Qhdk; vd;Dk; ehy;tifr; irt
newpfSk; mtw;wpw;Fupa rd;khHf;fk;> rf khHf;fk;> rw;Gj;jpu khHf;fk;> jhr
khHf;fk; vd;fpd;w topfSk; mtw;iwg; gpd;njhlHgtH ngwf;$ ba rhNyhfk;>
rhkPgk;> rh&gk;> rhAr;rpak; vd;Dk; ehy;tifg; NgWfSk;
mwpTWj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,Utpid xg;G vd;fpw epiyapy; rj;jpepghjk;> ke;jk;>
ke;jjuk;> jPtpuk;> jPtpujuk; vd;fpw ehd;F gbfshfj; jpUtUs; capiu
Ml;nfhs;fpd;w mDgt cz;ikAk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,iwtd; xUtNd> capHfs; gy> capHfs; mdhjpNa> kyj;jhy;

fl;Lg;gl;L epw;gd. mit ca;Ak;nghUl;L ,iwtd; tpidf;fPlha;
nka;f;nfhz;L cz;zpd;W cUf;fp xg;gpyh Mde;jf; fz;zpd;W fhl;b
fspk;G mWf;fpd;whd;. mUl; fz;iz tpopg;gpf;fpd;whd;. ,jd; tpisthy;
fpilf;fg; ngWk; ,d;gNk Ngupd;gkhFk;. mjw;fhfr; rupia> fpupia> Nahfk;>
Qhdk; vd;fpd;w ghijfspy; nry;Yk; rw;FUtpd; mUs;ngw;Wk; jpUePW
Nghd;w rhjdq;fisj; Jizf; nfhz;Lk; gf;Ft epiyia milgtH
,iwtd; mUs; ngWfpd;whH.
49
rupiaf;F>
“ehL efuKk; ew;wpUf; NfhapYe;
Njbj; jpupe;J rptngU khd;vd;W
ghLkpd; ghbg; gzpkpd; gzpe;jgpd;
$ba neQ;rj;Jf; Nfhapyha;f; nfhs;tNd” 75
fpupiaf;F>
“gj;Jj; jpirAk; gukhU nja;tKz;
nlj;jpf; fpyupy;iy vd;gjpd; mkyhf;
nfhj;Jj; jpUtb ePoy; runzdj;
jj;Jk; tpidf;fly; rhuhJ fhZNk”. 76
Nahfj;jpw;F>
“newptopNa nrd;W NeHikAs; xd;wpj;
jwpapUe; jhw;Nghy; jk;ik apUj;jpr;
nrhwpapDe; jhf;fpDe; Jz;nzd; Wzuhf;
Fwpawp thsHf;Fl;Ff;$lYkhNk.” 74
Qhdj;jpw;F>
“rj;jKQ; rj;j kdDe; jFkdk;
ca;j;j czHT KzHj;Jk; mfe;ijAQ;

50
rpj;jnkd; wpk;%d;WQ; rpe;jpf;FQ; nra;ifAQ;
rj;jq; fle;jtH ngw;wrd; khHf;fNk.” 78
vd;fpd;w jpUke;jpug; ghly;fs; irt rpj;jhe;j ed;ndwpfSf;Fj; jiyrpwe;j

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,tw;iw Mwhk; je;jpuk; tpupj;Jiuj;Js;sJ.
VO> vl;L> xd;gJ je;jpuq;fspy; tUk; ,iwaUs; ngw;w capHfs;

rptNahf> rptQhd newpfspy; Mo;e;J epd;W ew;gz;Gfis
Nkw;nfhz;ldtha;> mwpTjak; ngw;witaha;> rpt juprd mDgtk; ngw;W
mk;gythzdpd; jpUeldj;ijg; gy;NtW epiyfspy; fz;Lfspj;Jr;
rptj;ijj; jk;Ks; mDgtpj;J Nkhd rkhjpapy; jpisj;Jr; rptdpd;
ngUikia vd;nwd;Wk;> czHtpy; nfhz;L tho;e;J tUk; cd;djkhd
epiyiag; gw;wpa tpsf;fk; jpUke;jpu khiyf;Fg; ngUik juf;$ba
xd;whFk;.xd;Nw FyKk;> xUtNd NjtDk; vd;fpd;w jpUke;jpu thf;F irt
rpj;jhe;jj;jpd; ikaf; fUj;jhf mikfpd;wJ. rpj;jhe;j newpapd; jhuf
ke;jpukhfr; nre;jkpo;r; jpUite;njOj;J jpUke;jpuj;jpy; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy;
Nghw;wpg; Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ.
“xd;Wfz; BHcy Ff;nfhU nja;tKk;
xd;Wfz; BHcy Ff;FapuhtJ
ed;Wfz; BH ,dp ekr;rpth ag;goe;
jpd;Wfz; Nlw;fpJ jpj;jpj;j thNw.” 79
“mQ;nrOj; jhNy mkHe;jtd; ee;jpAk;
mQ;nrOj; jhNy mkHe;jgQ; rf;fuk;

51
mQ;nrOj; jhfpa tf;fu rf;fuk;
mQ;nrOj; Js;Ns mkHe;jpUe; jhNd” 80
“rptha ekntdr; rpj;jk; xUf;fp
mthak; mwNt abika jhf;fpr;
rptha rpt rpt ntd;ndd;Nw rpe;ij
81
mthaq; nflepw;f Mde;jkhNk”.
,iwtdJ jpUg;ngauhfpa jpUite;njOj;jpid cr;rupj;J kdij

xUkpj;Jr; rptj;jpy; nghUj;jpdhy; gpwtpj; Jd;gk; ePq;Fk;.
“ekntd;D ehkj;ij ehtpy; xLf;fpr;
rptntd;D ehkj;ijr; rpe;ijA Nsw;wg;
gtkJ jPUk; gupRkjw;why;
mtkjp jPUk; mWk;gpwg; gd;Nwh” 82
rptQhdk; ngw;w capH jd;Dlk;igAk;> fUtp fuzq;fisAk; kw;w

jj;Jtq;fisAk; jd;dpy; Ntwhfg; gFj;JzHe;J rpt guk;nghUNs
nka;g;nghUnsdf; fz;L njspAk; jd;ikia „nka;fz;lNj‟ vd;W
jpU%yH rpwg;gpf;fpd;whH.
“nka;tha;fz; %f;Fr; nrtpnad;Dk; nka;j;Njhw;wj;
jt;tha me;jf; fuzk; mfpyKk;

52
vt;th TapUk; ,iwahl;l Mlyhw;
ifth apyh epiw vq;Fnka; fz;lNj”. 83
vd;w jpUke;jpug; ghly; czHj;Jk;. rpt guk;nghUs; capUf;F mUs;

nra;jy; Ntz;b Mrpupaj; jpUNkdp nfhz;L vOe;jUsp> ghrq;fis ePf;fp
nka;AzHT mspj;J mUs;thd; vd;gJ irt rpj;jhe;jj; JzpthFk;.
,ijf; $Wk; jpUke;jpuk; gpd;tUkhW:
“FUNt rptnkdf; $wpdd; ee;jp
FUNt rptnkd; gJFwpj; NjhuhH
FUNt rptDkha;f; NfhDkha; epw;Fk;
FUNt AiuAzH tw;wNjhH NfhNt” 84.
capuhdJ ghr Qhdk;> gR Qhdk;> gjp Qhdk; Mfpatw;iwr;

rptj;jpd; mUl;rf;jpahy; gbg;gbahf miltjw;fhd Kaw;rpfspy;
<LgLk;nghOJ mopAk; jd;ikAila gpugQ;rj;ij mrj;J vdTk;>
moptpd;wp epw;Fk; guk;nghUisr; rj;njdTk;> rptkhfpa guk;nghUisr;
rptrj;J vdTk;> mrj;jpidr; rhHe;j epiyapy; mrj;jhfTk;> rj;jpidr;
rhHe;j epiyapy; rj;jhfTk;> ,t;tpU nghUs;fspd; cz;ikj; jd;ikia
mwpAk; jpwik gilj;Jr; rj;jhfTk; epw;Fk; epiy irt rpj;jhe;jk; rka
jj;Jtq;fSf;F toq;fpa jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j khngUk; cz;ikahFk;.
jpUke;jpuk; ,ijg;gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;wJ.
“rj;Jk; mrj;Jk; rjrj;Je; jhd;fz;L
rpj;Jk; mrpj;Jk; NrHTwh NkePj;j
Rj;jk; mRj;jKk; Njha;Twh Nkepd;W

53
epj;jk; guQ;Rj;j irtHf;F NeaNk”. 85
“rj;Jk; mrj;Jk; rjrjJe; jhd;$br;
rpj;Jk; mrpj;Jk; rptrj;j jha;epw;Fk;
Rj;jk; mRj;jk; njhlq;fhj; Jupaj;Jr;
Rj;juh %d;Wld; nrhy;yw; wtHfNs”. 86
“jhNd mwpahd; mwptpNyhd; jhdy;yd;
jhNd awpthd; mwpT rjrj;njd;
whdhy; ,uz;Lk; muzusha; epw;fj;
jhNd awpe;J rpj;Jld; jq;FNk” 87.
ghr QhdkhtJ Mztk;> fd;kk;> khia vd;Dk; Kk;kyq;fisg;

gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjhFk;. mit KiwNa ney;ypd; gFjpfshfpa Kis>
jtpL> ckp vd;gtw;iwg; Nghd;W capiug; gpzpj;J kiwj;Js;sJ
NghyhFk;. ,e;j cz;ikiag; gpd;tUk; jpUke;jpug;ghlypy; fhzyhk;.
“Mzt khiaAq; fd;kK khkyq;
fhZ Kisf;Fj; jtpLkp ahd;khTk;
jhZit ay;thkw; wz;Ly kha;epw;Fk;
NgZtha; kw;Wepd; ghrk; gpupj;Nj.” 88

54
rpj;jhe;jr; rkaj;jpd; ngUik tha;e;j Nfhl;ghL ,iwtdb

NgZjyhFk;. ,iwtd; jpUtbia mUl; rf;jpnad;Wk;> mUs;
Qhdnkd;Wk; cs;njspntd;Wk; Rl;bf;fhl;LtJ rpj;jhe;jNkahFk;. gpd;tUk;
jpUke;jpuk; ,ijg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd.
“jpUtbNa rpt khtJ Njupy;
jpUtb Narpt NyhfQ; rpe;jpf;fpy;
jpUtb Nanry; fjpaJ nrg;gpy;
jpUtb NajQ;rk; cs;njsp thHf;Nf” 89
“rpe;ijap Ds;Ns ve;ij jpUtb
rpe;ijAk; ve;ij jpUtbf; fPoJ
ve;ijAk; vd;id awpafp yhdhfpy;
ve;ijia ahDk; mwpafp NyNd”. 90
,iwtDila jpUtbapid Ntz;Lnkd;ghUf;F mUsy; mtdJ

,ay;ghFk;. cynfq;Fk; jhdhd cz;ikia mtd; mspg;ghd;. ePff
; kw
epw;fpd;w gupg+uzhde;jd; Mjypy; jpUtb rhHe;NjhUf;Fg; Ngupd;gj;ij
mUs; tbtpy; mspf;fpd;whd;. rpj;J ,it> mrpj;J ,it vd mwptpj;J
Nahfj;jpd; thapyhfr; rpt xspAld; fye;J mtNahfk; Gfhtz;zk;
Ngupd;gj;ijg; ngWtjw;fhd mUisg; GupgtDk; mtNdahFk;.
“rptNahf khtJ rpj;jrpj; njd;W
jtNahfj; Jd;Gf;Fj; jd;ndhsp jhdha;

55
mtNahfQ; rhuh jtd;gjp Nghf
etNahf ee;jp ekf;fspj; jhNd” 91.
“mspj;jhd; cynfq;Fe; jhshd cz;ik
mspj;jhd; mkuH mwpah cyfk;
mspj;jhd; jpUkd;Ws; MLe; jpUj;jhs;
mspj;jhd; Ngupd;gj; jUs;ntsp jhNd” 92.
irt rpj;jhe;jk; jj;Jt tpsf;fq;fSld; epd;W tpltpy;iy.

,Utpidf;F mg;ghy; epw;Fk; guk;nghUis> Ngupd;g epiyia> md;gpd;
tbit> gilj;jy;> fhj;jy;> mopj;jy;> kiwj;jy;> mUsy; Nghd;w Ik;ngUe;
njhopy;fisnay;yhk; Gupe;J rf;jpfSf;F mg;ghw;gl;l XH cz;ikia
,g;gpugQ;rj;jpw;F Mjhukha;> gpugQ;rkha;> vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; fhuzkha;>
vy;yhkha; epw;fpd;w xUtid kdj;Js; czHe;J mtdJ jd;ikia
tpsf;fp> mtid milAk; topfis cyfpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;LtJ kl;Lkpd;wp
me;j topfshy; fpilf;ff;$ba Ngupd;gj;jpw;F ,yf;fzkhfTk;>
,yf;fpakhfTk; epw;Fk; ngUk; ngUik irt rpj;jhe;jj;ijr; rhUk;.
Ik;Gyd;fspdhy; fpilf;ff;$ba mDgtq;fspy; kf;fs; kaq;fp epw;Fk;NghJ
me;jr; rpw;wwptpid „MNkT> ghy; ePH gpupf;fpd;w md;dk; Nghy‟ Nguwptpy;
,Ue;J gpupj;Jg; gpwtpf;Ff; fhuzkhd fd;k epiyapypUe;J jd;id
tpLtpj;Jf; nfhz;L tho;itAk;> tho;T jUk; mDgtq;fisAk; rptdpd;
jd;ikia ntspf;fhl;Lk; Vzpahf mikj;J me;j Vzpapy; gbg;gbahf Vwp
xg;gpy;yhj Mde;jj;ijj; jk;Ks; ngw;W tptupf;f ,ayhj
epiyiaj;jk;Ks; fz;L me;j epiyiag; gpd;dU mDgtpf;fr; nra;tNj
irt rpj;jhe;jj;jpd; jiyaha nfhs;ifahFk;. gpd;tUk; jpUke;jpuk;
,jw;Fr; rhd;whFk;.
56
“Kg;gJk; MWk; gbKj;jp Vzpaha;
xg;gpyh Mde;jj; Js;ssp Gf;Fr;
nrg;g mupa rptq;fz;L jhd;njspe;
jg;guprhf mkHe;jpUe; jhNu”. 93
jpUke;jpuj;jpy; Kjy; je;jpuj;jpy; mike;jpUf;Fk; cgNjrk; vd;fpd;w

gFjpapy; irt rpj;jhe;jf; fUj;Jfisnay;yhk; xUq;Nf NrHf;fg;gl;L xsp
tPRk; Kj;Jf;Ftpay;Nghy; tpsq;FtJ jpUke;jpu khiy. ntWk; jj;Jt E}y;
kl;Lkd;W. XH czHT E}y; vd;fpd;w cz;ikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; ghq;Fld;
mike;jpUg;gJ tpaf;fj;jf;fjhFk;. ,e;j cgNjrk; vd;fpd;w jiyg;gpy;
Kg;gJ ke;jpuq;fs; cs;sd. ,g;gFjpjhd; „%yd; ciunra;j Kg;gJ
cgNjrk;‟ vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;whf ,Uf;fyhk;. Jbirf;fpohH ,e;j cgNjrg;
gFjp Vida gFjpfspdpd;Wk; Ntwhfj; jdpg;gl;L tpsq;Ftijr;
Rl;bf;fhl;b ,g;gFjpia xU jdp E}yhff; fUJfpd;whHfs;. mJ
vg;gbahapDk;> cgNjrk; vd;fpd;w xU gFjp Xu; mwpTg; ngl;lfkhf> xU
tpupe;j> Mo;e;j mDgtf; flyhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rptNahfj;jpy; %o;fp>
rptQhdk; ngw;wtHfshfr; rpt czHNthL vd;Wk; fye;j md;Gk;
fUizAk; epiwe;j cs;sk; gilj;jtHfshf thOk; rptNyhfr; rpj;jHfis
cgNjrg; gFjp fhl;LfpwJ.
“rpj;jH rptNyhfk; ,q;Nf njuprpj;NjhH
rj;jKQ; rj;j KbTe;jk; K@nfhz;NlhH
epj;jH epkyH ePuhkaH ePs;gu
Kj;jHjk; Kj;jp Kjy;Kg;gj; jhNw”. 94

57
jk;Ks; ,tHfs; rptj;ijf; nfhz;bUg;gjhYk;> rptnkDk; guk;nghUs;

vq;Fk; epiwe;jpUg;gjhYk;>,tHfSk; vq;fpUg;gH> vy;yhk; ,iwtd; nray;
vd;gij vg;nghOJk; kdj;jpy; nfhz;bUg;gH. fhyj;jpw;F mg;ghw;gl;l
rptkhfpa guk;nghUSld; ,tHfs; fye;J epw;gjhy; Kf;fhyj;jpd;
,ay;igAk; ,tHfs; ed;F czHe;jtHfshfpwhHfs;. ,e;j epiyNa ,opT
te;nja;jpa Nrhk;Ng vdg;gLfpwJ. jd;dpidT ,oe;j epiyapy;
czHTfnsy;yhk; rptkhfp epw;Fk; nghOJ fpilf;Fk; mDgtNk Nrhk;gy;
vdg;gLk;. jhAkhdtH ,e;j epiyia „J}f;fhj J}f;fkJ J}f;Fk; guhguNk‟
vd;W tUzpj;Js;shu;. jpUke;jpuk; ,e;j epiyf;F ,yf;fzk; tFf;fpd;wJ.
“,Ue;jhH rptkhfp vq;Fe; jhkhfp
,Ue;jhH rptd; nray; ahitAk; Nehf;fp
,Ue;jhH Kf;fhyj; jpay;igf; Fwpj;jq;F
,Ue;jhH ,oTte; nja;jpa Nrhk;Ng”. 95
jpU%yH irt rpj;jhe;j tpj;jfuhf kl;Lkpd;wp xU jiyrpwe;j

rpj;jGUluhfTk; tpsq;fpapUf;fpwhH. „rptkhk; guk;nghUs; xd;Nw‟ vd;gJ
rpj;jHfs; fz;l cz;ikahFk;. rpj;jHfs; rptnkd;fpd;w xNu cz;ikiag;
gw;wpa mDgtj;ij> czHtpid vLj;Jf; $WfpwhHfs;.
,iwAzHthsHfshfTk; tho;fpwhHfs;. mtHfSila cs;sj;jpy; Rj;j
rptk; vq;Fk; vg;NghJk; Njha;e;J epw;fpd;wJ. jq;fSila kdntspapNy
rptnkDk; guk;nghUs; vd;Wk; fye;j epiyapy;> Ik;Gyd;fshy; J}z;lg;gLk;
czHr;rpfis KOikahf mlf;fpatHfshfj; jhndd;fpd;w jd;ikia
mwNt xopj;J tho;e;J tUgtHfs; rpj;jHfshthHfs;. rptj;jpy; jpUtUs;
mKjj;ijj; jk;Ks;NsNa ngWfpd;wdH. kdKk; rpj;jKk;
me;jf;fuzq;fSk; rpt epidtpy; xLq;fpapUj;jy; fhuzkhf xg;gw;w Nahf
epiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;wdH. me;j epiyapd; tpisthf mtHfs; ngUk;
Ngupd;gj;ij tptupf;f ,ayhJ.
58
“J}q;fpf;fz; lhHrpt NyhfKk; jk;cs;Ns
J}q;fpf;fz; lhHrpt NahfKk; jk;cs;Ns
J}q;fpf;fz; lhHrpt NghfKk; jk;cs;Ns
J}q;fpf;fz; lhHepiy nrhy;tnjt; thNw”. 96
rpj;jHfs; caHe;j Qhdg;nghUis NtW nkhopfspy; NgrptUk;

kuigAk; nfhz;bUe;jdH. Qhdg;nghUisj; jj;JtuPjpahf tpsf;fp
czHj;j itg;gJ fbdk; vd;fpd;w epiyapy; Nfl;NghH kdjpy; vspjhfg;
gjpAk; tifapy; md;whlk; nkhopiag; gad;gLj;jpj; njspa itg;gJ
tof;fkhf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ. jpUke;jpuj;jpYk; xd;gjhtJ je;jpuj;jpy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;s #dpa rk;gh~id vd;fpd;w gFjp ,j;jd;ik cilaJ.
“tOjiy tpj;jplg; ghfd; Kisj;jJ
GOjpiaj; Njhz;bNdd; g+rzp g+j;jJ
njhOJnfhz; NlhbdhH Njhl;lf; Fbfs;
KOJk; gOj;jJ thiof; fdpNa”. 97
“ghHg;ghd; mfj;jpNy ghw;gR Ie;Jz;L
Nka;g;ghUk; ,d;wp ntwpj;Jj; jpuptd
Nka;g;ghUk; cz;lha; ntwpAk; mlq;fpdhy;
ghHg;ghd; gR Ie;Jk; ghyhr; nrhwpANk”. 98

59
Kjy; je;jpuj;jpYs;s cgNjrg; gFjpiag; NghyNt xd;gjhk;

je;jpuj;jpYs;s „#dpa rk;gh~‟idg; gFjpapYs;s fUj;Jfs; rpj;jhe;jf;
Nfhl;ghLfshfNt cs;sd. mj;Jld; rpj;jhe;jj;jpd; Kbthfpa rptQhd
mDgtKk; ,e;j ,uz;L gFjpfspYk; fzprkhd msTf;F ,lk; ngWtJ
jpU%yupd; rpj;jhe;j mDgtj;jpw;F Nkd;ik nghUe;jpa rhd;whf
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
bjhFg;g[iu
„rpj;jk;‟ vd;gJ me;jf;fuzq;fSs; xd;W. rpj;jj;jpd;

mirTfshNyNa midj;Jj; jj;Jtq;fSk; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. rpj;jj;ij
ntd;wtu;fNs rpj;ju;fs; Mtu;.
jpU%yu; gpwe;j khjk; Gul;lhrp MFk;. el;rj;jpuk; mtpl;lk; %d;whk;

fhy; (ghjk;) MFk;. mtu; ee;jpapd; cgNjrk; ngw;wJk; Kf;jp ngw;wJk;
%y el;rj;jpuj;jpy;jhd;. Mjyhy;> mtu; %yu; vd;w ngaupidg; ngw;whu;.
newpaUSk; ee;jp (rptd;) apd; vl;L khzhf;fHfSs; xUtu; jpU%yu;
Mthu;.
jpU%yH „Re;juehjd;‟ vd;Dk; ngaUld; Kjy; Kiw njd;dhl;Lf;F

te;J jpy;iyapy; jg;gpyh kd;wpy; gjQ;ryp> tpahf;fpukHfSld; jdpf;
$j;Jf; fz;lJ 8000 tUlq;fs; Kd;dH MFk;.
mjd;gpd; mtH jpUf;fapiyf;Fr; nrd;W 3000 Mz;Lfs; jtk;

,aw;wpdhH. gpd; fp.K. 3100,y;> mjhtJ 5041 Mz;Lfs; Kd;dH> mjhtJ
ghujr; rz;il Kbtpy; mtH nghjpakiy mfj;jpaiur; re;jpf;f tpUk;gpf;
fapiyapdpd;Wk; Gwg;gl;lhH. jpU%yUf;F ,J ,uz;lhtJ njd;dhl;L
ahj;jpiu MFk;.
60
mtH %yd; Fuk;igAs; GFe;j gpd;dH nra;j E}y; „jkpo; %thapuk;‟

vd;w xU E}NyahFk;. %yd; Fuk;igAs; GFKd;dH> „cgNjrk; Kg;gJ‟>
„ke;jpuk; Ke;E}W‟ vd;w ,uz;L E}y;fs; nra;Js;shH.
%ydpd; clNyhL „jpU%yH‟ vd;w ngaUld; jpUthtLJiwia

mile;J> mq;Nf Nfhapypd; ntspg;gpufhuj;jpy; tlNkw;F %iyapy; ,Ue;j
XH murkuj;jbapy; 3000 Mz;Lfs; Nahfj;jpy; ,Ue;J Mz;Lf;F xU
ghthfj; „jkpo; %thapuj;ij‟g; ghbaUsp> fp. K. 100Mk; Mz;L guKj;jp
mile;jhH. jpU%yH> fp. K. 6000 Kjy; fp. K. 100 tiuapyhd> 5900
Mz;Lfs; jpUthtLJiwapy; ew;Nghjpapd;fo
P ; ,Ue;jhH vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
mfr;rhd;Wfspd; topahfTk; Gwr;rhd;Wfspd; topahfTk; jpU%yupd;

fhyk; fp. K. 6000 Kjy; fp. K. 100 tiu vd mjhtJ> jpU%yH
,uhkhaz fhyj;jtH vd;Wk;> mtuJ fhyk; ,d;iwf;F Vwj;jho 8000
tUlq;fs; Kd;dH vd;W cWjpg;gLfpd;wJ.
jpU%yNjtehadhupd; jpUke;jpukhiy> jpUke;jpuk; vd;w ngauhy;

toq;fg;gLk;. ,e;E}y; irtj; jpUKiwfSs; gj;jhtjhf ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
jpUke;jpuk; xd;gJ cl;gpupTfisf; nfhz;lJ. xt;nthU gpupTk; xU
„je;jpuk;| vdf; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j xd;gJ je;jpuq;fSk;> Mfkq;fs;
xd;gjpd; rhukhf mike;Js;sd. Mfkq;fs; 28> mtw;Ws; xd;gjpd; rhukhf
xd;gJ je;jpuq;fs; mike;Js;sd.
rhd;nwz; tpsf;fk;
1. http:// www.ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/
2. M. rpq;fhuNtY Kjypahu;> mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp> g. 638.
3. ,uh. khzpf;fthrfk;> jpUke;jpu Muha;rr ; p> g. 91.
4. rptg;gpufhr Njrpf gukhrhupa Rthkpfs; (g.M.)> jpU%yu; jpUke;jpuk;>
(ghapuk; Kjy; %d;W je;jpuq;fs;)> g.171.
5. NkyJ> g.176.
61
6. NkyJ> g.180.
7. NkyJ> g.195.
8. f. md;gofd;> jpU%yupd; tho;tpay; tpOkpaq;fs;> g.15.
9. NkyJ.
10. NkyJ.
12. NkyJ> g.173.
13. NkyJ.
14. NkyJ> g.172.
15. f. nts;isthuzdhu;> irt rpj;jhe;j rhj;jpu tuyhW> g.560.
16. http:// www.ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/
18. NkyJ> g.17.
19. NkyJ.
(ehd;fhk; je;jpuk;)> g.71.
21. NkyJ> g.73.
22. NkyJ.
24. gp.uh. eluhrd;> irtrpj;jhe;j ciutsk;> g. 142.
(Ie;J> MW je;jpuq;fs;)> g.262.
27. gp.uh. eluh[d;> irtrpj;jhe;j ciutsk;> g. 182.
29. NkyJ> g.94.
30. NkyJ> g.180.
31. NkyJ> g.182.
32. NkyJ> g.172.
33. NkyJ> g.173.
62
34. NkyJ> g.641.

35. NkyJ> g.798.
36. NkyJ> g.643.
37. NkyJ> g.799.
38. NkyJ> g.643.
39. NkyJ> g.787.
40. NkyJ> g.643.
41. NkyJ> g.692.
42. NkyJ> g.789.
44. NkyJ> g.20.
46. fp.th. $fd;ehjd; (g.M.)/ jpUf;Fws; Muha;r;rpg; gjpg;g[/ g. 86
(xd;gjhk; je;jpuk;)> g.274.
(vl;lhk; je;jpuk;)> g.683.
63

60. fp.th. $fd;ehjd; (g.M.)/ jpUf;Fws; Muha;r;rpg; gjpg;g[/ g.265
65. er;rpdhu;f;fpdpau; (c.M.)/ bjhy;fhg;gpak; (bghUsjpfhuk;) ciutsk;/
g. 86.
68. nkyJ/ g .512.
69. nkyJ.
70. nkyJ/ g .518.
71. http://www.thevaaram.org/thirumurai_1/nayanmar_view.php.
76. nkyJ/ g.33.
77. nkyJ/ g.38.
78. nkyJ/ g.46.
64

82. nkyJ/ g.56.
85. nkyJ/ g.03.
87. nkyJ/ g.280.
88. nkyJ/ g.108.
92. nkyJ/ g.222.
93. nkyJ/ g.226.
94. nkyJ/ g.225.
95. nkyJ/ g.227.
96. nkyJ/ g.229.
98. nkyJ/ g.192.
*****

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10

jpU%yu;> jpUke;jpuk; - mwpKf Ma;T

irtj; jpUKiwfSs; gj;jhtjhf itj;J vz;zg;gLk;

jkpo; kugpy; „rpj;jHfs;‟ vdg;gLk; FOtpdH gy fhykhf tho;e;J

“ 1. mzpkh - rpwpjhd Njfj;ij miljy;

3. ,yfpkh - ,Nyrha; ,Uj;jy;

4. fupkh - kiyfshYk;> thAtpdhYk; mirf;fTk; Kbahky;

5. gpuhj;jp - kdj;jpdhy; epidj;jit ahTk; jd; Kd;Nd mila>

6. gpuhfhkpak; - $L tpl;Lf; $L gha;jy;

7. <rj;Jtk; - NjtHfsplj;Jk; jd; Miziar; nrYj;jy;

8. trpj;Jtk; - midj;ijAk; trg;gLj;jy;.”1

kdpjid cyfpaYf;F mbikahf;Fk; nghwpGyd; Mir

up~pfSk; Kdptu;fSk; ntt;NtWgl;ltu;fs; vd;Dk; fUj;J

„rpj;ju;‟ vd;gtu; ,tu;fsplkpUe;J Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;ltu;. „rpj;jk;‟

“mfj;jpau;> Nghfu;> Nfhuf;fu;> ifyhr ehju;> jpU%yu;>

jpU%yu; gpwe;j khjk;> el;rj;jpuk; Kjypatw;iwg; Nghfu; rg;j

“nra;aNt apd;dnkhU khu;f;fk; ghU

nrk;gtsf; fdpthah Ja;a ghyh

ca;aNt jpU%y nud;w rpj;J

cyfkjpy; jhd; gpwe;j Njjp tz;zk;

igaNt Gul;lhrpj; jpq;f sg;gh

ghyfdhu; te;Jjpj;j khjkhFk;

nta;aNt mtpl;lnkd;w %d;whq; fhy;jhd;

Nkjpdpapy; te;Jjpj;j rpj;J khr;Nr” 3

,g;ghlypd; topahfj; jpU%yu; gpwe;j khjk; „Gul;lhrp‟ vd;Wk;

,e;jpa ehl;bd; tl vy;iyahfpa ,kakiyapd; rpfuq;fspy; rpwe;j

“ee;jp mUs;ngw;w ehjiu ehbby;

ee;jpfs; ehy;tH rptNahf khKdp

kd;W njhOj gjQ;ryp tpahf;fpukH

vd;wptH vd;NdhL vz;kU khNk” 4

jpU%yH jk;Kila E}ypy; Xuplj;jpYk; „ehy;tH ee;jpfs;‟ ,d;dhH

„gjQ;ryp‟ vd;w NgH cilatHfs; gyH mf;fhyj;jpNyNa

v. gp. fPj; vd;gtH tlnkhopapy; kfhghbak; ,aw;wpa gjQ;ryp fp. K.

jpU%yH jk;KldpUe;jtiu „kd;W njhOj gjQ;ryp‟ vd;W

„tpahf;fpukH‟ vd;ghH> tpahf;fpughjH> tpahf;fpugjH> Gypf;fhy; KdptH

Mjypd;> ,t;ntz;kUk; rk fhyj;jtHfs; MtH. ,tHfs; midtUk;

gjQ;rypAk;> tpahf;fpukUk; fapiyapdpd;Wk; njd;dhl;Lf;Fte;J

“nrg;Gk; rpthfkk; vd;Dkg; NghHngw;W

mg;gb ey;Fk; mUze;jp jhs;ngw;Wj;

jg;gpyh kd;wpy; jdpf;$j;Jf; fz;lgpd;

xg;gpy; vONfhb AfkpUe; NjNd.” 5

“,Ue;Njdpf; fhaj;jpy; vz;zpyp Nfhb

,Ue;Njd; ,uhg;gfy; mw;w tplj;Nj

,Ue;Njd; ,katH Vj;Jk; gjj;Nj

,Ue;Njd; vd;ee;jp ,izabf; fPNo.” 6

vd;w ghly;fspd; top czuKbfpd;wJ. „,katH Vj;Jk; gjj;Nj‟

jpU%yH gjQ;ryp kw;Wk; tpahf;fpukUld; njd;dhl;Lf;F Kjy;Kiw

,jidj; jkpo; %thapuj;jpYs;s>

“%yd; ciunra;j Kg;gJ cgNjrk;

%yd; ciunra;j Ke;E}W ke;jpuk;

%yd; ciunra;j %th apuk;jkpo;

%yd; ciunra;j %d;Wk;xd; whNk.” 7

vd;w ghapur; nra;As; Kg;gJ cgNjrKk;> Ke;E}W ke;jpuKk; %yd; ciu

„jpU%yupd; tho;tpay; tpOkpaq;fs;‟ vd;w E}ypd; Mrpupau;

“jpU%yupd; cz;ikahd ngau; njupatpy;iy. Nrf;fpohu;

vd;W fUj;Jiuj;Js;shu;. ,f;fUj;J Vw;Gilajy;y.

„ke;jpuk; Ke;E}W‟ vd;w E}ypy; rpwg;Gg; ghapuj;jpy;>

“ke;jpuq; nfhz;L topgL NthHf;Fr;

Re;ju ehjd; nrhy;ypa ke;jpuk;

ee;jpve; ehjd; ehthu Xjpdd;

ige;njhb Nkdpg; gadJ jhNd.” 9

“te;jkl NkO kd;DQ;rd; khHf;fj;jpd;