Periodic Table Info Graphic Cards

#1
HYDROGEN
H
1 1.008
SOLAR FUEL LIGHTEST ELEMENT UNDETECTABLE
The sun generates Hydrogen is the lightest Hydrogen is colourless,

energy by the nuclear element in the periodic odourless and tasteless,
fusion of hydrogen atoms table and the most meaning it’s undetectable
into helium. plentiful in the universe. by human senses.
Ci © 2019 Andy Brunning/Royal Society of Chemistry

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#2
HELIUM
He
2 4.003
DIVING AIRBAGS MRI SCANNERS
Helium is a major Helium and argon gas Helium is a coolant gas

component of the gas mix are used in combination for the superconducting
deep sea divers breathe to inflate the airbags of magnets in MRI scanners
while underwater. newer cars. and NMR spectrometers

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#3
LITHIUM
Li
3 6.94
PRIMORDIAL BATTERIES SOFT METAL
Hydrogen, helium and Lithium-ion batteries are Lithium and the other
lithium were the only three used as the power source metals in group 1 are so
elements produced during for our mobile phones soft that they can be cut
the Big Bang. and laptops. with a knife.

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#4
BERYLLIUM
Be
4 9.012
GEMSTONE ALLOYS TELESCOPES
Beryllium is found in the Beryllium is alloyed with The primary mirror of

mineral beryl. Varieties of other metals and used in NASA’s James Webb Space
beryl include emerald and components of rockets, Telescope is made from
aquamarine. satellites and aircraft. gold-coated beryllium.

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#5
BORON
B
5 10.81
EYE DROPS FLARES GLASSWARE
Borax (sodium tetraborate) Boron is used in Boron trioxide is used to

is used as a preservative pyrotechnic flares to manufacture heat-resistant
and buffer in eye drops give them a distinctive borosilicate glass, used for
and contact lens solutions. green colour. laboratory glassware.

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#6
CARBON
C
6 12.011
ALLOTROPES LIFE CLIMATE CHANGE
Carbon has several Carbon is essential to Burning fossil fuels releases

forms (allotropes), which life, as it is able to form a carbon dioxide. It traps heat
include diamond, graphite, huge variety of chains of in the atmosphere, raising
graphene, and nanotubes. different lengths. global temperatures.

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#7
NITROGEN
N
7 14.007
AIR AURORA FERTILISER
Nitrogen gas makes up Nitrogen is responsible NItrogen is essential for

the largest portion of for blues and purples in plants. Nitrogen fertilisers
the air that we breathe auroras, as well as the blue are crucial for feeding the
(approximately 78%). colour of lightning flashes. world’s population.

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#8
OXYGEN
O
8 15.999
PARAMAGNETIC AIR & BODY ROCKET FUEL
Oxygen gas is colourless Oxygen is 21% of Earth’s Liquid oxygen is used as

and odourless. Liquid atmosphere, and oxygen an oxidizer in some rocket
oxygen is pale blue and can atoms make up 65% of the propellants, often with
be attracted by a magnet. mass of the human body. liquid hydrogen.

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#9
FLUORINE
F
9 18.998
NON-STICK PANS REACTIVE TOOTHPASTE
Fluorine is found in Teflon Fluorine is the most Fluoride compounds such

(poly(tetrafluoroethene)) reactive element – it even as tin(II) fluoride are added
which is used to make forms compounds with to toothpastes to prevent
non-stick cookware. some noble gases. tooth decay.

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#10
NEON
Ne
10 20.180
NEON SIGNS REFRIGERANT INERT
NeON Ne
Neon is used in neon Liquid neon is a powerful Neon is the most inert
signs, which glow with refrigerant, with forty times element in the periodic
a distinctive reddish- the cooling power per unit table, with no known
orange colour. volume of liquid helium. stable compounds.

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#11
SODIUM
Na
11 22.990
SALT STREETLIGHTS IN OUR BODIES
Sodium chloride is the Sodium-vapour lamps give Your body needs sodium
most common sodium streetlights their yellow for your muscles and
compound, used to season glow (though they are nerves to work, and to
food and to de-ice roads. being replaced by LEDs). regulate water levels.

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#12
MAGNESIUM
Mg
12 24.305
CHLOROPHYLL FIREWORKS EPSOM SALT
Magnesium is a key Magnesium burns in air Epsom salt (magnesium

component in chlorophyll, with a bright white light, sulfate) is a component of
the pigment important for giving it uses in sparklers, bath salts, and is also used
photosynthesis in plants. flares and fireworks. to soothe sore muscles.

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#13
ALUMINIUM
Al
13 26.982
ABUNDANT METAL RECYCLABLE AEROPLANES
8.1%
Though it’s the most 75% of all aluminium ever Aluminium is combined
abundant metal in Earth’s made is still in use. Recycled with other metals to make
crust, aluminium’s reactivity cans get back on shelves in strong but light alloys used
makes it costly to extract. as little as 60 days. in aeroplane construction.

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#14
SILICON
Si
14 28.085
GLASS LUBRICANTS CHIPS
Most rocks are silicate Silicone oils are lubricants Silicon is widely used in
minerals. Sand is silicon which are sometimes integrated circuits, or
dioxide, and is the principal added to cosmetics and “chips”, found in almost all
ingredient of glass. personal care products. electronic devices.

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#15
PHOSPHORUS
P
15 30.974
DNA MATCHBOXES LIGHT BEARER
Phosphorus is essential for Red phosphorus is found on White phosphorus glows

life, and it forms part of the the striking surface of safety when exposed to oxygen
sugar-phosphate backbone match boxes which ignites – its name is derived from
of DNA and RNA. matches when struck. the greek for ‘light-bearer’.

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#16
SULFUR
S
16 32.06
SMELLY RUBBER SULFURIC ACID
H2SO4
Compounds of sulfur, Sulfur is used in the Most sulfur is used to make

including hydrogen sulfide, vulcanization (hardening) sulfuric acid, used to make
are responsible for the of natural rubber for uses fertilisers, detergents, and
smells of onion and garlic. including car tyres. other useful compounds.

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#17
CHLORINE
Cl
17 35.45
TOXIC GAS WATER TREATMENT PVC
Chlorine is a toxic green- Chlorine kills bacteria and Chlorine is used to

yellow gas. It was used as other microbes and is used produce the plastic PVC,
a chemical weapon during to treat drinking water and used in window frames,
World War I. swimming pool water. drainpipes, and flooring.

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#18
ARGON
Ar
18 39.948
WINDOWS BULBS PRESERVATION
Argon is a poor conductor Argon is often used as Historical documents are

of heat and is used to fill the inert gas in filament stored in sealed containers
the gaps between panes in lightbulbs. It’s also found in filled with argon to stop
double-glazed windows. newer low-energy bulbs. degradation by oxygen.

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#19
POTASSIUM
K
19 39.098
SOAPS IN OUR BODIES RADIOACTIVITY
SOAP
Potassium hydroxide is In humans, potassium The potassium-40

used to make liquid soaps. ions regulate blood isotope causes low level
Potassium compounds are pressure and transmission radioactivity in bananas, and
also used in fertilisers. of nerve impulses. in humans and animals.

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#20
CALCIUM
Ca
20 40.078
TEETH & BONES CHEESE-MAKING BUILDING
Calcium is essential for Calcium chloride is added Limestone (calcium

all living things, particularly during the making of carbonate) is used in
for the growth of healthy some cheeses to ensure construction. Lime (calcium
teeth and bones. formation of a firm curd. oxide) helps make cement.

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#21
SCANDIUM
Sc
21 44.956
LIGHTING STRONG ALLOYS PIPE LEAKS
Scandium iodide is added Scandium and aluminium Scandium-46 is a

to mercury vapour lamps combined make a light but radioactive isotope which
to produce light similar to strong alloy used for sports can be used to detect leaks
sunlight for film and TV. equipment and fighter jets. in underground pipes.

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#22
TITANIUM
Ti
22 47.867
SUNSCREEN SPACE STATION JOINTS
Titanium dioxide is a key Many International Space Titanium metal is used to

component of sunscreens, Station parts are titanium – make artificial joints, as it
stopping UV light from the it’s strong, light, and copes is biocompatible and also
sun reaching the skin. in extreme temperatures. resists corrosion.

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#23
VANADIUM
V
23 50.942
TOOLS PIGMENTS YELLOW BLOOD
Vanadium is added to steel Vanadium(V) oxide is used Sea cucumbers have

to increase its hardness. to give ceramics a golden yellow blood due to the
It’s used in tools including colour. Added to glass, it presence of vanabins,
wrenches and drill bits. gives a green or blue tint. vanadium-binding proteins.

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#24
CHROMIUM
Cr
24 51.996
RUBIES CHROME PLATING YELLOW BUSES
Chromium impurities Plating with a layer of The yellow colour of

in the structure are chromium is used to school buses is due to
responsible for the red decorate metals and protect a chromium-containing
colour of rubies. them from corrosion. pigment, chrome yellow.

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#25
MANGANESE
Mn
25 54.938
STRONG STEEL BONES & ENZYMES DRINKS CANS
Manganese steel contains Manganese is essential for Drinks cans are made with
~13% manganese. It’s very organisms. It’s needed for an alloy of aluminium and
strong and used for railways, strong bones, and many manganese, which helps
safes, and prison bars. enzymes also contain it. prevent corrosion.

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#26
IRON
Fe
26 55.845
BLOOD THE RED PLANET EARTH’S CORE
Blood’s red colour is from The surface of Mars The Earth’s core is 80–85%
the iron in haemoglobin, appears red due to iron iron. Movement of molten
which helps carry oxygen oxide – more commonly iron in the outer core
from the lungs to cells. referred to as rust. generates a magnetic field.

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#27
COBALT
Co
27 58.933
PIGMENT JET ENGINES STERILISATION
Cobalt blue is a blue Alloys of cobalt stay strong Radioactive cobalt-60 is

coloured pigment, used in at high temperatures and used to sterilise medical
paints and as a colouring resist corrosion. They are equipment, and is also
agent in Chinese porcelain. used in jet engines. used for food irradiation.

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#28
NICKEL
Ni
28 58.693
COOKING MAGNETIC COINAGE
PE NC
EN
T
E
E PENC
IV
E
10 5
Heating elements in Nickel is one of only four The coins used in many
toasters and electric ovens elements that’s magnetic at countries contain nickel,
are made from nichrome, a 20 ˚C. The others are iron, alloyed with other metals
nickel-chromium alloy. cobalt, and gadolinium. such as copper.

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#29
COPPER
Cu
29 63.546
STATUE OF LIBERTY CONDUCTOR BLUE BLOOD
New York’s Statue of Liberty Copper is an excellent Crustaceans use copper

is coated in 80 tonnes of conductor of electricity. It’s complexes to transport
copper. The green colour is used in wiring, electronics, oxygen in their blood,
caused by oxidation. and lightning conductors. giving it a blue colour.

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#30
ZINC
Zn
30 65.38
GALVANISING COSMETICS MEDICINE
Zinc is used to galvanise Zinc oxide is used in Research shows that zinc
(coat) other metals to stop sunscreens as it scatters acetate lozenges can
rusting. Galvanised steel is UV light. It’s also found in shorten the duration of a
used in cars and streetlights. skin foundations. cold by up to 40%.

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#31
GALLIUM
Ga
31 69.723
MELTING SOLAR CELLS TECHNOLOGY
Gallium’s low melting point Gallium arsenide converts Gallium nitride (GaN) lasers
(29.8 ˚C) means that if you solar energy into electrical read from Blu-ray discs.
hold a lump of it, the heat energy and was used in the GaN LEDs back-light TV,
from your hand melts it. Mars Rover’s solar cells. laptop and phone displays.

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#32
GERMANIUM
Ge
32 72.630
LENSES EFFECTS PEDALS LEDs
Germanium oxide has a Germanium transistors are Germanium is used in high

high refractive index and is used in some guitar effects brightness LEDs, used in
used in wide angle camera pedals to give distortion, some car headlights and to
lenses and microscopes. fuzz, or overdrive effects. back-light LCD displays.

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#33
ARSENIC
As
33 74.922
POISON WOOD POULTRY FEED
Arsenic is an infamous Chromated copper arsenate Organic arsenic was

poison, and earned the is used to treat timber, formerly used in poultry
name ‘inheritance powder’ with the arsenic imparting feed to prevent infection
for its use for murder. insecticidal properties. and promote weight gain.

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#34
SELENIUM
Se
34 78.971
SHAMPOO SKUNKS GLASS
Selenium disulfide is A selenium-containing Selenium’s largest use is

used in anti-dandruff compound, butyl seleno- as a glass additive – it is
shampoos due to its mercaptan, is a key added to give a red colour
anti-fungal properties. ingredient of skunk smell. or remove green tints.

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#35
BROMINE
Br
35 79.904
FLAME RETARDANT LIQUID DYE
Brominated flame Bromine is one of only two Bromine is in the dye, Tyrian
retardants are found in elements to be a liquid at purple, once mainly used
electronics, plastics, room temperature (25˚C). by royalty due to the cost of
clothes, and upholstery. The other is mercury. extracting it from sea snails.

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#36
KRYPTON
Kr
36 83.798
LIGHTING METRE NUCLEAR
Krypton is used in flash Between 1960 and 1983, Radioactive krypton-85,

lamps used for high speed the metre was defined with made during nuclear fuel
photography, and also in reference to light emitted reprocessing, helps detect
so-called neon lights. by the krypton-86 isotope. covert nuclear facilities.

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#37
RUBIDIUM
Rb
37 85.468
GPS SOLAR CELLS TUMOURS
SOAP
Rubidium and caesium Rubidium ions can be The radioactive isotope,

atomic clocks in GPS added to perovskite solar rubidium-82, is used in
satellites help your phone cells in order to increase medicine to locate and
tell you where you are. their efficiency. image brain tumours.

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#38
STRONTIUM
Sr
38 87.62
GLOW IN THE DARK SENSITIVE TEETH ELECTRICITY
Strontium aluminate added Strontium chloride is Strontium-90 generates

to paint makes it glow in an active ingredient in electricity for space vehicles,
the dark. It’s commonly toothpastes which reduce remote weather stations
used on watch dials. tooth sensitivity. and navigation buoys.

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#39
YTTRIUM
Y
39 88.906
CAMERA LENSES GEMSTONES WHITE LEDs
Yttrium oxide is added to Yttrium aluminium garnet Blue LEDs can be given a
the glass in camera lenses is used to simulate some coating of cerium-doped
to make them heat and gemstones, and is also yttrium aluminium garnet to
shock resistant. found in some lasers. make them appear white.

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#40
ZIRCONIUM
Zr
40 91.224
JEWELLERY CERAMIC KNIVES NUCLEAR POWER
Cubic zirconia are made Zirconium oxide is used Zirconium is used in

of zirconium oxide, and in ceramic knives which nuclear power stations to
are used in jewellery as stay sharper for longer cover the fuel rods that
diamond simulants. compared to steel knives. power a nuclear reaction.

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#41
NIOBIUM
Nb
41 92.906
HYPOALLERGENIC SUPERCONDUCTOR GLASSES
Niobium and some of its Particle accelerators Niobium oxide increases

alloys are hypoallergenic and MRI scanners use the refractive index of glass,
and used in prosthetics, superconducting niobium- allowing corrective glasses
pacemakers, and jewellery. titanium magnets. to have thinner lenses.

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#42
MOLYBDENUM
Mo
42 95.95
ALLOYS LUBRICANTS ENZYMES
Molybdenum is added to Molybdenum disulfide is Molybdenum-containing

steel to make it stronger, used as a dry lubricant enzymes process the
resistant to corrosion, and in both motorcycle and sulfites in wine, cheese,
heat resistant. aircraft engines. pickles, and other foods.

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#43
TECHNETIUM
Tc
43 [98]
ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVE MEDICINE
Technetium was the first Technetium is the lightest Technetium is used as

element in the periodic element whose isotopes are a radioactive tracer for
table to be made artificially, all radioactive. It’s produced imaging of various organs
by Italian scientists in 1937. as a fission waste product. in the body.

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#44
RUTHENIUM
Ru
44 101.07
ELECTRONICS FOUNTAIN PENS FINGERPRINTS
Ruthenium is used to Fountain pen nibs are Ruthenium tetroxide is

harden alloys of platinum tipped with hard-wearing used to expose latent
and palladium used in ruthenium, osmium and fingerprints, as the fats in
electronics and switches. rhenium alloys. the print turn it black.

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#45
RHODIUM
Rh
45 102.906
CARS JEWELLERY RARE
Rhodium is used in catalytic White gold jewellery is Rhodium is one of the

converters in cars, breaking often electroplated with rarest non-radioactive
down nitrogen oxides in rhodium to improve its metals, and one of the
exhaust gases. appearance. least reactive elements.

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#46
PALLADIUM
Pd
46 106.42
CATALYST FLUTES H2 STORAGE
H H
Palladium’s main use is as Palladium is sometimes Palladium can absorb 900

a catalyst, in car catalytic used to make professional times its own volume in H2
converters and in some (concert and classical) gas and may be used for
organic chemistry reactions. transverse flutes. hydrogen fuel storage.

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it
#47
SILVER
Ag
47 107.868
CONDUCTIVE PHOTOGRAPHY ANTIBACTERIAL
Threads of silver are woven Light-sensitive silver Silver nanoparticles have

into gloves so that they can halides are used in film antibacterial properties
be used to operate touch- photography, as well as in and are woven into clothes
screen devices. photochromic glasses. to prevent odours.

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#48
CADMIUM
Cd
48 112.414
BATTERIES PAINTS TOXIC
Cadmium’s main use is Cadmium pigments give Cadmium’s high toxicity

in rechargeable nickel- paints yellow, orange and has led to pushes in many
cadmium batteries, but red hues, and were used by countries to reduce its
these are being phased out. artists including Van Gogh. supply and use.

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#49
INDIUM
In
49 114.818
TOUCH SCREENS MOTOR RACING SPRINKLERS
Most indium is used to Indium is used to coat Indium alloys with low
make indium tin oxide, an the ball bearings in some melting points are used in
important component of Formula 1 cars due to its shop and warehouse fire
touch screen devices. low friction coefficient. sprinkler systems.

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#50
TIN
Sn
50 118.710
OSCARS WINDOWS TIN CANS
Prior to the 2016 awards, Most window glass is Tin-plated steel cans are
Oscar statuettes were made by floating molten used to preserve food. The
made from gold-coated glass on molten tin to can’s inside has a thin plastic
britannium, a tin alloy. produce a flat surface. coating to stop corrosion.

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#51
ANTIMONY
Sb
51 121.760
EYE COSMETIC FIRE RETARDANT BULLETS
Antimony-containing Antimony trioxide is used Antimony is alloyed with

stibnite, known as kohl, as an additive in flame lead to harden it. It’s
was used in ancient times retardants for items such as used for this in lead-acid
as eyeliner and mascara. children’s clothing and toys. batteries and in bullets.

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#52
TELLURIUM
Te
52 127.60
SOLAR CELLS DISCS PHOTOCOPIERS
Cadmium telluride is used DVDs and Blu-Ray discs Selenium-tellurium alloys

to make some solar cells, have a coating of tellurium are used to improve
and is the second most suboxide as part of their picture quality in some
used solar cell material. recording layer. photocopiers and printers.

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#53
IODINE
I
53 126.904
SUBLIMES SEAWEED LCD SCREENS
Iodine is a solid, but sublimes Iodine is found in seaweed Iodine is used in polarising
into a purple vapour when in high proportions, and in films in LCDs which are
heated. Its name is from the the past it was obtained via widely used in phone and
Greek for violet. extraction from seaweed. TV screens.

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#54
XENON
Xe
54 131.293
LIGHTING SPACECRAFT MEDICAL IMAGING
Xenon is used in some car Xenon is used in ion Isotopes of xenon can
headlights, camera flashes, propulsion engines which be used in medical
tanning beds, and neon keep some satellites and imaging, usually of the
lights with a blue glow. spacecraft in orbit. heart, lungs, or brain.

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#55
CAESIUM
Cs
55 132.905
ATOMIC CLOCKS REACTIVE DRILLING FLUID
SOAP
Caesium atomic clocks are Caesium is the most The largest use of caesium
used to define the second, reactive metallic element. is in the form of caesium
and help GPS and mobile It ignites in air and reacts formate, used as a drilling
phone networks function. explosively with water. fluid for oil well drilling.

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#56
BARIUM
Ba
56 137.327
FIREWORKS X-RAYS DRILLING FLUID
Barium compounds, Barium sulfate is given Barium sulfate is also used

commonly barium nitrate, to patients (as a “barium in drilling fluids for oil and
are used in fireworks to meal”) for X-ray imaging of gas wells, and as a white
give them a green colour. the digestive system. pigment in paints.

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#57
LANTHANUM
La
57 138.905
CAMERA LENSES HYBRID VEHICLES SWIMMING POOLS
Lanthanum(III) oxide is Lanthanum is found Lanthanum compounds

used in camera lenses alloyed with other metals are added to pools to
to reduce dispersion and in the anodes of hybrid remove phosphates and
improve clarity of images. car batteries. stop algae growth.

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#58
CERIUM
Ce
58 140.116
LIGHTERS OVENS DIESEL
Cerium is the main metal Cerium(III) oxide is used in Cerium oxide nanoparticles
in the alloy mischmetal, the walls of self-cleaning are added to diesel fuels to
which sparks when struck ovens to prevent the build improve fuel efficiency and
and is used in lighter flints. up of cooking residue. reduce emissions.

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#59
PRASEODYMIUM
Pr
59 140.908
WELDING AIRCRAFT ENGINES FIBRE OPTICS
Praseodymium oxide is Praesodymium can be Praseodymium is added

found in didymium glass, alloyed with magnesium to to fluoride glass in some
used in eye protection for make high-strength metals fibre optic cables as a
welders and glassmakers. used in aircraft engines. signal amplifier.

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#60
NEODYMIUM
Nd
60 144.242
SPEAKERS TANNING BOOTHS LASER SURGERY
Alloys of neodymium, Neodymium is in the glass Neodymium glass is used

iron and boron make the in tanning booths which to make lasers which are
magnets in microphones, allows UV light through used in eye surgery and the
headphones, and speakers. while blocking infrared. treatment of skin cancers.

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#61
PROMETHIUM
Pm
61 [145]
RARE ATOMIC BATTERIES STAR SYNTHESIS
Only trace amounts of Promethium-147 can be It’s been identified that the
promethium form naturally; used in atomic batteries, star HR465 (in Andromeda)
it was only discovered when trialed in pacemakers makes promethium near
produced synthetically. during the 1970s. its surface.

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#62
SAMARIUM
Sm
62 150.36
CANCER DRUG GUITAR PICKUPS DATING ROCKS
Samarium-153 is found in Samarium-cobalt magnets, The very long half lives of

the cancer drug Quadramet second only to Nd magnets some samarium isotopes
which treats pain when in strength, are used in allows them to be used to
cancer spreads to the bone. guitar pickups and motors. date rocks and meteorites.

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#63
EUROPIUM
Eu
63 151.964
BANK NOTES SCREENS LIGHT BULBS
Fluorescent europium Europium compounds are Small quantities of

compounds are a security used as red phosphors, europium are added to
feature in Euro bank notes used in CRT televisions low-energy bulbs to give a
to combat forgeries. and phone screens. warmer light.

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#64
GADOLINIUM
Gd
64 157.25
MRI MAGNETIC COOLING GEMSTONE
Solutions of gadolinium Magnetic refrigerators use Gadolinium gallium

complexes are used as gadolinium. Its temperature garnet has been used
contrast agents to improve drops when it’s removed as a diamond simulant,
the quality of MRI images. from a magnetic field. particularly in ther 1970s.

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#65
TERBIUM
Tb
65 158.925
SONAR GREEN LIGHT TRIBOLUMINESCENT
Terfenol-D, a terbium alloy, Green terbium phosphors Some terbium compounds

changes shape in magnetic provide the green light in are triboluminscent (emit
fields and is used in naval many screens, and are also light when fractured). They
sonar systems and sensors. used in trichromatic lighting. could be used in sensors.

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#66
DYSPROSIUM
Dy
66 162.500
HARD DRIVES DOSIMETERS WIND TURBINES
Dysprosium compounds Dysprosium’s luminescence Dysprosium is added to

can be magnetised, which is used in dosimeters to neodymium magnets in
makes them of use in measure exposure to electric car motors and
computer hard disk drives. ionising radiation. wind turbine generators.

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#67
HOLMIUM
Ho
67 164.930
MAGNETS LASER SURGERY ATOMIC DATA
00011011
Holmium has the highest Holmium lasers are used Scientists have encoded
magnetic strength of any in minor surgery to remove data on single holmium
element. It’s used for pole small cancer tumours and atoms by changing their
pieces of powerful magnets. kidney stones. magnetic state.

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#68
ERBIUM
Er
68 167.259
PINK GLASS FIBRE OPTICS DENTISTRY
Erbium compounds are Erbium is added to the Erbium lasers are used in
usually pink. Pink erbium optical fibres that supply dentistry for some types
oxide is used to colourise fibre internet to amplify of dental surgery (such as
glass in sunglasses. the light in the fibres. enamel ablation).

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#69
THULIUM
Tm
69 168.934
X-RAYS BANK NOTES RARE
Thulium-170 can be used Thulium fluoresces blue in After promethium, thulium

as a radioactive source in UV light; it’s used in some is the rarest lanthanide
portable X-ray machines, bank notes as a measure element, and is more
with a useful life of a year. against counterfeiting. valuable than platinum.

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#70
YTTERBIUM
Yb
70 173.045
X-RAYS ATOMIC CLOCKS MEDICINE
Ytterbium-169 is used as a Ytterbium is found in the Ytterbium-169 complexes

radiation source in some most stable atomic clocks, are used in nuclear
portable X-ray machines accurate to one second in medicine to study the
that don’t need electricity. the age of the universe. brain’s cerebrospinal fluid.

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#71
LUTETIUM
Lu
71 174.967
ROCK DATING CATALYST TREATING CANCER
Lutetium-176’s radioactive Lutetium(III) oxide can be Lutetium-177 is used in

decay can be used to used as a catalyst in a ‘lutetium therapy’ to treat
determine the age of number of reactions, such tumours from the nervous
minerals and meteorites. as cracking hydrocarbons. or endocrine system.

#IYPT2019
#72
HAFNIUM
Hf
72 178.49
SUBMARINES MICROCHIPS WELDING
Hafnium is a neutron Hafnium oxide is used Hafnium’s high melting

absorber and is used in as electrical insulators in point means it is used in
nuclear reactor control rods microchips, helping make plasma cutting tips and
in nuclear submarines. them smaller and faster. welding torches.

#IYPT2019
#73
TANTALUM
Ta
73 180.948
ELECTRONICS IMPLANTS ALLOYS
Tantalum’s main use is for Tantalum is used in dental Tantalum is found in

electronic components and surgical instruments strong alloys used for
(e.g. capacitors) in phones, and implants as it doesn’t turbine blades and noses
laptops and cameras. trigger immune response. of supersonic aircraft.

#IYPT2019
#74
TUNGSTEN
W
74 183.84
TOOLS BULB FILAMENTS COUNTERFEITING
Tungsten carbide is harder Tungsten was used in the As its density is very similar
than steel and is used in filaments of incandescent to that of gold, tungsten
drill bits, armour-piercing light bulbs, now phased has been used to make
bullets, and mining tools. out in most countries. counterfeit gold bars.

#IYPT2019
#75
RHENIUM
Re
75 186.207
SUPERALLOYS PETROL OVENS
Rhenium’s main use is in A rhenium-platinum alloy Rhenium is added to

high temperature ‘super- is used as a catalyst in the tungsten and molybdenum
alloys’, which are used in process to make lead-free alloys in oven filaments
jet engine parts. high-octane petrol. and X-ray machines.

#IYPT2019
#76
OSMIUM
Os
76 190.23
FOUNTAIN PENS MICROSCOPY DENSE
Hard alloys of osmium Osmium tetroxide is used Osmium is the most dense
and its neighbour, iridium, as a staining agent in some element in the periodic
are often used in tips of types of microscopy to table, with a density about
fountain pens. make clearer images. twice that of lead’s.

#IYPT2019
#77
IRIDIUM
Ir
77 192.217
COMPASSES SPARK PLUGS ASTEROID IMPACT
The most corrosion-resistant Iridium’s high melting point The impact that wiped out
metal, iridium is alloyed with and low reactivity means dinosaurs 66 million years
osmium and used in pen tips it is used in spark plugs, ago left a layer of iridium-
and compass pivot points. particularly in aviation. rich clay in Earth’s crust.

#IYPT2019
#78
PLATINUM
Pt
78 195.084
CANCER DRUGS JEWELLERY CATALYSTS
Platinum-containing Platinum’s resistance to Platinum is one of the

compounds such as corrosion means it’s used metals used in catalytic
cisplatin are important in jewellery and as an converters in cars, and as a
chemotherapy drugs. electrode material. catalyst for other reactions.

#IYPT2019
#79
GOLD
Au
79 196.967
ARTHRITIS FOOD ADDITIVE OCEANS
Au
Gold compounds were Gold leaf and flakes are Large quantities of gold are
used to treat arthritis; side edible and added to a dissolved in the oceans –
effects and newer drugs range of products including but too low a concentration
have reduced this use. cakes, pastries and vodka. for economic extraction.

#IYPT2019
#80
MERCURY
Hg
80 200.592
LIQUID FILLINGS MAD AS A HATTER
Mercury is the only metal Mercury and many of its The phrase ‘mad as a hatter’
which is a liquid at room compounds are toxic. Mixed is from the illness caused
temperature and pressure. with other metals it can be by mercury(II) nitrate (which
It melts at –39˚C. safely used in fillings. was used making hat felt).

#IYPT2019
#81
THALLIUM
Tl
81 204.38
RAT POISON THERMOMETERS TOXIC
Thallium sulfate was used Thallium can be mixed with Today, uses of thallium
to poison rodents, but its mercury in thermometers compounds are limited by
use is now prohibited in to measure temperatures toxicity; they’re mainly used
most countries. down to -60˚C. in electronics and optics.

#IYPT2019
#82
LEAD
Pb
82 207.2
TOXIC CAR BATTERIES BULLETS
Lead has seen use in petrol, Currently, the largest Other current uses of lead
water pipes, paints and commercial use of lead is include bullets, organ
solder, but its use is now in the lead-acid batteries pipes, weight belts for
restricted due to its toxicity. which are found in cars. diving and cable sheathing.

#IYPT2019
#83
BISMUTH
Bi
83 208.980
COSMETICS FIREWORKS MEDICINES
Bismuth oxychloride is Bismuth(III) oxide and Bismuth-containing

used in some cosmetics, bismuth subcarbonate help compounds are found in
such as eye shadows, hair create the fizzing, crackling medicines to treat stomach
sprays and nail polishes. sounds of some fireworks. aches and diarrhoea.

#IYPT2019
#84
POLONIUM
Po
84 [209]
TOXIC HEAT SOURCE ANTI-STATIC
Named after Poland by its Polonium is so intensely Small amounts of Po-210

discoverer, Marie Curie. radioactive it has been are found in anti-static
Polonium is toxic if ingested, used as a heat source in brushes, which remove dust
even in small amounts. moon rovers and satellites. from photographic film.

#IYPT2019
#85
ASTATINE
At
85 [210]
UNSTABLE RARE UNKNOWN
?
All of astatine’s isotopes are The top kilometre of the Due to its instability, a visible
unstable; its most stable Earth’s crust is estimated to sample of astatine has never
isotope, astatine-210, has a contain no more than 50 been made, so we know
half-life of 8.1 hours. milligrams of astatine. little of its properties.

#IYPT2019
#86
RADON
Rn
86 [222]
RADIOACTIVE BUILDINGS CANCER
Radon emanates from High concentrations of Radon is estimated by the

the ground and is the radon can build up in EPA to be the main cause
biggest source of natural cellars and basements, of lung cancer amongst
background radiation. posing a health risk. non-smokers.

#IYPT2019
#87
FRANCIUM
Fr
87 [223]
NAME REACTIVITY UNSTABLE
SOAP
Francium was discovered Due to the speed at All of francium’s isotopes

in 1939 by Marguerite which its electrons move, are unstable; the most
Perey, who named it after francium is less reactive stable, francium-223, has a
her native country. than caesium. half-life of just 22 minutes.

#IYPT2019
#88
RADIUM
Ra
88 [226]
RADIOACTIVE GLOW IN THE DARK TOOTHPASTE
Radium is radioactive. The Radium’s radioactive glow Radium was used in products
curie, a historical unit of was used for glow in the including toothpastes and
radioactivity, is based on dark watch dials before the chocolate before its health
the radioactivity of Ra-226. risks were understood. effects were known.

#IYPT2019
#89
ACTINIUM
Ac
89 [227]
BLUE GLOW CANCER NEUTRON SOURCE
Actinium is a silvery-white Actinium is scarce and has Actinium-227 is about one

metal that glows blue in few uses. Actinium-225 hundred and fifty times as
the dark as its radioactivity has been investigated for radioactive as radium, and
excites the air around it. cancer treatment. is used as a neutron source.

#IYPT2019
#90
THORIUM
Th
90 232.038
NUCLEAR POWER GASLIGHTS CRUCIBLES
Thorium can be used as Thorium dioxide (ThO2) ThO2 has the highest
a nuclear fuel; thorium glows when heated. It was melting point of any oxide
reactors are being built in used in gaslights which lit (3300˚C) and is used in high
several countries. streets before electric lights. temperature crucibles.

#IYPT2019
#91
PROTACTINIUM
Pa
91 231.036
RARE GEOLOGICAL DATING NAME
Pa
Ac
Protactinium is scarce, Protactinium-231 is used in Protactinium’s name means

toxic, and highly radioactive. geology for the radiometric ‘precursor of actinium’ –
Consequently, it’s used little dating of sediments which one of its radioactive decay
outside of research. are up to 175,000 years old. products is actinium.

#IYPT2019
#92
URANIUM
U
92 238.029
NUCLEAR POWER MILITARY NUCLEAR BOMBS
Uranium fuels nuclear power Dense depleted uranium is The first nuclear bomb
plants. 1 kg of uranium-235 used in shielding, the keels used in World War II used
produces as much energy as of boats, and in armour enriched uranium-235 as
1.5 million kg of coal. piercing weaponry. its nuclear fuel.

#IYPT2019
#93
NEPTUNIUM
Np
93 [237]
RADIOACTIVE SMOKE DETECTORS LIQUID RANGE
Neptunium is produced The americium used Neptunium has the largest

as a byproduct in nuclear in household smoke liquid range of any element,
reactors. Its radioactivity detectors decays into small with 3363 K between its
and scarcity limit its uses. amounts of neptunium. melting and boiling points.

#IYPT2019
#94
PLUTONIUM
Pu
94 [244]
NUCLEAR BOMBS ENERGY SOURCE OCCURRENCE
Plutonium-239 is used in Plutonium has been used It occurs in small amounts

nuclear weapons with an as a power source by NASA naturally; most plutonium
explosive force equivalent for the Voyager probes, the in the environment is from
to 20,000 tons of TNT. Curiosity Rover, and more. nuclear weapons testing.

#IYPT2019
#95
AMERICIUM
Am
95 [243]
SMOKE DETECTORS SPACE BATTERIES ANNOUNCEMENT
A typical smoke detector Americium could be The announcement of

contains 0.29 micrograms used as an alternative americium’s discovery was
of americium dioxide as a to plutonium to power made on a children’s radio
radiation source. spacecraft in the future. show by Glenn Seaborg.

#IYPT2019
#96
CURIUM
Cm
96 [247]
RADIOACTIVE SPECTROMETERS SPACE BATTERIES
Curium is one of the most Curium-244 was used as Curium has potential to be
radioactive elements – so an alpha particle source in used in batteries to power
radioactive that it glows the X-ray spectrometers in satellites, but its rarity and
purple in the dark. a number of space probes. high cost is prohibitive.

#IYPT2019
#97
BERKELIUM
Bk
97 [247]
PRODUCTION SHORT-LIVED TARGET
mg
Berkelium is produced in The half-life of berkelium’s Berkelium is used as a

special nuclear reactors. most common isotope, target to synthesise heavier
Only milligrams are made Bk-249, is 330 days. It elements by bombarding it
over several months. decays to californium-249. with ions of other elements.

#IYPT2019
#98
CALIFORNIUM
Cf
98 [251]
NUCLEAR REACTORS OIL WELLS AIRCRAFT
Californium-252 is a strong Californium is used in Californium is used in

neutron emitter and can be neutron moisture gauges to neutron radiography for the
used as a neutron start-up find water and petroleum detection of corrosion in
source for nuclear reactors. layers in oil wells. metal aircraft parts.

#IYPT2019
#99
EINSTEINIUM
Es
99 [252]
EINSTEIN SYNTHETIC TARGET
ng
Einsteinium’s name was Einstenium is usually only Einsteinium was the

agreed while Albert Einstein created in nanogram element used as a target
was still alive; he died amounts, and has no uses for the first synthesis of
before it was announced. outside of research. mendelevium in 1955.

#IYPT2019
#100
FERMIUM
Fm
100 [257]
BOMBARDMENT HYDROGEN BOMB NAME
Fermium is the heaviest Fermium was formed and Fermium was named after
element that can be formed discovered in the fallout of Enrico Fermi, the Italian-
by neutron bombardment the first hydrogen bomb American creator of the
of lighter elements. test in 1952. world’s first nuclear reactor.

#IYPT2019
#101
MENDELEVIUM
Md
101 [258]
BOMBARDMENT NAME RARE
Es
+ +
Mendelevium was first Mendelevium is named after Mendelevium is radioactive

synthesised by bombarding Dmitri Mendeleev, credited and made in small amounts,
einsteinium with alpha with the invention of the so has no uses outside of
particles (helium ions). modern periodic table. scientific research.

#IYPT2019
#102
NOBELIUM
No
102 [259]
DISCOVERY NAME SYNTHESIS
A Swedish team made an Nobelium is named after The most common isotope,
unproven claim to nobelium’s Alfred Nobel, the inventor No-255, is commonly
creation; it was later created of dynamite and founder of made by firing carbon-12 at
by U.S and Soviet teams. the Nobel Prizes. californium-249.

#IYPT2019
#103
LAWRENCIUM
Lr
103 [262]
DISCOVERY NAME SHORT-LIVED
10
HOURS
Credit for the discovery Lawrencium is named Lawrencium is only made

of lawrencium was given after Ernest Lawrence, who in miniscule amounts, and
jointly to scientists from the invented the cyclotron its most stable isotope has
U.S. and the Soviet Union. particle accelerator. a half-life of just ten hours.

#IYPT2019
#104
RUTHERFORDIUM
Rf
104 [267]
PROPOSED NAME CONFIRMED NAME SHORT-LIVED
1.3
HOURS
Soviet Union scientists U.S. scientists proposed Rutherfordium’s longest-

proposed ‘kurchatovium’ as the name Rutherfordium, lived isotope has a half-life
the name for this element, after Ernest Rutherford, the of 1.3 hours. It has no uses
after Igor Kurchatov. ‘father’ of nuclear physics. outside research.

#IYPT2019
#105
DUBNIUM
Db
105 [268]
PROPOSED NAMES NAME SHORT-LIVED
?
ДУБНA 1
DAY
Nielsbohrium, hahnium and Dubnium is named after Dubnium’s longest- lived

joliotium were all names Dubna, Russia, which is isotope has a half-life of
which were proposed but where the element was around a day. It has no
rejected for element 105. first made and detected. uses outside research.

#IYPT2019
#106
SEABORGIUM
Sg
106 [269]
NAME NAME DISPUTES SHORT-LIVED
Pu Am Cm
Bk Cf Es Fm
14
MINS
Md No Sg
The first element named Though seaborgium was Seaborgium’s longest-lived

after a living person: Glenn created in 1974, arguments isotope has a half-life of
Seaborg, the co-discoverer over its name meant it around 14 minutes. It has
of 10 elements. wasn’t confirmed until 1997. no uses outside research.

#IYPT2019
#107
BOHRIUM
Bh
107 [270]
NAME COLD FUSION SHORT-LIVED
61
SECS
Bohrium was created The first element made by Bohrium’s longest-lived

by German scientists colliding two nuclei in a low isotope has a half-life of
and named after Danish excitation energy cold fusion about a minute. It has no
physicist Niels Bohr. reaction was bohrium. uses outside research.

#IYPT2019
#108
HASSIUM
Hs
108 [269]
NAME DENSE SHORT-LIVED
16
SECS
Hassium was created by It’s predicted that hassium’s Hassium’s longest-lived

German scientists and density is 41 g/cm3, nearly isotope has a half-life of
named after the German twice the highest observed about 16 seconds. It has no
state of Hesse. density of an element. uses outside research.

#IYPT2019
#109
MEITNERIUM
Mt
109 [278]
NAME UNINVESTIGATED SHORT-LIVED
4.5
? SECS
Named for Austrian physicist Meitnerium’s low half-lives Meitnerium’s longest-lived

Lise Meitner; it’s the only and difficulty to produce isotope has a half-life of
element named after a non- means its chemistry has yet about 4.5 seconds. It has
mythological woman. to be investigated. no uses outside research.

#IYPT2019
#110
DARMSTADTIUM
Ds
110 [281]
NAME REJECTED NAME TEXT
13
SECS
Darmstadtium is named ‘Policium’ was suggested Darmstadtium’s longest-

after Darmstadt, Germany, as a joke for this element’s lived isotope has a half-life
which is where the element name. 110 is the emergency of about 13 seconds. It has
was first produced. number in Germany. no uses outside research.

#IYPT2019
#111
ROENTGENIUM
Rg
111 [280]
NAME COLOUR TEXT
100
SECS
Roentgenium is named Roentgenium is predicted Roentgenium’s longest-

after the German physicist to be silver in colour – lived isotope has a half-life
Wilhem Röntgen, who though it’s unlikely it will of 100 seconds. It has no
discovered X-rays. ever be directly observed. uses outside research.

#IYPT2019
#112
COPERNICIUM
Cn
112 [285]
NAME LIQUID TEXT
28
SECS
Copernicium was named Due to relativistic effects Copernicium’s longest-

after astronomer Nicolaus copernicium is thought to lived isotope has a half-life
Copernicus, confirmed on be a volatile liquid that acts of 28 seconds. It has no
his 537th birthday. like a noble gas. uses outside research.

#IYPT2019
#113
NIHONIUM
Nh
113 [286]
NAME ASIA SHORT-LIVED
日本 10 S
Nihonium was discovered Nihonium is the first Nihonium’s longest-lived

by Japanese scientists and element in the periodic isotope has a half-life of
named after the Japanese table to be discovered in about 10 seconds. It has no
name for Japan, Nihon. an Asian country. uses outside research.

#IYPT2019
#114
FLEROVIUM
Fl
114 [289]
NAME VOLATILE METAL SHORT-LIVED
1.9 S
Flerovium is named after Flerovium is predicted to Flerovium’s longest-lived

the Flerov Laboratory in be a volatile metal, with isotope has a half-life of
Russia, itself named after calculations suggesting it is about 2 seconds. It has no
physicist George Flerov. a gas at room temperature. uses outside research.

#IYPT2019
#115
MOSCOVIUM
Mc
115 [289]
NAME RARE SHORT-LIVED
650
ms
Moscovium is named after Moscovium is difficult to Moscovium’s longest-lived

the Moscow Oblast region produce, and as of 2017 isotope has a half-life of
of Russia, where the lab only about 100 atoms about 0.7 seconds. It has
which created it is found. had been observed. no uses outside research.

#IYPT2019
#116
LIVERMORIUM
Lv
116 [293]
NAME DISCOVERY SHORT-LIVED
60
ms
Livermorium is named after Though it’s named after Livermorium’s longest-lived

the Lawrence Livermore an American laboratory, isotope has a half-life of 60
National Lab, California, which Livermorium was first milliseconds. It has no uses
worked on its discovery. created in Dubna, Russia. outside research.

#IYPT2019
#117
TENNESSINE
Ts
117 [294]
NAME ORIGIN DISCOVERY SHORT-LIVED
2010 51
ms
Discovered by a Russia-US Tennesine’s creation was The most stable isotope of

collaboration. It’s named announced in 2010; it’s the tennessine has a half-life of
after Tennessee where some most recently discovered just 51 milliseconds, so we
work to prepare it was done. element as of 2019. know little of its properties.

#IYPT2019
#118
OGANESSON
Og
118 [294]
DISCOVERY NAME ELECTRONS
e –
Discovered in 2002 by US Named after Russian It’s predicted that

and Russian scientists, only scientist Yuri Oganessian, oganesson is so heavy that
few atoms of oganesson for his contributions to its electrons lose their usual
have ever been produced. discovering new elements. shell structure.

#IYPT2019

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#1

SOLAR FUEL LIGHTEST ELEMENT UNDETECTABLE

The sun generates Hydrogen is the lightest Hydrogen is colourless,

Ci © 2019 Andy Brunning/Royal Society of Chemistry

DIVING AIRBAGS MRI SCANNERS

Helium is a major Helium and argon gas Helium is a coolant gas

Ci © 2019 Andy Brunning/Royal Society of Chemistry

PRIMORDIAL BATTERIES SOFT METAL

Ci © 2019 Andy Brunning/Royal Society of Chemistry

GEMSTONE ALLOYS TELESCOPES

Beryllium is found in the Beryllium is alloyed with The primary mirror of

Ci © 2019 Andy Brunning/Royal Society of Chemistry

EYE DROPS FLARES GLASSWARE

Borax (sodium tetraborate) Boron is used in Boron trioxide is used to

Ci © 2019 Andy Brunning/Royal Society of Chemistry

ALLOTROPES LIFE CLIMATE CHANGE

Carbon has several Carbon is essential to Burning fossil fuels releases

Ci © 2019 Andy Brunning/Royal Society of Chemistry

AIR AURORA FERTILISER

Nitrogen gas makes up Nitrogen is responsible NItrogen is essential for

Ci © 2019 Andy Brunning/Royal Society of Chemistry

PARAMAGNETIC AIR & BODY ROCKET FUEL

Oxygen gas is colourless Oxygen is 21% of Earth’s Liquid oxygen is used as

Ci © 2019 Andy Brunning/Royal Society of Chemistry

NON-STICK PANS REACTIVE TOOTHPASTE

Fluorine is found in Teflon Fluorine is the most Fluoride compounds such

Ci © 2019 Andy Brunning/Royal Society of Chemistry

NEON SIGNS REFRIGERANT INERT

Ci © 2019 Andy Brunning/Royal Society of Chemistry

SALT STREETLIGHTS IN OUR BODIES

Ci © 2019 Andy Brunning/Royal Society of Chemistry

CHLOROPHYLL FIREWORKS EPSOM SALT

Magnesium is a key Magnesium burns in air Epsom salt (magnesium

Ci © 2019 Andy Brunning/Royal Society of Chemistry

ABUNDANT METAL RECYCLABLE AEROPLANES

Ci © 2019 Andy Brunning/Royal Society of Chemistry

GLASS LUBRICANTS CHIPS

Ci © 2019 Andy Brunning/Royal Society of Chemistry

DNA MATCHBOXES LIGHT BEARER

Phosphorus is essential for Red phosphorus is found on White phosphorus glows

Ci © 2019 Andy Brunning/Royal Society of Chemistry

SMELLY RUBBER SULFURIC ACID

Compounds of sulfur, Sulfur is used in the Most sulfur is used to make

Ci © 2019 Andy Brunning/Royal Society of Chemistry

TOXIC GAS WATER TREATMENT PVC

Chlorine is a toxic green- Chlorine kills bacteria and Chlorine is used to

Ci © 2019 Andy Brunning/Royal Society of Chemistry

WINDOWS BULBS PRESERVATION

Argon is a poor conductor Argon is often used as Historical documents are

Ci © 2019 Andy Brunning/Royal Society of Chemistry

SOAPS IN OUR BODIES RADIOACTIVITY

Potassium hydroxide is In humans, potassium The potassium-40

Ci © 2019 Andy Brunning/Royal Society of Chemistry

TEETH & BONES CHEESE-MAKING BUILDING

Calcium is essential for Calcium chloride is added Limestone (calcium

Ci © 2019 Andy Brunning/Royal Society of Chemistry

LIGHTING STRONG ALLOYS PIPE LEAKS

Scandium iodide is added Scandium and aluminium Scandium-46 is a

Ci © 2019 Andy Brunning/Royal Society of Chemistry

SUNSCREEN SPACE STATION JOINTS

Titanium dioxide is a key Many International Space Titanium metal is used to

Ci © 2019 Andy Brunning/Royal Society of Chemistry

TOOLS PIGMENTS YELLOW BLOOD

Vanadium is added to steel Vanadium(V) oxide is used Sea cucumbers have