3

Coordinate geometry
Skills check c) ( −4 − − 1)2 + (9 − 6)=
2
9 + 9= 18= 4.24

1. a) f = 32 + 52 = 34 = 5.83 cm d) ( −8 − − 3)2 + ( −6 − −7=

)2 25 +=
1 =
26 5.1
e=
b) 4 2 − 12 = 15 = 3.87 cm e) ( −8q − − 4 q )2 + (7q − 4 q )2
d=
c) 5.62 − 2.32 = 26.07 = 5.11 cm
= 16q 2 + 9q 2 = 25q 2 = 5q
=
d)
f 17 +=
19 =
36 6 cm f) (6 p − − 6 p )2 + ( −3 p − 2 p )2
2. a) y = 2x + 7  m = 2 = 144 p 2 + 25 p=
2
169 p 2= 13 p

y = 5 − x  m = −1
b)
⎛ p + 6 −2 + − 8 ⎞ ⎛ p ⎞
c) y = 8 − 3x  m = −3 =4. M = ⎜ , = ⎟ = ⎜ + 3, − 5 ⎟ (1, q )
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
3 1 1 p p
d) 6y = 3x − 1  y = x −   m = So + 3 = 1 = − 2  p = −4  q = −5
6 6 2 2 2
9 x 1 k − −5 k + 5
e) y= +   m= =5. m = = 4   k + 5 = 12  k = 7
2 2 2 6−3 3
3
f) 2y = 3 − 4x  y= − 2 x   m = −2 =
6. length ( p − 1)2 + (3 − −1)=
2
( p − 1)2 + 16
= 5
2
∴ p2 − 2p + 1 + 16 = 25  p2 − 2p − 8 = 0
Exercise 3.1
(p − 4) (p + 2) = 0  p = 4  or  p = −2
 1 + 7 , 3 + 13 
1. a) M = 
 2  = (4, 8)
2  ⎛ −5 + 3 −2 + − 8 ⎞
=⎜
7. M = , ⎟ =( −1, − 5)  C = (1, 4)
2 − 4 −1 + −5  ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
M = 
b) ,  = (–1, –3)
 2 2  4 − −5 9
a) mMC = =
−6 − 2 −3 + 7  1 − −1 2
M = 
c) ,  = (–4, 2)
 2 2  ==
length MC
length
b) MC (1 − −1)2 + (4 − −5)2
−8 + 3 −5 + −2   1 1 
M = 
d) ,  =  −2 , 1  = 4 + 81 = 85 = 9.22
 2 2   2 2
− k + −3k −9 + 5  k −1
e) M =  ,  = (–2k, –2)
8. mAB =
1−5
= 1  k − 1 = −4  k = −3
 2 2 
3 p − p −4 p + 6 p 
∴ A = (1, −3)  B = (5, 1)
M = 
f) ,  = (p, p) ⎛ 1 + 5 −3 + 1 ⎞
 2 2 == ⎜ =
Midpoint
Midpoint AB
AB , ⎟ (3, − 1)
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
−1 − − 6 5
2. a) m= = = 1 ⎛ b − 2 −1 + 7 ⎞ ⎛ b ⎞
2 − −3 5 Midpoint PQ
9. Midpoint == ⎜
PQ , =⎟ ⎜ − 1, 3 ⎟ = ( −2a, a )
0 − −6 6 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
m=
b) = = −2 b b
1− 4 −3 Hence a = 3 and − 1 =− 2a =− 6   = − 5  b = −10
2 2
9 − − 7 16
m=
c) = = −2 10. a) The diagonals of a square bisect each other so
−3 − 5 −8
we want to show that the mid-point of
−7 − − 3 −4 AC = mid-point of BD.
m=
d) = = − 0 .4
2 − −8 10
mid-point AC ⎛ −1 + 5 −2 + 0 ⎞ ⎫
6k − − 4 k 10k midpoint AC== ⎜ , = ⎟ (2, − 1) ⎪
=
e)
m = = 5 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎪
−k − − 3k 2k ⎬ same∴proved.
⎛1 + 3 2 − 4 ⎞ ⎪
= midpoint BD
mid-point BD = ⎜ , ⎟ = (2, − 1)
8q − − 4 q 12q ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎭⎪
=
f)
m = = 4
7q − 4 q 3q
b) Area square = (length)2
3. a) ( −4 − 4 ) + ( −2 − −8= 64 + = = 10
2
)2 36 100
== (1 − − 1)2 + (2 − − 2)=
AB 2
4 + 16
= 20
b) ( −2 − 1) + ( −5 − − 1)= 9 + 16= 25= 5
2 2
Area = 20 × 20 = 20

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Coordinate geometry 1
 11. A 1
e) i) −3k ii)
3k
−9 4
f) i) ii)
4 9
−1
2. a) i) 7 ii)
B C 7
AB ==
Length AB (2 − 1)2 + (5 − 3)2 = 1+ 4 = 5 b) y = 1 − x i) −1 ii) 1
2 1
y=
c) − 3x i) −3 ii)
Length BC== (1 − 5)2 + (3 − 1)2 =
Length 16 + 4 = 20. 5 3
1 1 1 4 4 −3
Area = 5 20 = 100 = × 10 =5. 3y = 4x − 6=
d) y x − 2 i) ii)
2 2 2 3 3 4
12. 4
R (k,O) y= x −
e) i) 1 ii) −1
3
1
f) i) −4 ii)
4
P (4, –2) Q (–1, 7) 3. a) m1 = −1 m2 = 1  Lines perpendicular
1 1
==
Length PR
Length (k − 4)2 + (0 − − 2)=
2
(k − 4)2 + 4 b) m1 = m2 =   Lines parallel
2 2
−1
=
QR =
QR (k + 1)2 + (0 − 7)2 = (k + 1)2 + 49 c) m1 = 3 m2 =   Lines perpendicular
3
Hence (k − 4)2 + 4 = (k + 1)2 + 49
d) m1 = 2 m2 = −2  Lines not parallel or perpendicular
k2 − 8k + 16 + 4 = k2 + 2k + 1 + 49  0 = 10k + 30
k −5 k −5 1
k = −3 =
4. m = =
3 − −6 9 3
=
13. Length AB = ( p − 4)2 + (6 − 0)2 = ( p − 4)2 + 36 3k − 15 = 9   3k = 24   k = 8
5. C (10, 1)
Length AC== (7 − 4)2 + (1 − 0)2 =
LengthAC 9 + 1= 10
∴ ( p − 4 )2 + 36= 2 10= 40
∴ (p − 4)2 + 36 = 40
p2 − 8p + 16 − 4 = 0  p2 − 8p + 12 = 0
A (x, 3) B (2, –3)
(p − 6) (p − 2) = 0
3 − −3 6
p = 2 or 6 =mAB = =
x −2 x −2
14. Length AB2 = (6 − −2)2 + (−3 − −3)2 = 64 + 0 = 64 1 − −3 4 1
==
mBC = =   m1 = −2
 Length BC2 = (6 − 2)2 + (3 − −3)2 = 16 + 36 = 52 BC
10 − 2 8 2
 Length AC2 = (−2 − 2)2 + (−3 − 3)2 = 16 + 36 = 52 6
∴ = − 2  6 = −2x + 4  2 = −2x  x = −1
x −2
 Hence AC = BC ≠ AB so triangle is isosceles.
1 y y−0 5 7 7
15 Area ΔACD = (AC) (BD) =
6. m1 =
 7x + 4y = 5  y= − x   m2 = −
2 −7 −4 − 3 4 4 4
⎛6 − 2 7 + 3⎞ y −7
= B ⎜= , m1 m2 = −1  × = − 1 −7y = 28  y = −4
⎟ (2, 5) −7 4
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
1 1 7. A (–5, 0)
=
AC ==
AB (2 − − 2)2 + (5 − 3)=
AC AB 2
16 +=
4 20
2 2
BD== (5 − 2)2 + ( −1 − 5)2 = 9 + 36= 45
Area=
Δ 20 × =
45 = 30
900
C (3, –2)
Exercise 3.2 B (x, –5)

1. a) i) −2
1
ii) =mAB = −=
5−0 −5
2 x − −5 x + 5
−2 7 −5 − − 2 −3
b) i) ii) =
mBC = =
7 2 BC
x −3 x −3
−1 −5 −3
c) i) 9 ii) mAB × mBC = −1 × =
− 1  15 = −(x 2 + 2x − 15)
9 x +5 x −3
10 −3
d) i) ii) x2 + 2x − 15 + 15 = 0  x (x + 2) = 0  x = 0 or x = −2
3 10
© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Coordinate geometry 2
8. Parallelogram has opposite sides parallel: 7x + 7y − 14 = 0  x + y − 2 = 0
3−2 1 2 − −2 4 0−4
=
m
mAB
AB
= =   mBC== = = 2 =
y−0
d) ( x + 6)  −4y = −4x − 24
4 − −3 7 −3 − − 5 2 −6 + 2
−2 − − 1 −1 1 3 − −1 4 4y − 4x − 24 = 0  y − x − 6 = 0
==
mCD = = ==
  mAD = = 2
CD
−5 − 2 −7 7 AD
4−2 2 −6 + 1
y +1=
e) ( x + 8) 10y + 10 = −5x − 40
Since AB || CD and BC || AB, ABCD is a
 2+8
parallelogram. 5x + 10y + 50 = 0  x + 2y + 10 = 0
⎛0 − 4 3 − 5⎞ ⎛ 0 + 6 3 − 1⎞ −2 + 3
M ==⎜
9. M , ⎟== N = ⎜=
( −2, − 1)  N , ⎟ (3, 1) =
f) y+3 ( x − 9)  −15y − 45 = x − 9
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ −6 − 9
1 − −1 2 −1 − − 5 4 2 x + 15y + 36 = 0
=
mMN = = =
  mBC = = =
MN
3 − −2 5 BC
6 − −4 10 5
3. m = −3  (5, 7)  Eqn: y − 7 = −3(x − 5)
∴ gradient MN = gradient BC  ∴ MN || BC
y − 7 = −3x + 15  y = −3x + 22
10. y
B (6, 2) −1 1
4. m =  (2, −1) Eqn: y +=
1 − ( x − 2)
P (x, y) 5 5
x 5y + 5 = −x + 2  5y + x + 3 = 0
C (5, –3)
A (–3, –4) 2
5. 2x − 5y = 10, 2x − 10 = 5y  x −2= y
5
  Prove P lies on x-axis and f  ind P 2
m =   (−1, 3)
5
2 − ( −4 ) 6 2 2
  Proof: Gradient of AB = = = Eqn = y − 3 = ( x + 1), 5 y − 15 = 2 x + 2
6 − ( −3) 9 3 5
3
  ∴ Gradient of PC = − 5y = 2x + 17
2
−2 7
3 6. 6x + 9y − 7 = 0  9y = −6x + 7 =y x +
  y − (−3) = −  (x − 5) 3 9
2
  intersects axis when y = 0
2 3
m = −   m⊥ =  Eqn: y − 3=
3
( x + 1)
3 3 2 2
  3 = −  (x − 5)
2
  2 =−x + 5 2y − 6 = 3x + 3  2y = 3x + 9
 x = 3 3
7. 3x − 4y + 4 = 0  3x + 4 = 4y  x +1=y
4
Exercise 3.3
3 4 4
m =   m⊥ = −  Eqn: y − 8 =− ( x − 1)
4 3 3
1. a) y − 7 = 2(x − 5)  y − 7 = 2x − 10  y = 2x − 3
3y − 24 = −4x + 4  4x + 3y = 28
y + 2 = −1(x + 1)  y + 2 = − x − 1  y = −x − 3
b)
⎛ 3 − 5 −4 − 10 ⎞
y − 1 = −3 (x + 4)  y − 1 = −3x − 12  y = −3x − 11
c) =⎜
8. Midpoint AB = , ⎟ =( −1, − 7)
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
y + 2 = 4 (x − 3)  y + 2 = 4x − 12  y = 4x − 14
d) −4 + 10 6 3
AB==
gradient AB
gradient = =
4 3+5 8 4
y +=
e) 1 ( x + 6) 3y + 3 = 4x + 24  3y = 4x + 21 4 4
3 gradient ⊥ =−   Eqn ⊥ bisects: y +=
7 − ( x + 1)
1 3 3
f) y−0=− ( x + 4) 5y = −x − 4 3y + 21 = −4x − 4  4x + 3y + 25 = 0
5

7−5 ⎛0 − 8⎞ 8
2. a) y − 5 = ( x − 1) 2y − 10 = 2x − 2 9. Eqn AB: y − 0 = ⎜ ⎟ (x − 9) y = − (x − 9)
3−1 ⎝9 − 5⎠ 4
y = −2x + 18
2y = 2x + 8  y = x + 4
⎛1 − 2 ⎞
4 − −2 Eqn CD: y − 1 = ⎜ ⎟ (x − 1)
=
y+2
b) ( x + 1)  −2y − 4 = 6x + 6 ⎝1 − 3⎠
−3 − − 1
−1
2y + 6x + 10 = 0  y + 3x + 5 = 0 y − 1 = (x − 1)  2(y − 1) = x − 1
−2
4 − −3 2y = x + 1
=
y+3
c) ( x − 5)  −7y − 21 = 7x − 35
−2 − 5 1
Lines meet when −
 2x + 18 = (x + 1)
2

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Coordinate geometry 3
 −4x + 36 = x + 1 y+7=x−3
35 = 5x  x = 7 y = x − 10 (1)
y = −2(7) + 18 = 4 y − ( −6) 3 − ( −6)
CD is =
Lines meet at (7, 4) = P x − ( −3) 12 − ( −3)
y+6 9 3
⎛ −2 − − 3 ⎞ = =
10. Eqn AB: y − −2 = ⎜ ⎟(x −1) x + 3 15 5
⎝ 1 − −1 ⎠
5(y + 6) = 3(x + 3)
1
y + 2 =  (x − 1)  2y + 4 = x − 1  2y = x − 5 5y +30 = 3x + 9
2
⎛ 14 − 2 ⎞ 5y + 21 = 3x (2)
 Eqn CD: y − 14 = ⎜ ⎟(x − −2)
⎝ −2 − 2 ⎠ Sub (1) into (2)
y − 14 = −3(x + 2) 5(x − 10) + 21 = 3x
y − 14 = −3x − 6  y = 8 − 3x 5x − 50 + 21 = 3x
Lines meet when 2(8 − 3x) = x − 5 2x = 29
16 − 6x = x − 5  21 = 7x  x = 3
x = 29
y = 8 − 3(3) = 8 − 9 = −1 2
29 9
P = (3, −1). In (1)  y = − 10 =
2 2
6−2 4 ⎛ 29 9 ⎞
11. mAB = = = −4 P is ⎜ , ⎟.
−6 − − 5 −1 ⎝ 2 2⎠
1
mABmBC = −1  −4mBC = −1  mBC =
1
4 Exercise 3.4
Eqn of BC: y − 2 = (x − −5)
4 1. Equation of a circle centre (a, b) and radius r:
4y − 8 = x + 5 (x − a)2 +(y − b)2 = r2
1
y = (x + 13) a) (x − 9)2 + (y − 1)2 = 16
4
−2 b) (x + 5)2 + (y − 3)2 = 49
Eqn of AC: y − 6 = (x − −6)
9
9y − 54 = −2x − 12 c) (x + 4)2 + (y + 7)2 = 25
1 d) (x − 6)2 + (y + 2)2 = 9
y = (−2x + 42)
9
1 1 2. Equation of a circle centre (a, b) and radius r :
when BC intersects AC, (x + 13) = (−2x + 42)
4 9 (x − a)2 +(y − b)2 = r2
9(x + 13) = 4(−2x + 42)
a) Centre (−2, 1), radius = 3
9x + 117 = −8x + 168
b) Centre (3, 8), radius = 6
17x = 51
c) Centre (5, −9), radius = 4.47 (3 s.f.)
x = 3
1 d) Centre (−6, −7), radius = 1
At x = 3, y = (3 + 13) = 4
4
e) x2 + y2 − 6x + 8y + 10 = 0
C is (3, 4).
(x − 3)2 − 9 + (y + 4)2 − 16 + 10 = 0
12. a When y = 0, 3x = 6, x = 2 P = (2, 0)
(x − 3)2 + (y + 4)2 = 15
When x = 0, −2y = 6, y = −3  Q = (0, −3)
−3 − 0 3 −2 Centre (3, −4), radius = 3.87 (3 s.f.)
=
M PQ PQ =
b M   m⊥ =
0−2 2 3 f) x2 + y2 + 4x + 2y − 1 = 0
2
Eqn ⊥ :  y − 3 =− ( x − 4 ) 3y − 9 = −2x + 8 (x + 2)2 − 4 + (y + 1)2 − 1 − 1 = 0
3
2x + 3y = 17. (x + 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 6
y − ( −7 ) ( −5) − ( −7 ) Centre (−2, −1), radius = 2.45 (3 s.f.)
13. AB is =
x − (3) 5−3
g) x2 + y2 − x − 10y + 5 = 0
y+7 2
=  1
2
1
x −3 2  x −   −   + (y − 5)2 – 25 + 5 = 0
 2 4

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Coordinate geometry 4
 2
 1 81
 x −   + (y − 5)2 =  (a − 1)2 = 26 − 12 = 25  a−1 = 5 or a − 1 = −5
 2 4
1  a = 6 or a = −4  but a < 0  so a = −4
Centre   , 5 , radius = 4.5
2 
( 2 − −8) + (−5 − 3)   = 102 + 82   = 100 + 64
2 2
5.  PQ =
x  + y  + 2x − 3y − 7 = 0
h) 2 2


2
3 9 = 164
(x + 1)2 − 1 +  y −   –   − 7 = 0
 2 4 2 41
= 2 41 = diameter  radius = = 41  r2 = 41
 3
2
41 2
(x + 1)2 +  y −   = 
 2 4 −8 + 2 3 − 5 
centre = mid-point of PQ =  ,  = ( −3, − 1)
 3  2 2 
Centre −1,  , radius = 3.20 (3 s.f.)
 2
Equation: (x + 3)2 + (y + 1)2 = 41
i) 2x2 + 2y2 − 8x + 2y + 2 = 0
x2 + y2 − 4x + y + 1 = 0 6. a) (x − 5) (x − 2) + (y − 7) (y − 1) = 0

 1
2
1 x2 −7x + 10 + y2 − 8y + 7 = 0
(x − 2)2 − 4 +  y +   −   + 1 = 0
2 4 x2 − 7x + y2 − 8y + 17 = 0
2
 1 13 2
(x − 2)2 +  y +   =  7 49
 x −  − + (y − 4)2 − 16 + 17 = 0
 2 4  2 4
 1
Centre  2, −  , radius = 1.80 (3 s.f.) 7
2
1 45
 2  x −  + (y − 4)2 = 11 =
 2 4 4
j) 3x  + 3y  − 42x + 6y − 4 = 0
2 2
This is in the form (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 = r2 so is a
4 circle.
x2 + y2 − 14x + 2y −   = 0
3
4 b) Equation of a circle centre (a, b) and radius r :
(x − 7)2 − 49 + (y + 1)2 −   − 1 = 0 (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 = r2
3
154 7 45
(x − 7)2 + (y + 1)2 = 
3

So centre  , 4  , radius =   = 3.35 (3 s.f.)
2  4
Centre (7, −1), radius = 7.16 (3 s.f.) 7. x2 + y2 + 4x − 6y = 12
(x + 2)2 − 4 + (y − 3)2 − 9 = 12
3. a) r =  ( 2 − −2 )2 + ( 0 − −1)2    (x + 2)2 + (y − 3)2 = 25
=  4 2 + 12   =   16 + 1  =   17 , r2 = 17 Centre = (−2, 3) r = 5
Equation: (x + 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 17
y

b) r =  (−2 − −3) + ( 4 − 7 )  

2 2

=  12 + 32   =   1 + 9   =   10 , r2 = 10
C (−2, 3)
Equation: (x + 3)2 + (y − 7)2 = 10
A (2, 0)
M 0 x
(0 − 5) + (8 − −4 )  
2 2 B (–6, 0)
c) r = 

=  52 + 12 2   =   25 + 144   =   169 , r2 = 169
Cuts x-axis when y = 0  so (x + 2)2 + (−3)2 = 25
Equation: (x − 5)2 + (y + 4)2 = 169
(x + 2)2 = 16

(−1 − 6) + (−3 − 0)   x + 2 = 4 or x + 2 = −4  A = (2, 0)   B = (−6, 0)

2 2
d) r = 

=  7 2 + 32   =   49 + 9   =   58 , r2 = 58 Mid-point AB = (−2, 0) = M  CM = 3   AB = 8

Equation: (x − 6)2 + y2 = 58

4. When x = 3, y = −1  (3 − 2)2 + (−1 + a)2 = 26

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Coordinate geometry 5
 1 1
Area △ ABC = (8)(3) = (24) = 12 k2 + 2k + 1 + 8 − 8k = 0
2 2
k2 − 6k + 9 = 0  (k − 3) (k − 3) = 0  k = 3

Exercise 3.5 b) When k = 3, Curve meets line when

2x2 + 3x − 1 = −x − 3  2x2 + 4x + 2 = 0
1. Curve meets line when  3 + kx2 = 2kx + 7
kx2 − 2kx − 4 = 0 x2 + 2x + 1 = 0  (x + 1) (x + 1) = 0
Tangent so b2 − 4ac = 0  (−2k)2 − 4(k)(−4) = 0
 x = −1  y = +1 − 3 = −2
4k2 + 16k = 0 Meet at (−1, −2)
4k(k + 4) = 0  k = 0 or k = −4
7. a) x2 + 2y = k 2y = k − x2 but y = x − k
2. A circle with centre C has equation so 2y = 2x − 2k
x  + y  − 6x + 4y + 8 = 0.
2 2
When k = 1,  1 − x2 = 2x − 2   x2 + 2x − 3 = 0
a) x2 + y2 − 6x + 4y + 8 = 0 (x + 3) (x − 1) = 0
(x − 3)2 − 9 + (y + 2)2 − 4 + 8 = 0 Meet at (−3, −4) and (1, 0)
(x − 3)2  + (y + 2)2 = 5 They meet when 2x − 2k = k −x2 i.e. x2 + 2x − 3k = 0
b)
b) C is (3, −2) and the radius is 5. Tangent so b2 − 4ac = (2)2 − 4(1)(−3k) = 0
4 1
3. Curve meets line when  x2 = kx − 4  x2 − kx + 4 = 0 4 + 12k = 0 =k −= −
12 3
2 distinct points so b2 − 4ac > 0
8. a) Rearranging circle equation to standard form
(−k)2 − 4(1) (4) = 0  k2 = 16 gives (x − 4)2 + (y − 3)2 = 45
y So C is (4, 3) and the radius is 45 = 3 5.
0−3 1
x b) AC has gradient = − , so the tangent at
–4 4 10 − 4 2
A(10, 0) has gradient 2.
k < −4 k>4
Equation of the tangent:
4. a) Line meets curve when  5 − kx = 2k − x 2 y − 0 = 2(x − 10) ⇒ y = 2x − 20
x2 − kx + (5 − 2k) = 0 9. (x − 6)2 + (y − 0)2 − 36 − 0 + 26 = 0
Tangent so b2 − 4ac = 0  (−k)2 − 4(1)(5 − 2k)

(x − 6)2 + (y − 0)2 = 10
k + 8k − 20 = 0
2

C = Centre = (6, 0)  P = (3, 1)

(k + 10)(k − 2) = 0  k = 2  or  k = −10
1− 0 1
When k = 2, line meets curve when  5 − 2x = 4 − x2
b) Gradient CP = =−
3− 6 3

x2 − 2x + 1 = 0 ∴ gradient tangent = 3
(x − 1)(x − 1) = 0  x = 1  y = 5 − 2(1) = 3
Equation tangent where m = 3, P = (3, 1) is y − 1
A = (1, 3) = 3(x − 3)
5. (x − 5)2 + (y − 6)2 − 25 − 36 + 45 = 0
y − 1 = 3x − 9   3x − y − 8 = 0
(x − 5)2 + (y − 6)2 = 16   radius = 16 = 4
10. a) Curve meets line when x2 − kx = 2kx − 9
Centre = (5, 6)   A = (1, 3)
x2 − 3kx + 9 = 0
Distance between A and centre O Tangent so b2 − 4ac = 0  (−3k)2 − 4(1)(9) = 0

= ( 5 − 1)2 + ( 6 − 3)2 = 16 + 9 = 5 9k2 − 36 = 0  k2 = 4

Shortest distance = OA − r = 5 − 4 = 1 k = 2 or k = −2
 b) When k = 2,  x2 − 2x = 4x − 9  x2 − 6x + 9 = 0
6. a) Curve meets line when  2x2 + kx − 1 = −x − k
(x − 3)(x − 3) = 0
2x2 + (k + 1)x + (−1 + k) = 0
x = 3, y = 2(2) (3) − 9 = 3  Meet at (3, 3)
Tangent so b2 − 4ac = 0,  (k + 1)2 − 4(2)(−1 + k) = 0
when k = −2,  x2 + 2x = −4x − 9
x2 + 6x + 9 = 0  (x + 3) (x + 3) = 0

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Coordinate geometry 6
 x = −3  y = 2(−2)(−3) − 9 = 3  Meet at (−3, 3)  c) L:  y = mx − m so y = 4x − 4
∴ Eqn of the line joining these 2 points is y = 3 when x = −2, y = k  k = −8 − 4 = −12

11. (x − 5)2 + (y + 1)2 − 25 − 1 + 13 = 0 17. Centre = (0, k)  (x − 0)2 + (y − k)2 = 10

(x − 5)2 + (y + 1)2 = 13 When x = 3, y = 5 (3 − 0)2 + (5 − k)2 = 10
C = Centre = (5, −1)    P = (2, 1) 9 + 25 − 10k + k2 = 10 k2 − 10k + 24 = 0 
1 + 1 −2 (k − 6) (k − 4) = 0 k = 6 or k = 4
Gradient CP is =    P = (2, 1)
2−5 3
−2 18. (x − 5)2 + (y − 2)2 = 10
Equation CP (= equation PQ) is y − 1 = (x − 2)
3
3y − 3 = −2x + 4   2x + 3y − 7 = 0 Substituting y = 2x:
(x − 5)2 + (2x − 2)2 = 10
12. The curve meets line when x − 3x + 5 = 2x − 3
2

x2 − 10x + 25 + 4x2 − 8x + 4 = 10
x2 − 5x + 8 = 0
5x2 −18x + 19 = 0
Now b − 4ac = (−5) − 4(1)(8) = 25 − 32 < 0
2 2

There are no solutions for x because

so no solutions
b2 − 4ac = 182 − 4 × 5 ×19 = −56, so y = 2x does
so line cannot touch curve ∴ Not a tangent.
not intersect with the circle.
13.  a) Meet when x2 + kx − 3 = 2kx − 7
19. Centre of circle is (3, 2) and is the mid-point of
x2 − kx + 4 = 0
AB, so B is (4,4).
Tangent when b2 − 4ac = 0  (−k)2 − 4(1)(4) = 0
AB2 = 22 + 42 = 20, AD2 = 32 + 32 = 18,
k2 = 16
BD2 = 12 + 12 = 2
k = 4  (k ≠ −4 as k is a positive integer)
So AB2 = AD2 + BD2 and ABD is right angled at
 b) When k = 4,  x2 + 4x − 3 = 8x − 7 D by Pythagoras’ theorem.
x2 − 4x + 4 = 0 Alternatively, show gradient BD is 1 and gradient
(x − 2) (x − 2) = 0  x = 2  y = 2(4)(2) − 7 = 9 AD is −1 so BD perpendicular to AD.
∴ Meet at (2, 9)
Summary exercise 3
14. They meet when x2 + k = −2x + 1
5 − −1 6

x 2 + 2x + (k − 1) = 0 1. m = = = − 3  6 = −3k + 27  3k = 21 
k −9 k −9
If they do not meet,  b2 − 4ac < 0
k=
7
(2)2 − 4(k − 1) < 0  4 − 4k + 4 < 0  8 < 4k, x − 3 y + 4⎞
2. Let Q = (x, y) so ⎛⎜ , ⎟ =( −2, − 1)
k > 2 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
x − 3 = −4  x = −1  y + 4 = −2  y = −6  Q = (−1, −6)
15. (x − 4)2 − 16 + (y + 2)2 − 4 + 11 = 0
(x − 4)2 + (y + 2)2 = 9
=
Length QR (5 − − 1)2 + ( −2 − − 6)=
2
  36 + 16
Centre = (4, −2)    gradient of line joining
4+2 = 52 = 2 13 = 7.21
(4, −2) and (1, 4) = = −2
1− 4
Equation y − 4 = −2(x − 1)   y − 4 = −2x + 2 ⎛ a + b − 2a 3b + 2b − 3a ⎞
3. ⎜ , ⎟ = ( −4, 8)  −a + b = −8
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
2x + y = 6
and 5b − 3a = 16
16. a) y − 0 = m(x − 1)  y = mx − m
−3a + 3b =− 24 ⎫
Meet when x + 2x − 3 = mx − m
 b)  2 ⎬ 2b = 40  b = 20
−3a + 5b =16 ⎭
x2 + (2 − m)x + (m − 3) = 0
− a + 20 = −8  a = 28
Tangent when
b2 − 4ac = 0(2 − m)2 − 4(1)(m − 3) = 0 6 − 10 −4 −2
4. m=
PQ = = =
m2 − 4m + 4 − 4m + 12 = 0  1 − −5 6 3
m2 − 8m + 16 = 0
5−6 −1
(m − 4) (m − 4) = 0  m = 4 =
mQR
QR
= =
3−1 2

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Coordinate geometry 7
 −1 − − 5
Since mPQ ≠ mQR the points are not on the Eqn MB:  y + 5 = ( x − 2) = ( x − 2)
6−2
same straight line ∴ not collinear
∴y=x−7
⎛ −3 + 1 2 − 8 ⎞ 5 − −3 8
=⎜
5. M = , ⎟ =( −1, − 3) mPQ
11. a) m == = = 2
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ PQ
−2 − − 6 4
b) PQ:  y − 5 = 2(x + 2)  y − 5 = 2x + 4
SM== ( −11 − − 1)2 + ( −7 − − 3)
=
2
  100 + 16
2x − y + 9 = 0
= 116
= 4 × 29 = 2 29 c) mPQ = 2  Eqn parallel line:  y + 2 = 2(x − 1)
y + 2 = 2x − 2  y = 2x − 4
MQ
MQ =
== (4 − − 1)2 + ( −1 − − 3) 2
25 + 4 = 29

Hence SM : MQ = 2 29 : 29   = 2 : 1 ==
QR
d) QR (1 − − 6)2 + ( −2 − − 3)=
2
  49 + 1

= 50 = 5 2
9 3 6 3
6. m=
1 =   m=
2 =   ∴ parallel
6 2 4 2
12. x+ y= 2 ⎫ 3y = 9  y = 3  x = −1
⎬
7. a) m1 =
1 1
  m2 = −2  × − 2 = − 1  −x + 2 y =7⎭
2 2
∴ perpendicular ∴ P = (−1, 3)
1
y = 2x  m = 2 m⊥ = −
−x + 2 y =3⎫ −2 x + 4 y =
6⎫ y =3 2
b) ⎬  ⎬ 5y = 15 
2x + y = 9⎭ 2x + y = 9⎭ x =3 1 2 y − 6 =− x − 1
Eqn  y −=
3 − ( x + 1)
Meet at (3, 3)
2 x + 2y − 5 = 0

8. 2x + y = 4  y = −2x + 4  m = −2 ⎛ k + 5k 3k − 5k ⎞
== ⎜
13. Mid-point PQ
PQ , = ⎟ (3k , − k )
1 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
∴ gradient PQ =
2 3k − − 5k 8k 1
1 M
mPQ =
= = = − 2  m⊥ =
Eqn PQ :  y − 4 =( x − 5)  2y − 8 = x − 5
PQ
k − 5k −4 k 2
2 1
2y = x + 3. Eqn: y + k= ( x − 3k ) 2y + 2k = x − 3k
2
2x + y = 4⎫ 4x + 2 y =8⎫ 2y = x − 5k
Lines meet:  ⎬  ⎬
x − 2y =− 3⎭ x − 2 y =− 3⎭
10 − 5 −5 4
=
14.
M mPQ = = ∴ mQR =
5x = 5  x = 1
PQ
2−6 4 5
y=2
y − 10 4
=
M
 mQR = =    5y − 50 = −40   5y = 10   y = 2
Q = (1, 2) QR
−8 − 2 5
2 3 2
9. 2x − 5y + 3 = 0  2x + 3 = 5y  =
y x +   m= 15. a) 3(−2) − 2k = 12  −6 − 2k = 12
5 5 5
2 2k = −18  k = −9
Eqn  y − 1= ( x − 7) 5y − 5 = 2x − 14
5 3
2x − 5y = 9  b) MPQ =   m perpendicular  = − 2
2 3
10. B (2, –5) 2
Eqn:  y −=
3 − ( x − 6) 3y − 9 = −2x + 12
3
2x + 3y = 21

==
 c) PR (6 − 2)2 + (3 − − 5)
=
2
16 + 64

A (3, 2) M C (9, –4)

⎛3 + 9 2 − 4⎞
== ⎜
M , =⎟ (6, − 1)
⎝ 2 2 ⎠

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Coordinate geometry 8
 = 80 = 4 5 ∴ Answers (2, 4), (−2, 0)

4−2 1 They meet when  x2 − 2x + 1 = k − 3x

21. 
=
16. ( 3, 2) and (7, 4)  m = so gradient of x2 + x + (1 − k) = 0
7−3 2
perpendicular = −2 If they do not meet  b2 − 4ac < 0  (1)2 − 4(1 − k) < 0
3
⎛3 + 7 2 + 4⎞ 1 − 4 + 4k < 0  k <
Mid-point (3,=
2) and (7, 4) ⎜= , ⎟ (5, 3) 4
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
 quation of perpendicular bisector:
E 22. x2 + y2 − 6x − 10y + 30 = 0
y − 3 = −2(x − 5) (x − 3)2 − 9 + (y − 5)2 − 25 + 30 = 0
y − 3 = −2x + 10 (x − 3)2 + (y − 5)2 = 4
y + 2x = 13
When x = 0, y = 13 so intercepts the y-axis at
O (3, 5)
(0, 13). Hence k = 13

17. a) Meet when x2 + 2x − 7 = 17 − 3x  x2 + 5x − 24 = 0

(x + 8)(x − 3) = 0  x = 3 or −8 T

when x = −8, y = 17 − 3(−8) = 41

∴ Q = (−8, 41) P (–1, 1)

 b) (3 − − 8)2 + ( 41 −=
8) 2 121 + 1089 Centre = (3, 5)   r = 2  = OT

= 1210 = 11 10 Distance from centre to P

18. x2 + y2 − 4x + 2y + 3 = 0 = ( −1 − 3)2 + (1 − 5)2 = 16 + 16 = 32

(x − 2)2 − 4 + (y + 1)2 − 1 + 3 = 0
Shortest distance = 32 − 2 = 4 2 −2
(x − 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 2
23. 3x − y + 8 = 0    3x + 8 = y
Centre O = (2, −1)  P = (3, −2)
−2 − − 1 They meet when
Gradient radius = = −1
3−2
x2 + (3x + 8)2 − 18x − 10(3x + 8) + 16 = 0.
gradient tangent = +1
x2 + 9x2 + 48x + 64 − 18x − 30x − 80 + 16 = 0
Equation tangent: y + 2 = 1(x − 3)  y = x − 5
10x2 = 0    ∴ x = 0
 −1 + 3 , 5 + 1  As there is only one value of x, the line must be a
19. Centre = mid-point PQ =   = (1, 2)
 2 2  tangent to the curve.
Diameter = (3 − −1)2 + ( −1 − 5)2 = 16 + 36 = 52 24. a) 4x + (kx 2 + 3) + k = 0  kx 2 + 4x + (3 + k) = 0

= 2 13  r = 13 Tangent when b2 − 4ac = 0 ⇒ 42 − 4k (3 + k) = 0

16 − 12k − 4k 2 = 0
Equation of circle: (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 = 13
4k 2 + 12k − 16 = 0
20. a) Meet when x2 + x − 2 = kx − 6   k 2 + 3k − 4 = 0
x + (1 − k)x + 4 = 0
2
(k + 4)(k − 1) = 0
Tangent so b2 − 4ac = 0  (1 − k)2 − 4(1)(4) = 0
k = − 4 or 1
1 − 2k + k2 − 16 = 0  k2 − 2k − 15 = 0
b) k = 1
(k − 5) (k + 3) = 0
=
y x2 + 3 ⎫
k = 5 or k = −3 ⎬  x + 4x + 4 = 0
2
4x + y + 1 =0⎭
 b) when k = 5,  x2 − 4x + 4 = 0   (x − 2) (x − 2) = 0
x = 2, y = 4 (x + 2)2 = 0  x = −2
when k = −3,  x2 + 4x + 4 = 0 y = (−2)2 + 3 = 7  (−2, 7)
(x + 2)(x + 2) = 0  x = −2, y = 0 k = −4

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Coordinate geometry 9
 y= −4 x 2 + 3 ⎫
⎬ 0 = 4x2 − 4x + 1  (2x − 1)2 = 0 2x2 − 12x + 10 = 0   x2 − 6x + 5 = 0
4x + y − 4 = 0⎭
(x − 5)(x − 1) = 0
1
x = x = 5 y = 0
2
y = 4 − 2 = 2  ( 12, 2) x = 1 y = 4
P and Q are (5, 0) and (1, 4)
Line joining points is
⎛ ⎞ 28. a) (x + 3)2 + (y − 4)2 − 9 − 16 = 0
⎜ 7−2 ⎟
y − 7 = ⎜ ⎟ (x + 2)  y − 7 = −2x − 4 (x + 3)2 + (y − 4)2 = 25   CQ = 25 = 5
⎜⎜ −2 − 1 ⎟⎟
⎝ 2⎠  b) PC = (3 + 3)2 + ( −4 − 4 )2 = 36 + 64 = 100
y = −2x + 3 = 10

PQ = PC 2 − CQ 2 = 10 − 5 =
2 2
25. a) (x + 3)2 + (y − 5)2 (x − 6)2 + (y + 2)2  75
− 9 − 25 = 26 − 36 − 4 = k = 8.66 (3 s.f.)
(x + 3)2 + (y − 5)2 = 60 (x − 6)2 + (y + 2)2 c) Shortest distance = PC − radius = 10 − 5 = 5
= k + 40
Thus 60 = k + 40  k = 20 29. a) 
PQ2 = 12 + 42 = 17, QR2 = 42 + 162 = 272 and
b) Distance between (−3, 5) and (6, −2) PR = 17, so PR2 = 289
So PQ2 + QR2 = PR2
= ( 6 + 3)2 + ( −2 − 5)2 = 81 + 49 = 130
Using Pythagoras’ theorem, PQR is a right-
= 11.4 (3 s.f.)
angled triangle with PR as the hypotenuse and
26. a) (x − 3)2 + (y + 1)2 = 5,
the right angle at Q.
so C is (3, −1) and the radius is 5.
b) 
The circle through P, Q and R therefore has PR
−2 − − 1 1 as diameter (angle in a semicircle is a right
b) AC has gradient = − , so the tangent at
5−3 2 angle). If C is the centre of the circle, then C is
A(5, −2) has gradient 2. the mid-point of PR. So C is (2, 9.5) and the
radius of the circle is half PR = 8.5.
Equation of tangent: y − −2 = 2(x − 5)
y = 2x − 12 Equation of circle: (x − 2)2 + (y – 9.5)2 = 8.52

27. a) (x + 1)2 + (y + 2)2 − 1 − 4 − 35 = 0 5 +   −1 −1 + 7 

30. a) C is  ,   = (2, 3).
(x + 1) + (y + 2) = 40
2 2  2 2 
b)  AB2 = (−1 − 5)2 + (7 − −1)2 = 100, so AB = 10
Centre = (−1, −2)
and the radius of the circle is 5.
(3, 2) Equation of the circle: : (x − 2)2 + (y – 3)2 = 25
M
P 0 Q 7 − −1 8 4
c) AB has gradient = =− ,
C (–1, –2) −1 − 5 −6 3
3
so the tangent at A(5, −1) has gradient .
4
3
Equation of tangent: y − −1 =  (x − 5)
2+2 4
b) gradient CM = =1 4y = 3x − 19
3 +1
∴ gradient PQ = −1 31. a) (x + 4)2 + (y + 2)2 = 52,
so C is (−4, −2) and the radius is 5.
Equation PQ: y − 2 = −1(x − 3)  y − 2 = −x + 3
x+y−5=0 b) AB is vertical so the gradient of the line
perpendicular to AB is horizontal.
c) y = 5 − x
The line through B has gradient 0 and the
x2 + (5 − x)2 + 2x + 4(5 − x) − 35 = 0 equation is given by y = 1.
x2 + 25 − 10x + x2 + 2x + 20 − 4x − 35 = 0 c) The other end of the diameter through A is

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Coordinate geometry 10
 (−8, 1), which lies on the line y = 1. = 16 − 16k + 4k2 − 8k2 − 16k + 64
= −4k2 − 32k + 80 = −4(k + 10)(k − 2)
32. a) KM2 = 242 + 102 = 676 KL2 = 122 + 182 = 468
LM2 = 122 + 82 = 208 y

KL2 + LM2 = KM2, so KLM is a right-angled y = −4(k + 10)(k − 2)

triangle, with KM as the hypotenuse and the

right angle at L.

b) Circle through K, L and M has diameter KM –10 0 2 x

and centre of the circle, C, is the mid-point of

KM.
10 − 14 8 − 2  a) For two distinct roots, b2 − 4ac > 0: −10 < k < 2
C is  ,   = (−2, 3)
 2 2  b) For one root, b2 − 4ac = 0: k = −10, k = 2
1
Radius =  676 = 13 c) For no roots, b2 − 4ac < 0: k < −10, k > 2
2
Equation of the circle: (x + 2)2 + (y − 3)2 = 132
1  0 35. a) 
Equation of circle with centre C (2, −1):
33. a), b) Translation of f(x) = − by the vector  
x  2 (x − 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = r2
y 
Substituting x = 4 and y = 2:
r2 = (4 − 2)2 + (2 + 1)2 = 13
(x − 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 13
y = f(x) + 2 x2 + y2 − 4x + 2y − 8 = 0
(0.5, 0)

0 x −1 − 2 3
 b) Gradient of AC =   = 
2−4 2
2
Gradient of the tangent = −
3
2
Equation of tangent at A: y − 2 = − (x − 4) 
3
2 14
Domain x ∈, x ≠ 0; range g(x) ∈, g(x) ≠ 2 y = − x + 
3 3

1  −2
c), d) Translation of f(x) = − by the vector   2 14  14 
x  0   c) y = − x +  cuts the coordinate axes at  0, 
3 3  3
y
and (7, 0).
y = f(x + 2)
36.
2 T 4
(0, –0.5)
C (7, 4)
–1 0 1 x
–2

P (1, 7)

Domain x ∈; x ≠ −2, range h(x) ∈, h(x) ≠ 0 CP2 = (1 − 7)2 + (7 − 4)2 = 45

34. Substituting y = k − x into the equation of the Pythagoras’ theorem gives CP2 = CT2 + PT2
circle: 45 = 16 + PT2 ⇒ PT2 = 45 − 16 = 29 ⇒ PT =  29
x2 + (k − x)2 + 6x + 2(k − x) − 8 = 0
x2 + k2 −2kx + x2 + 6x + 2k − 2x − 8 = 0
2x2 + (4 − 2k)x + k2 + 2k − 8 = 0
b2 − 4ac = (4 − 2k)2 − 8(k2 + 2k − 8)

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Coordinate geometry 11