Geometrical Applications of Definite Integral

Lesson 9
Graphs of Some Functions
9.1. Parabolas

y  ax 2 n , n  1,2,
D  y     , 
 0,   , a  0
E y  
  ,0 , a  0

y  ax 2 n 1 , n  1,2, 

D  y     , 
E  y     , 

ya 2n
x , n  1,2, 
D  y    0,   ;
 0,   , a  0;
E y  
  ,0 , a  0.

 
y  a 2 n 1 x ,
n  1,2,;
D y     , 
E  y     , 

9.2. Hyperbolas
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 a
y , n  1,2, 
x 2 n 1
D  y     ,0    0, 
E  y     ,0    0, 

a
y , n  1,2, 
x 2n
D y     ,0    0, 
 0,   , a  0
E y  
  ,0  , a  0

9.3. Exponential Functions

y  a x , a  0, a  1
D  y     , 
E  y    0, 

9.4. Logarithm Functions

y  log a x, a  0, a  1
D  y    0, 
E  y     , 

9.5. Trigonometric Functions

A. Sinusoid (sine curve, harmonic

45
curve).
y  sin x
.
D y     ,  ,
E  y     1,1

B. Cosine curve.
y  cos x
D y     ,  ,
E  y     1,1

C. Tangent curve
y  tan x ;
   
D y      k,  k ,
 2 2 
k  0,1,2,  ;
E  y     ,  .

D. Cotangent curve
y  cot x ;
D y    k,  k  1   ,
k  0,1,2,  ;
E  y     ,  .

9.6. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

A.

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y  arcsin x
D  y     1; 1
  
E  y    , 
 2 2
B.

y  arccos x
D  y     1; 1
E  y    0; 

C.

y  arctan x
D  y     , 
  
E y    , 
 2 2

D.

y  arc cot x
D  y     , 
E  y    0,  

9.7. Hyperbolic Functions

A. Hyperbolic sine
y  sinh x
e x  ex
sinh x 
2
D sinh x     , 
E  sinh x     , 

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B. Hyperbolic cosine
y  cosh x
e x  e x
cosh x 
2
D cosh x     , 
E  cosh x   1, 

C. Hyperbolic tangent
sinh x
y  tanh x 
cosh x
e  ex
x
tanh x 
e x  ex
D tanh x     , 
E  tanh x     1,1

D. Hyperbolic cotangent y  coth x

cosh x

sinh x

e x  ex
coth x 
e x  e x
D coth x     ,0    0, 

E  coth x     ,1  1,  

9.8. Special Curves

k B. Curve of Gauss: y  ex
2

A. Witch of Agnesi: y 
1 x2

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 C. Loops

Folium of Descartes ax

y 2  x2 
ax
x 3  y 3  3axy  0

E. Lemniscate of Bernoulli
D.
x 2
 y2  2

 a 2 x2  y 2 
2 2
a y xax 2
,a  0

9.9. Curves Given by Parametric Equations

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  x  x t  ;
Parametric equations of a curve have the form 
 y  y t  ,

where x and y are coordinates of a point P belonging to a curve for each value of the
variable parameter t. In general variables x and y vary with t, and a point P moves on
the plane.
A. Circle  x  R cos t ;

 y  R sin t ,
t   0;2 B. Ellipse  x  a cos t ;

 y  b sin t ,
t   0;2

C. Astroid: 

t  t 
 x  R cos 3   2  cos 3 
 

 x  a cos t

3

,a  0
D. 
 y  R sin t  
 2  sin
t 


 y  a sin t
3
 3  3


E. Evolvent of a circle: F. Cycloid:

 x  a  cos t  t sin t  ;  x  a  t  sin t  ;
  , a  0.
 y  a  sin t  t cos t .  y  a 1  cos t  ;

9.10. Curves in the Polar Coordinate System

A polar coordinate system is determined by the pole O, a ray  connecting the

pole with the given point, a scale segment for measuring lengths and the positive
rotation around the pole.
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 The position of each point P on the plane is
determined by two polar coordinates polar radius
  OP  0 and the polar angle 

( 0    2 or       ).
Let P (x, y) be an arbitrary point on the plane. Then
where the polar angle  is determined with
 x   cos , 

 y   sin  or  


x2  y2 ,
 tan   y / x ,

regard to the quadrant where the point P lies.

Cardioids

  a1  cos  , a  0 r  a1  sin  , a  0

r  a1  cos  , a  0 r  a1  sin  , a  0

Limacons

  a  sin , a  1
  a  cos , a  1

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 Spirals

  a, a  0 a
 ,a  0


Roses

  a sin 2, a  0,   0
  a cos 2, a  0,   0

  a cos 3, a  0
  a sin 3, a  0

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  a sin 4, a  0,   0   a cos 4, a  0,   0

9.11. Geometrical Meaning of Definite Integral

b
 The definite integral  f  x  dx equals the area S of a
a
region bounded above by the graph of the function
y  f  x   0 , on the sides by vertical lines through x  a
b
and x  b , and below by the x-axis S   f  x  dx .
a
b
Note: if y  f  x  0 in the given interval, then S    f  x  dx.
a

1 2 2
 The definite integral  r  d equals the
2 1

area of a plane region S bounded by the rays   1,    2 ,

and the curve r  r   , which is given in the polar system of coordinate. In this case
 x  r cos ;

 y  r sin ,

Example 9.1. Find the area bounded by the curve y  sin x and the straight lines
7 1
x , x  , y  0.
6 4

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 Solution:

The function y  sin x is negative in the interval   ,0 . That is why the area can be
calculated by the formula:

Answer: S  8  3  2 .
1
2

Example 9.2. Find the area bounded by the curve r  a sin 3.

Solution:

The boundary of D is given in the polar system of coordinates:

1) Find the sixth part of the area using the formula

54
 a 2
Answer: S .
4

9.12. Area of a plane region D

 Let boundary of D be given in Cartesian

system of coordinates
 y  y1  x  , y  y 2  x  ,
D : 
a  x  b

 , then
b
S D    y 2  x   y1  x   dx. .
a

 Let boundary of D be given in polar system

of coordinates:
r  r1    , r  r2    ,
D : 
   ,   

 , then

SD 
1
2
2

 r2    r1   d.
2


 Let boundary of D be given in parametric form:


D :  x  x t  , y  y  t  ,   t   , then S D   y  t  x  t  dt.


1 x2
Example 9.3. Find the area bounded by the curves y  and y  .
1 x2 2
Solution:

55
 x2
x2
  f 2 ( x)  f 1 ( x) dx , where f 2  x   1
S , f 1  x   .
x1 1  x2 2

Find the limits of integration. To do it solve the equation

1 x2  x1  1;
f 2  x   f1  x     x4  x2  2  0  
1 x 2
2  x 2  1.
Hence
 the integrand function is even 
1
 1 x2  interval of integratio n is symmetric  2 
1
1 x2 
S  1  x 2  2 
 dx 
  1  x 2  2 
 dx 
1  0  

 with respect to origin 


1
 x3   1  1
  2 arctan1   0   2     .
1
 2  arctan x 
 6 0  6   4 6  2 3

 1
Answer: S  .
2 3
Example 9.4. Find the area that is inside the circle r = a and outside the
cardioid r  a1  cos  .
Solution:


1 2

S   r22    r12   d ,
2 1

where
r1    a 1  cos  ,

r2    a .

To find 1 and 2 , use the condition

r1    r2   : a  a1  cos   1  cos   1 
 
 cos   0  1   , 2  ,
2 2
where the curves intersect. Hence
 

   
2 2
1
S   a 2  a 2 1  cos  2 d  a 2  1  1  cos  2 d 
 2 0

2
 

   
2 2
 a 2  2 cos   cos 2  d  a 2  2 cos   cos 2  d 
0 0

/2
 2
1 cos 2   1 sin 2 
a 2 2 sin     
d   
2
 a   2 cos    2 4 0
0 2 2 

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     1  1   
 a 2  2 sin  sin 0     0    sin   sin 0   a 2  2   .
  2  22  4   4

 
Answer: S  a2 2   .
 4

Example 9.5. Find the area of the region,


that is bounded by the astroid
3
 x  a cos t


 y  a sin
3
t,

0  t  2 .

Solution: Here the curve is given in the

parametric form, so the area is calculated by
formula
  3
 x  a cos t ;
S  y  t  x  t  dt , where 
  3
 y  a sin t.
As the given figure is symmetric with co-ordinate axes we may calculate the fourth
part of the desired area. Here 0  x  a , if

then
3
 x  a cos t  0;


 x  a cos
3
t  a,

 3 
cos t  0  t 
 2;
cos 3 t  1  t  0,


and we get

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 Home Work 9

9.9. Compute the area of the figure bounded by the curves:

 4
 y  1  x 2
;

a) b) and

 y 
x  0
0; y  2  x2 y3  x2.



9.10. Find the area of the figure enclosed by the astroid

x  2 cos3 t ; y  2 sin t.
3

9.11. Compute the area of the figure bounded by the first and the second turns of the
spiral of Archimedes r  a and the segment of the polar axis.

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