THERMAL STRESS

&
THERMAL STRAINS
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
 Thermal Stress & Thermal Strains
❖ Stress induced in a body due to change in the
temperature is known as thermal stress and
the corresponding strain is called thermal
strain.

❖ Thermal stress induces in a body when the

temperature of the body is raised or lowered
and the body is not allowed to expand or
contract freely.

❖ No stress will be induced in a body when it is

allowed to BIBIN.C
expand or contract
/ ASSOCIATE freely. ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL
❖ Considered a body (for example a rod) which
is heated to a specified temperature.

Let

❖ L = Original length of the rod,

❖ T = Rise in temperature,

❖ E = Young’s modulus,

❖ α = Coefficient of linear expansion and

❖ 𝛿𝑙 = Extension produced in the rod

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
❖ Due to the increase in the temperature, there is an
extension produced in the rod.

❖ When the rod is allowed to expand freely, the

extension produced in the rod is given by

𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝜹𝒍 = 𝜶 𝑻 𝑳

❖ AB is the original length of the rod, and

❖ BB’ is the extension produced in the rod.

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
❖ Suppose a compressive load P is applied at the end
BB’, Due to this compressive load, there is a decrease
in the length of the rod from (L + dL) to L.

❖ Compressive stress and strain is produced in the rod

and is given by

𝑫𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝜶𝑻𝑳

𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒆 = = =𝜶𝑻
𝑶𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝑳+𝜶𝑻𝑳

𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝝈 = 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 × 𝑬 = 𝜶 𝑻 𝑬

❖ Thrust or load on the rod is given by

𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒐𝒓 𝑻𝒉𝒓𝒖𝒔𝒕 𝑷 = 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 × 𝑨 = 𝜶 𝑻 𝑬 × 𝑨

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
❖ When the ends of the rod is rigidly fixed with the
supports and the rod is heated to a certain
temperature, here the extension in the rod is
prevented because we have rigidly fixed it’s both the
ends.

❖ Stress and strain is setup in the rod. The stresses and

strain setup in the rod is known as thermal stresses
and strains. Thermal strain is given by
𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝜶 𝑻 𝑳
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒆 = = =𝜶𝑻
𝑶𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝑳

❖ Thermal stress-induced is given by 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝝈 = 𝜶 𝑻𝑬

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
❖ 𝐼𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝛿, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 − 𝛿

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝛼 𝑇 𝐿 − 𝛿

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝛼 𝑇 𝐿 − 𝛿
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝛿

𝛼𝑇𝐿−𝛿
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = ×𝐸
𝛿

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Problem 01
A rod is 2 m long at a temperature of 10°C. Find the expansion of the rod, when the
temperature is raised to 80°C. If this expansion is prevented, find the stress induced and
strain in the material of the rod. Take 𝐸 = 1 × 105 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 and 𝛼 = 0.000012/°𝐶.
𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒅𝒂𝒕𝒂:
𝐿 = 2 𝑚 = 2000 𝑚𝑚 𝐸 = 1 × 105 𝑁Τ𝑚 𝑚2 𝑇𝑖 = 10°𝐶
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 = 80 − 10 = 70°𝐶 𝑇𝑓 = 80°𝐶 𝛼 = 0.000012Τ° 𝐶

𝑻𝒐 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅:
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑑 𝛿𝑙 =?
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜎 =?

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 BIBIN.C
𝑒 =? / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂: Expansion is prevented

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜎 = 𝛼 𝑇𝐸

𝛿𝑙
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒 = = 𝛼 𝑇
𝐿

𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑑 𝛿𝑙 = 𝛼 𝑇 𝐿

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝛼 = 0.000012Τ° 𝐶
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜎 = 𝛼 𝑇𝐸
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 = 80 − 10 = 70°𝐶
𝜎 = 0.000012 × 70 × 1 × 105
𝐸 = 1 × 105 𝑁Τ𝑚 𝑚2
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝝈 = 𝟖𝟒 𝑵Τ𝒎 𝒎𝟐

𝛿𝑙
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒 = = 𝛼 𝑇
𝐿

𝑒 = 0.000012 × 70

𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒆 = 𝟖. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑑 𝛿𝑙 = 𝛼 𝑇 𝐿 𝛼 = 0.000012Τ° 𝐶

𝑇 = 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 = 80 − 10 = 70°𝐶
𝛿𝑙 = 0.000012 × 70 × 2000
𝐿 = 2 𝑚 = 2000 𝑚𝑚
𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒐𝒅 𝜹𝒍 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟖 𝒎𝒎

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Problem 01
A steel rod 3cm diameter and 5m long. If it is connected to two grips and rod is
maintained at a temperature of 95°C. Determine stress, strain and pull exerted when the
temperature falls to 30°C, 𝐸 = 2 × 105 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 and 𝛼 = 1.2 × 10−6 /°𝐶. (i) Ends are not
yield; (ii) Ends are yield by 0.12cm.
𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒅𝒂𝒕𝒂:
𝑑 = 3 cm = 30 𝑚𝑚
𝐿 = 5 𝑚 = 5000 𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑖 = 95°𝐶 𝑇𝑓 = 30°𝐶 𝛼 = 1.2 × 10−6 Τ ° 𝐶
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑖 ~𝑇𝑓 = 95 − 30 = 65°𝐶 𝐸 = 2 × 105 𝑁Τ𝑚 𝑚2 𝛿 = 0.12 𝑐𝑚 = 1.2 𝑚𝑚
𝑻𝒐 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅: (i) Ends are not yield 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑖 ∶ 𝐸𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑦 0.12 𝑐𝑚
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜎 =? 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜎𝑦 =?
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒 =? 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒 =?
BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃 =? 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃 =?
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂: (i) Ends are not yield (ii) Ends are yield by 0.12cm.

𝛼 𝑇𝐿 − 𝛿
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜎 = 𝛼 𝑇𝐸 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜎𝑦 = 𝐸
𝐿
𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴 = × 𝑑 2
4 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑃 = 𝜎𝑦 × 𝐴
𝛿𝑙
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒 = = 𝛼 𝑇 𝛼 𝑇𝐿 − 𝛿
𝐿 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒 =
𝐿

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: (i) Ends are not yield

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜎 = 𝛼 𝑇𝐸 𝛼 = 1.2 × 10−6 Τ ° 𝐶

𝜎 = 1.2 × 10−6 × 65 × 2 × 105 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑖 ~𝑇𝑓 = 95 − 30 = 65°𝐶

𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝝈 = 𝟏𝟓𝟔 𝑵Τ𝒎 𝒎𝟐 𝐸 = 2 × 105 𝑁Τ𝑚 𝑚2

𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴 = × 𝑑 2 𝑑 = 30 𝑚𝑚
4
𝜋
𝐴 = × 302
4

𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑨 = 𝟕𝟎𝟔. 𝟖𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝟐

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑃 = 𝜎 × 𝐴 𝜎 = 156 𝑁Τ𝑚 𝑚2

𝑃 = 156 × 706.85 𝐴 = 706.85 𝑚𝑚2

𝑷𝒖𝒍𝒍 𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑷 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑵

𝛿𝑙 𝛼 = 1.2 × 10−6 Τ ° 𝐶
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒 = = 𝛼 𝑇
𝐿
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑖 ~𝑇𝑓 = 95 − 30 = 65°𝐶
𝑒 = 1.2 × 10−6 × 65

𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒊 ∶ 𝑬𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝒎
𝛼 = 1.2 × 10−6 Τ ° 𝐶
𝛼 𝑇𝐿 − 𝛿
𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜎𝑦 = 𝐸 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑖 ~𝑇𝑓 = 95 − 30 = 65°𝐶
𝐿
1.2 × 10−6 × 65 × 5000 − 1.2 𝐿 = 5 𝑚 = 5000 𝑚𝑚
𝜎𝑦 = × 2 × 105
5000
𝛿 = 0.12 𝑐𝑚 = 1.2 𝑚𝑚
𝒀𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝝈𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝑵Τ𝒎 𝒎𝟐
𝐸 = 2 × 105 𝑁Τ𝑚 𝑚2

𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑃 = 𝜎𝑦 × 𝐴

𝑃 = 108 × 706.85 𝐴 = 706.85 𝑚𝑚2

𝑷𝒖𝒍𝒍 𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑷 = 𝟕𝟔. 𝟑𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑵

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
 𝛼 𝑇𝐿 − 𝛿
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒 = 𝛼 = 1.2 × 10−6 Τ ° 𝐶
𝐿
1.2 × 10−6 × 65 × 5000 − 1.2 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑖 ~𝑇𝑓 = 95 − 30 = 65°𝐶
𝑒=
5000
𝐿 = 5 𝑚 = 5000 𝑚𝑚

𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒆 = 𝟓. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝛿 = 0.12 𝑐𝑚 = 1.2 𝑚𝑚

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
 Thank You

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY