Circularly Polarized Microstrip

Antenna for Vehicle Satellite

Navigation Communication
A thesis submitted by
Ms. Tripti Rastogi Uni roll. 12000317016
Regn no. 171200110305

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

Under the guidance of

Prof. (Dr). Tapas Mondal

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

(Affiliated to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of
Technology)
Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur
Durgapur-713 206, India
2021
 Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur
Durgapur-713 206, India

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Circularly Polarized Microstrip

Antenna for Vehicle Satellite navigation Communication” is a bonafide
record of the thesis work carried out by Ms. Tripti Rastogi under my supervision in
the Department of Electronics &Communication Engineering, Dr. B. C. Roy
Engineering College, Durgapur. The results embodied in this work or parts of it have
not been presented/communicated elsewhere for degree/diploma or any other academic
award.

-------------------------------
(Signature of the Guide)

Endorsed by____________________
(HOD, ECE department)
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work presented in this report entitled “Circularly Polarized
Microstrip Antenna for Vehicle Satellite navigation Communication” is a bonafide
record of the thesis work done by me under the supervision of Dr Tapas Mondal,
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering
College, Durgapur-713206, India and that no part thereof has been
presented/communicated elsewhere for degree/diploma or any other academic award.

Durgapur

Date- 04/07/21

Tripti Rastogi
(Student’s Name)
Department of Electronics &Communication Engineering,
Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur-713 206, India
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My greatest appreciation, sincere gratitude and thanks to Dr Tapas Mondal, Associate Professor in
the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College,
Durgapur for his proper guidance and constant encouragement and friendship behavior throughout
my project work. He has been an outstanding teacher, guidance and mentor during my project work
and I have learned a lot from him. I have been extremely fortunate to get a chance to work under his
guidance in the laboratory, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering at Dr. B. C.
Roy Engineering College, Durgapur.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Prof. (Dr). N. N. Pathak, Head, Department of
Electronics & Communication Engineering, Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College for his support in this
work.
Finally, I would like to express my thanks to all the teaching and non-teaching staff of the
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College,
Durgapur for their helpful and friendship attitude during my project work.

i
 ABSTRACT

A general method to design the circularly polarized (CP) microstrip antenna for the vehicular satellite
navigation communication is proposed in this project. The CP operation is achieved by the coupled
parasitic structure (CPS), and the simplified equivalent circuit model is analyzed to explain the
physical interpretations. By adding the CPS, a new resonant mode is occurred, and it is orthogonal to
the original one. The CPS will also help to produce the parallel capacitance in the X axis and the
parallel inductance in the Y axis. The different performance between the Zx and Zy results to the
phase difference between the E-field in the X axis Ex and in the Y axis Ey. By some structural
parameter optimizations, the E-field Ex and Ey will have the same amplitude and a 90 deg phase
difference between them. That will contribute to generate the CP radiation. To validate the feasibility
of this method, a π-shaped CPS is proposed. The advantage of this method is that the two resonant
modes are independent from each other, which will simplify the design procedure.

ii
 CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTACT ii

LIST OF SYMBOLS iv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS v

LIST OF FIGURES vi

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 01-12

CHAPTER-2 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE WORK 13-17

CHAPTER-3 PROJECT WORK

3.1 CP MICROSTRIP ANTENNA GEOMETRY 18-30

3.2 CP MICROSTRIP ANTENNA PARAMETER STUDIES 31-35

3.3 OPTIMIZED SIMULATIONS AND RADIATION PATTERN36-38

OF THE CP MICROSTRIP ANTENNA

CHAPTER-4 CONCLUSION 39-40

CHAPTER-5 REFERENCE 41

iii
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

λ/2- Wavelength of the resonators.

Ex- Electric field in x-axis.
Ey- Electric field in y-axis.
C- Equivalent Capacitance of the circuit model of the antenna with the coupled
parasitic structure.
Zx- Impedance in x-axis.
Zy- Impedance in y-axis.
L- Equivalent Inductance of the circuit model of the antenna with the coupled
parasitic structure.
R- Equivalent Resistance of the circuit model of the antenna with the coupled
parasitic structure.
Φx-Φy – Phase Difference in Degree.
S11- Return Loss.
Ra- Real or resistive part of the antenna impedance.
Xa- Imaginary or reactive part of the antenna impedance.

iv
 LIST OF ABBREVATIONS

GPS - Global Positioning System.

RTK - Real-Time Kinematic.
ARBW - Axial Ratio Bandwidth.
RF - Radio Frequency.
CP - Circularly Polarized.
DGS - Defected Floor Structure.
CPS - Coupled Parasitic Structure.
AR - Axial Ratio.
RHCP - Right-handed Circularly Polarized.
LHCP - Left-handed Circularly Polarized.
RL - Return Loss.
LP - Linearly Polarized.
VSWR - Voltage Standing Wave Ratio.
HFSS - High Frequency Structure Simulator.

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1. CP antennas for vehicle satellite navigation communication.

Fig 2. Illustrations of (a) dipole; (b) monopole and (c) folded dipole.
Fig. 3. Configuration of the proposed octagon-star-shaped patch antenna.
Fig. 4. Graphical demonstration of the working principle of the proposed octagon-star-shaped patch
antenna.
Fig.5. Photographs of the fabricated prototype (right) and the anechoic chamber (left).
Fig.6. Topology of the proposed CP patch antenna and its simplified equivalent circuit model. (a) Top
view. (b) Side view. (c) Equivalent circuit.
Fig. 7. The designed CP microstrip antenna with the π-shaped CPS.
Fig. 8. The equivalent circuit model of the antenna with the coupled parasitic structure in the (a) X
axis, (b) Y axis.
Fig. 9. The designed CP microstrip antenna with the π-shaped CPS.
Fig 10. Different 3D-Orientations of CP microstrip antenna with the π-shaped CPS made in HFSS
(a)top view (b)bottom view (c)front view (d)trimetric view (e)dimetric view ((f)isometric view.
Fig.11. The equivalent circuit model of the CP microstrip antenna with the coupled parasitic
structure.
Fig. 12. shows the simulated S11 of the CP microstrip antenna.
Fig 13. Impedance graph of the CP microstrip antenna.
Fig 14. VSWR graph of the CP microstrip antenna.
Fig. 15. 3D radiation pattern in the centre frequency of the GPS-L1 band of the antenna.
Fig. 16. Simulated 2D-radiation patterns in (a) phi=0 deg, (b)=90 deg.
Fig. 17. Simulated 2D Radiation Pattern Graph in Rectangular Coordinate System.

vi
 INTRODUCTION

With the rapid development of wireless communication technologies, the Global Positioning
System (GPS) has been widely used in the military and civilian fields. Circularly-polarized (CP)
antenna plays an important role in GPS systems as it helps to prevent multipath distortion and
polarization mismatch losses from Faraday rotation effect when sending and receiving signals. In
general, a practical GPS antenna should meet all the environmental, mechanical, and operational
requirements. Firstly, for the terrestrial and airborne applications, the GPS antennas are usually
required to have 3dB ARBW of more than 120°. Wider 3-dB ARBW ensures that signals from
satellites can be more stably received even when the satellites are located at low elevation angle,
which in turn increases the accuracy of positioning. Secondly, dual- or multi-band GPS antennas
are more preferred since they not only help to reduce the complexity of the radio-frequency (RF)
front-end, but also enable effective correction for ionosphere errors in real-time kinematic (RTK)
applications. Thirdly, miniaturized size and low profile are also key considerations in application.
Therefore, a compact CP patch antenna with characteristics of wide ARBW, dual-/multi-band
operation and size miniaturization is highly demanded.

CIRCULARLY polarized (CP) antennas have been applied in many areas owing to their good
features in propagation. To accommodate high-speed communication requirements, it is necessary
to improve their bandwidth. Besides, for some applications, like satellite communications, it is
strongly demanded that the CP antenna should be compact and low-profile in order to reduce the
cost. It is known that by using perturbation approach, a conventional CP microstrip antenna can be
achieved. This kind of antenna has the advantage of compact size and low profile but suffers from
narrow bandwidth. In order to improve the bandwidth, three ways have been considered. One is
increasing the size, another one is increasing the profile, and the other one is using feeding
networks. Generally, larger size and higher profile lead to wider bandwidth. It is hard to say which
way is the best. In practice, it depends on the overall requirements on the targeted CP antenna in
bandwidth, size, and profile. In this letter, we enhance the bandwidth of a CP microstrip antenna by
using two parasitic patches in annular sector shapes. The two parasitic patches are used to reduce
Eθ and enhance Eϕ at higher frequency. Although it has been reported that the parasitic elements
can help improve bandwidth of CP antennas, the working mechanisms in this letter are totally
different from those in the previous literature. In these works, the driven element can generate a CP
1
wave at lower frequency, and parasitic elements are used to generate another CP wave at higher
frequency by themselves. This is the reason why structures similar to the driven element or four
sequentially rotated strips are used as parasitic elements. However, for the CP antenna proposed in
this letter, it is obvious that only two parasitic patches cannot generate a CP wave by themselves.CP
antenna is extensively used in the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) because of its
advantages for improving the system sensitivity and reducing the polarization mismatch. There are
many kinds of CP antennas, like microstrip antenna, horn antenna, and helix antenna. Microstrip
antenna is widely used in both military and civil applications because of the following advantages:
small size, low cost, easy to be manufactured, and convenient to expand into arrays [1]. For a
square-radiated patch antenna, one easy way to achieve CP operation is feeding the patch at two
orthogonal directions to excite two resonant modes. However, the dual-feeding mechanism enlarges
the antenna dimension, increases the antenna geometry complexity, and leads to extra loss. To
overcome the dual-feeding complexities, the square patch antenna with the single-feed port has
been studied i.e. single-feed microstrip antenna has the simplest structure for achieving the CP
radiation. With the development of the GNSS, various single-feed CP microstrip antennas achieved
by adjusting the patch physical dimensions or etching the slots have been reported.

A CP antenna for the GNSS application is presented. An antenna CP operation is achieved by

feeding the network. A novel low-profile CP microstrip antenna is proposed in antenna consists of
two circular eccentric rings for achieving the CP operation, which are simultaneously excited by an
arc-shaped strip. CP microstrip antennas based on the fractal boundary are proposed. By replacing
the sides of a square patch with asymmetrical pre fractal curves, two orthogonal modes are excited
for CP operation. A single-feed microstrip antenna with loading of shorting pins for CP radiation is
proposed. After the optimal loading position is investigated for maximum directivity of the linear
polarization, one pair of the inner pins is slightly shifted in an offset to properly separate the two
degenerate modes, so that the CP radiation can be excited. An asymmetric-circular shaped slotted
microstrip antenna with slits is proposed for the CP radiation. A single-feed configuration based
asymmetric-circular shaped slotted square microstrip patches are adopted to realize the CP
microstrip antenna. A compact CP-stacked patch antenna is investigated for BeiDou navigation
satellite system match with symmetrical slant corner cuts and the top one with two rectangular stubs
on the diagonal produce a pair of degenerate modes, achieving CP radiation.

2
A microstrip antenna with the CP radiation is proposed and investigated. patch has an octagon-star
shape Hindawi International Journal of Antennas and Propagation Volume 2019, Article ID
5427595, 9 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5427595 and can be considered as a superimposition
of two square patches. By generating two orthogonal degenerated TM11 modes from the two
superimposed square patches, the CP radiation is achieved. It is demonstrated that by introducing a
reconfigurable C-shaped slot in a circular patch antenna, the CP radiation of the antenna is obtained.
A novel CP antenna for GNSS application based on the mode analysis on the shorting load patch is
proposed. By adjusting the position and the size of the shorting load structure, the dominant
resonant mode of the patch antenna (TM10) is divided into two secondary modes. A novel annular
slotted center-feed CP antenna is proposed. Two symmetric annular slots with tabs are embedded
onto a square microstrip patch for the CP radiation. The antenna composed of a loop feeding
structure, four driven patches, and four parasitic patches is proposed. The driven patches, which are
capacitively coupled by the feeding loop, generate the CP mode due to the sequentially rotated
structure and four parasitic patches.

A CP microstrip antenna with conical-beam radiation is presented. The antenna is excited at the
second-order mode to generate the conical radiation pattern and fed by a hybrid coupler to obtain
the CP operation, which shows a stable performance with varisized metal reflectors. Some CP
antennas achieved by the parasitic structure have been reported. antenna CP operation is achieved
by adding the parasitic DGS (defected ground structure) in the ground plane. However, the DGS
will increase the antenna backward radiation. A CP square patch antenna is presented. To achieve
the CP radiation, the square patch is embedded with a cross slot and an L-shaped open-end
microstrip line. antenna consists of a radiating patch and two separated parasitic strips, and the
separated strips are placed at the outer perimeter of the patch for capacitive coupling. .e antenna CP
operation is achieved by moving the separated positions of the strips. Table 1 lists the comparisons
of this work and previous published CP antennas. It shows the proposed CP antenna achieved by
the parasitic strip in this paper has a simple structure and the independent resonant modes.
To communicate with the roadside unit (RSU), moderate gain antennas with wide beamwidth are
used for the purpose of better coverage. Wideband antennas with broad beamwidth are used for car-
to-car communication. Regarding the broadband satellite data service such as the direct-broadcast-
satellite service, it is desirable to have high gain and circularly polarized (CP) antennas with wide
beam scanning angles. An array antenna with wide beam scanning angle enables vehicles to keep
3
 track of the satellites so it is always within the reception area of the satellite and does not fall in the
blind spot. The traditional approach to obtaining a high gain CP antenna is to use the phased array
or reflector antenna. Although the phased array has a planar configuration, it requires sophisticated
beamforming networks (BFN) especially when the number of antenna elements is large, which
leads to a high-cost. Moreover, obtaining large angle beam scanning of the CP phased array is
challenging due to the reason that the radiating elements normally have narrow CP beamwidths
(e.g., ±30◦). Although some wide beamwidth circularly polarized antenna elements were reported,
they are not suitable for the design of planar array antennas. On the other hand, the reflector antenna
can provide beam scanning through mechanically rotating the antenna. Yet, the reflector antenna
has a high profile and has high mass.

Circularly-polarized (CP) antennas are very effective in combating multi-path interference, Faraday
rotation effect, and orientation constraint between the transmitter and receiver antennas. Due to
these advantages, CP antennas are particularly attractive for spaced-based navigation systems, e.g.,
the global positioning system (GPS). A typical method to achieve CP radiation for a single-feed
patch antenna is to excite two orthogonal fundamental modes with slightly different resonant
frequencies using corner truncation, etching slot, or cutting segment. However, these antennas are
unidirectional with the main beam in the broadside direction. In a system that requires large signal
coverage, a CP antenna with omnidirectional radiation pattern is preferable. Various techniques
have been proposed for generating omnidirectional CP radiation. By introducing curved branches,
asymmetric slits, or parasitic stubs to a via, shorted circular patch antenna, omnidirectional CP
radiation were realized. These antennas have advantages of planar structure, low profile and single
feed. However, they have complicated configurations and are difficult to tune. Another method for
achieving omnidirectional CP radiation pattern is to arrange CP radiating elements around a
cylindrical surface. However, these designs usually suffer from high-profile 3D structures, complex
feeding networks and fabrication difficulties.
CP antenna is extensively used in the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) because of its
advantages for improving the system sensitivity and reducing the polarization mismatch. There are
many kinds of CP antennas, like microstrip antenna, horn antenna, and helix antenna. Microstrip
antenna is widely used in both military and civil applications because of the following advantages:
small size, low cost, easy to be manufactured, and convenient to expand into arrays [1]. For a square-
radiated patch antenna, one easy way to achieve CP operation is feeding the patch at two orthogonal
4
directions to excite two resonant modes. However, the dual-feeding mechanism enlarges the antenna
dimension, increases the antenna geometry complexity, and leads to extra loss. To overcome the
dual-feeding complexities, the square patch antenna with the single-feed port has been studied [2]. .e
single-feed microstrip antenna has the simplest structure for achieving the CP radiation.

This paper presents a novel CP microstrip antenna achieved by a C-shaped parasitic strip. Proposed
CP antenna consists of a square patch and a simple C-shaped parasitic strip. By adjusting the
parasitic strip dimension, two orthogonal modes will have the equal amplitudes and 90 deg phase
difference for achieving the CP operation. designed CP microstrip antenna has the good impedance
matching, the good CP radiation patterns, and the stable CP gain across the 3 dB AR bandwidth.
resonant modes for achieving the proposed CP antenna are independent from each other, which is
convenient for the CP antenna design and debug.

The specific details about implantable antenna designs have been presented. Many groups have
adopted novel materials and techniques to make the antennas in flexible forms according to actual
biotelemetry needs, in some other applications, such as cardiac pacemaker, wireless capsule
endoscope, the traditional plane structure can be employed to decrease the complexity of fabrication
process. To design small implantable antennas, researchers have put forward plenty of miniaturized
structures, such as inverted-F antennas (PIFAs), various types of embedded slots, fractal structures,
substrate materials with high permittivity and so on. A multilayer implantable antenna was
proposed to increase the effective current path, whose profile is larger than conventional single-
layer antennas.

In this paper, a novel dual-band reflect array antenna with dual-circular polarizations and
independent beam control is developed. Within each frequency band, there are two shaped beams,
one for left-hand and one for right-hand circular polarization. Thus, four simultaneously focused
beams are achieved for each feed. Moreover, the frequency ratio of the dual-band operation is
flexible and the central frequency of each band can be designed independently. This allows the
developed antenna suitable for the multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) communications for
vehicles by taking advantage of the polarization and frequency diversity. . In this way, the CAVs
can always keep reliable links with the satellites and important information such as enhanced
mapping, navigational data, over-the-air software and firmware updates can be received in time. A
5
simple but effective cross-polarization suppression technique is developed to improve beam
scanning performance of the present reflect array. This technique does not increase the system
complexity and can effectively suppress the cross polarizations so the array antenna can maintain
good CP radiations at large scan angles.

Over the last decades, the CP microstrip antennas are commonly used in wireless communication
systems, because they are able to reduce the loss caused by the polarization misalignment between
the transmitting antennas and the receiving antennas. Single-feed microstrip antenna is widely used
because it has the simplest structure to achieve CP radiation. Lots of single-feed CP microstrip
antennas achieved by adjusting the patch physical dimensions have been studied. A single-feed CP
U-slot microstrip antenna is proposed. The asymmetrical Slot structure is able to generate two
orthogonal modes for CP operation without chamfering any corner of the square patch. The design
of single-feed equilateral-triangular CP microstrip antenna is studied. By embedding a narrow slot
or a cross slot of unequal slot lengths in the triangular patch, the CP radiation is achieved. In a CP
annular-ring microstrip antenna with a pair of inserted slits is investigated. A square-ring microstrip
antenna with CP operation is obtained by incorporating a small tuning stub for splitting the
fundamental mode into two resonant modes with equal amplitudes and 90 deg phase difference.

Another square-ring microstrip antenna with a truncated corner is presented for CP operation. In,
the CP radiation is achieved by etching the complementary split ring resonator on the patch. The
etched gap orientation to the current propagating direction will render the antenna to generate CP
waves. By cutting asymmetrical slots onto the square patches, the single probe-feed microstrip
antenna is realized for CP radiation. To achieve CP radiation, a square patch is embedded with a
cross slot, while an L-shaped microstrip line linked to a tag-chip and terminated by a shorting pin is
capacitively coupled to the patch. Another single-feed CP microstrip antenna is proposed, where a
circular eccentric ring is used to generate CP radiation. All these previous works have focused on
designing CP microstrip antenna by adjusting the physical dimensions of the patch. Some other
single-feed CP microstrip antennas with slots in the ground plane have been studied. The microstrip
antenna with an aperture-coupled annular-ring for CP radiation is presented. Two orthogonal
resonant modes of the antenna are excited through the L-shaped microstrip line. The open slot
formed by an L-shape conducted strip generates CP radiation. The CP operation are generated by a
6
special feeding structure, rather than the slots in the ground plane. The annular ring-shaped defect
integrated circular microstrip patch has been explored for the CP radiation, but the DGS is used to
increase the antenna polarization purity. A CP microstrip antenna with cross-slot in the ground
plane is presented, which obtains the CP radiation by adjusting the circular slot in the radiated patch
and the cross-slot in the ground plane. This communication proposes a new technique to design
single-feed CP microstrip antenna. The CP design of this single-feed square microstrip antenna is
obtained by etching fractal defected ground structure (FDGS) in the ground plane. Using the
proposed FDGS, the cross-polarization (XP) of the linearly polarized antenna is increased to the
required level for CP operation. Fractal DGS has been used to reduce the mutual coupling between
microstrip antenna elements, but it has never been used to design CP microstrip antenna.

The single-feed CP microstrip antenna is popularly used in the programs of car Global Positioning
System (GPS) satellite tv for pc navigation communication, due to its easy structure, low profile and
lightweight. The principle for attaining the single-feed CP patch antenna is to excite two orthogonal
essential modes with barely extraordinary resonant frequencies and use the patch bodily size
adjustment or the stacked structure. One powerful manner to layout the single-feed CP microstrip
antenna is an etch slot at the radiated patch. A single-feed CP microstrip antenna with Bethe holes
at the radiating patch is brought in. The microstrip antenna in CP radiation is found out through
etching rectangles and L-fashioned at the patch includes pairs of slim slots alongside the diagonal
strains of a rectangular patch. A changed triangle quarter-wavelength patch is proposed, and a CP
antenna is designed through combining the two of them. A CP slotted antenna is proposed and
studied. It makes use of extraordinary and orthogonal modes with slots etched at the floor to shape
left-hand CP radiation. An annular slotted centre-fed CP antenna is proposed. Two symmetric
annular slots with tabs are embedded onto a rectangular microstrip patch for the CP radiation. The
single-feed CP microstrip antenna is often designed using the stacking construction. The CP
radiation is achieved using a two-layer microstrip antenna with a mixture of square and Giuseppe
Peano fractal geometries.

In this paper, a compact CP patch antenna for vehicle GPS satellite navigation application with
dual-band and wide ARBW characteristics is proposed. A compact antenna size with diameter of
7
0.368 λ0 and height of 0.105 λ0 is realized by introducing four coupling metallic pillars, where λ0
is the free-space wavelength at L1 band. By means of a stacked configuration of two patches, the
antenna is able to operate at dual GPS bands: L1 band (1575 ± 2 MHz) and L2 band (1228 ± 2
MHz) with right-handed circular-polarization (RHCP). In particular, a modified circular cavity is
elaborately designed to adjust the dual-band beam responses, and ARBWs as wide as 173° and 133°
are obtained at L1 and L2 bands, respectively. Particularly, the proposed CP patch antenna has the
advantages of compact size and good beamwidth performance operating at dual bands. Finally, the
co-simulation between the proposed antenna and practical platform is also considered in this work;
and the actual navigation performance is verified by experimental test, which shows its excellent
positioning ability. A novel dual-band reflect array antenna with dual-circular polarizations and
independent beam control is developed. Within each frequency band, there are two shaped beams,
one for left-hand and one for right-hand circular polarization. Thus, four simultaneously focused
beams are achieved for each feed. Moreover, the frequency ratio of the dual-band operation is
flexible and the central frequency of each band can be designed independently. This allows the
developed antenna suitable for the multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) communications for
vehicles by taking advantage of the polarization and frequency diversity. In this way, the CAVs can
always keep reliable links with the satellites and important information such as enhanced mapping,
navigational data, over-the-air software and firmware updates can be received in time. A simple but
effective cross-polarization suppression technique is developed to improve beam scanning
performance of the present reflect array. This technique does not increase the system complexity
and can effectively suppress the cross polarizations so the array antenna can maintain good CP
radiations at large scan angles.

Various dual-band CP antennas have been reported. Single-layer designs using multiresonant
modes are presented. Two circular eccentric rings fed by an arc-shaped strip are proposed. An
annular ring antenna operating at a global positioning system band is designed. Nevertheless, these
dual-band CP antennas suffer from narrow impedance and axial-ratio (AR) bandwidth, which
makes them less applicable. In order to address the problem of narrow bandwidth, broad dual-band
CP antennas are designed through stacked structures. A conventional stacked patch antenna with a
meandered-line-shaped ring is reported; its overall volume is 0.45λ0 × 0.45λ0 × 0.076λ0.A dual-
band CP antenna is achieved by combining the microstrip and annular slot modes. However, this
antenna has a larger size due to the adoption of the high-impedance surface ground plane. A single-
8
fed dual-band CP antenna with two stacked rectangular rings is studied; the dimensions of the
antenna are 0.43λ0 × 0.43λ0 × 0.087λ0. In [10], a dual-band CP stacked annular-ring patch antenna
is presented for global positioning system applications. Nevertheless, this antenna needs to utilize a
3 dB hybrid as a feeding network, introducing a larger footprint. Besides, some other dual band CP
antennas with complex structures are reported.

The microstrip antenna CP radiation is achieved when two orthogonal resonant modes have the
same amplitude and a 90deg phase difference between them. Based on that, a general method to
design the CP microstrip antenna is proposed. To explain the physical interpretations of this general
method for realizing the microstrip antenna CP radiation, the antenna equivalent circuit model is
drawn. The patch radiator is modeled as a conductance, inductance, and capacitance (GLC) parallel
resonator. When adding the CPS along the radiated patch, the E-filed in the X axis Ex and in the Y
axis Ey will be changed and be different. For Ex, the additional E-field lands on the coupled
structure and it will produce capacitance, denoted as Cp here, in parallel with C, with the
equivalent. The resultant capacitance of C∥Cp is less than C, so making the Zx less capacitive. For
Ey, the additional E-field lands on the coupled structure and it will produce inductance, denoted as
Lp here, in parallel with L, as the equivalent shown. In that case, the resultant capacitance of L∥Lp
is less than L, so that will make the Zy less inductive. The different performance between the Zx
and Zy results to the phase difference between the E-filed in the X axis Ex and E-filed in the Y axis
Ey. By some structural parameter optimizations, the E-field Ex and Ey will have the same
amplitude and a 90 deg phase difference in between them, which contributes to generating the
antenna CP radiation.

9
 Fig. 1. CP antennas for vehicle satellite navigation communication.

Etching defected floor structure (DGS) from the floor aircraft is likewise a green manner to layout the
CP microstrip antenna. An easy and whole planar air-gap-loaded square microstrip antenna
incorporated with unmarried shorting publish and DGSs has been very well investigated. The CP
microstrip antenna is finished with the aid of using a unique Y-shaped fractal DGS withinside the
floor aircraft.

10
 The unique microstrip shape is used to layout the CP microstrip antenna. It provides a w-formed
parasitic strip to layout the CP simultaneous transmit and obtain antennas. The CP microstrip
antenna may be done with the aid of the usage of annular quarter-formed parasitic patches. The CP
antenna consists of a round quarter magnetic dipole and concentric annular parasitic structures. The
concentric annular parasitic detail is nicely hired to compensate for the phase and amplitude
difference. Some new techniques are studied to recognize the microstrip antenna CP operation. A
CP microstrip patch antenna is proposed and investigated. By producing two orthogonal
degenerated TM11 modes from the two superimposed rectangular patches, the CP radiation is
completed. A feeding method for CP patch antenna primarily based totally at the ninety deg section
distinction among tapped line and parallel coupled line in a feeding community is proposed. A
fashionable approach to layout the CP microstrip antenna via means of the CPS is proposed in this
project. It suggests that the proposed CP microstrip antenna completed via means of the CPS has an
unbiased resonant mode and an exceptionally correct overall performance, which has a great
capability for the packages for the vehicular GPS navigation communication.

In this paper, circular polarization (CP) microstrip patch array antennas have been studied in terms of
types of CP microstrip patch array antenna design and feeding techniques. Circular polarization is
one of the key features that should be implemented in the GPS system as it is a more flexible
orientation of transmitting and receiving antennas.

Microstrip patch antennas (MPA) are a class of planar antennas which have been researched and
developed extensively in the last four decades. They have become favorites among antenna designers
and have been used in many applications in wireless communication systems, both in the military
sector and in the commercial sector. The simplest and most widely used antenna element is the half-
wave dipole, which consists of two linear conductors about a quarter wave long, driven by a source at
the center, as shown in Figure 2.a. Two variations of the half-wave dipole are the quarter wave
monopole (Figure 2b) and the folded dipole (Figure 2c).

11
Fig 2. Illustrations of (a) dipole; (b) monopole and (c) folded dipole

12
 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE WORK

Some new methods are studied to realize the microstrip antenna CP operation. A CP microstrip patch
antenna is proposed and investigated in a CP Octagon-Star-Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna with
Conical Radiation Pattern. The proposed CP antenna has a single feed, a low profile and a very
simple structure. The patch has an octagon-star shape, and can be considered as a superimposition of
two square patches. By generating two orthogonal degenerated TM11 modes from the two
superimposed square patches, the CP radiation is achieved. Various techniques have been proposed
for generating omnidirectional CP radiation either by introducing curved branches, asymmetric slits,
or parasitic stubs to a via shorted circular patch antenna, omnidirectional CP radiation were realized.
These antennas have advantages of planar structure, low profile and single feed. However, they have
complicated configurations and are difficult to tune.
Omnidirectional circularly polarized (CP) antenna is a very good choice for wireless transmission and
fast networking in wireless communication, which provides omnidirectional coverage, and is
insensitive to the orientations of the waves. In addition, the circularly polarization will suppress the
multipath interference in the complex environment.
Another method for achieving omnidirectional CP radiation pattern is to arrange CP radiating
elements around a cylindrical surface. However, these designs usually suffer from high-profile 3D
structures, complex feeding networks and fabrication difficulties. Recently, an omnidirectional CP
antenna realized by four bended dipoles has been proposed. Another omnidirectional CP antenna
composed of a via-shorted monopole and four arc dipoles has been proposed. Both of them have wide
bandwidth.

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Fig. 3. Configuration of the proposed octagon-star-shaped patch antenna.

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Fig. 4. Graphical demonstration of the working principle of the proposed octagon-star-shaped patch
antenna.

Fig.5. Photographs of the fabricated prototype (right) and the anechoic chamber (left).

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A feeding technique for CP patch antenna based on the 90 deg phase difference between tapped line
and parallel coupled line in a feeding network is proposed in a Wideband CP Patch Antenna Based on
90° Phase Difference. The tapped line and parallel coupled line are equivalently regarded as a direct
coupling element with 0° phase delay and a J-inverter coupling element with 90° phase delay,
respectively. In design, two identical λ/2 resonators are employed to excite two orthogonal modes for
wideband equal magnitude. Meanwhile, the feeding lines are tapped and coupled to the two
resonators, and tapped line and coupled line can inherently provide 90° phase difference as demanded
for CP radiation with no need for an additional delay line or a phase shifter. The whole structure is
modeled as an equivalent three-port network, and the theoretical axial ratio (AR) is calculated with
the magnitude and phase of the voltage at the radiation conductance. Since two minima in AR
response emerge, this proposed patch antenna can achieve a wide AR bandwidth.

Fig.6. Topology of the proposed CP patch antenna and its simplified equivalent circuit model. (a) Top
view. (b) Side view. (c) Equivalent circuit.

A general method to design the CP microstrip antenna by the CPS is proposed in this project. It
indicates that the proposed CP microstrip antenna achieved by the CPS has an independent resonant
mode and a relatively good performance, which has a good potential for the applications for the
vehicular GPS navigation communication.

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Fig. 7. The designed CP microstrip antenna with the π-shaped CPS.

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 PROJECT WORK

1.CP MICROSTRIP ANTENNA GEOMETRY

The microstrip antenna CP radiation is achieved when two orthogonal resonant modes have the same
amplitude and a 90-deg phase difference between them. Based on that, a general method to design the
CP microstrip antenna is proposed. To explain the physical interpretations of this general method for
realizing the microstrip antenna CP radiation, the antenna equivalent circuit model is drawn as shown
in the Fig. 1.

(a)X axis

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 (b) Y axis

Fig. 8. The equivalent circuit model of the antenna with the coupled parasitic structure in the (a) X
axis, (b) Y axis.

The patch radiator is modeled as a conductance, inductance, and capacitance (GLC) parallel
resonator. When adding the CPS along the radiated patch, the E-field in the X axis Ex and in the Y
axis Ey will be changed and be different. For Ex, the additional E-field lands on the coupled
structure and it will produce capacitance, denoted as Cp here, in parallel with C, with the equivalent
shown in Fig. 2(a). The resultant capacitance of C∥Cp is less than C, so making the Zx less
capacitive. For Ey, the additional E-field lands on the coupled structure and it will produce
inductance, denoted as Lp here, in parallel with L, as the equivalent shown in Fig. 2 (b). In that
case, the resultant capacitance of L∥Lp is less than L, so that will make the Zy less inductive. The
different performance between the Zx and Zy results to the phase difference between the E-field in
the X axis Ex and E-filed in the Y

axis Ey. By some structural parameter optimizations, the E-field Ex and Ey will have the same
amplitude and a 90 deg phase difference in between them, which contributes to the antenna CP
radiation. Fig. 3 gives one example of the microstrip antenna configuration with the π-shaped CPS.

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 Fig. 9. The designed CP microstrip antenna with the π-shaped CPS.

A rectangular radiated patch is printed on a substrate with the dielectric constant of 10.0 and
thickness 3.18mm. This CP microstrip antenna is designed for the GPS-L1 system with the centre

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frequency 1.575GHz. The dimension of the radiated patch is 28.2×28.2 mm2, and the dimension of
the substrate is 42×42 mm2. The gap distance between the CPS and the radiated patch is d1=1mm
with all other dimensions as w1=5.5 mm, w2=1.95 mm, g=0.8 mm, l=17.6mm d2=20 mm.
The π-shaped CPS settled along the radiated patch will help to produce the parallel capacitance in
the X axis and the parallel inductance in the Y axis, as the surface current distribution shown in Fig.
3. There are some other structures that can also produce the parallel capacitance in the X axis and
the parallel inductance in the Y axis, like the U-shaped structure and the Y-shaped structure.
3D models of the design made in ansys HFSS in different orientations can be viewed as back, front,
right, left, trimetric, or dimetric. It can be shown to study the geometry of the π-shaped antenna with
a clear picture in mind. Different 3D-orientation designs are shown below.

(a)Top View

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 (b) Bottom View

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(c)Right View

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(d)Left View

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(e)Front View

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(f) Back View

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(g)Trimetric View

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(h) Dimetric view

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 (f) Isometric view

Fig 10. Different 3D-Orientations of CP microstrip antenna with the π-shaped CPS made in HFSS
(a)top view (b)bottom view (c)right view (d)left view (e)front view (f)back view (g)trimetric view
(h)dimetric view (i)isometric view.

Fig. 5, the coupling between the parasitic structure and the patch radiator is represented by a J12
inverter.

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 Fig. 05

Fig. 11. The equivalent circuit model of the CP microstrip antenna with the coupled parasitic
structure.

At the centre frequency, the parallel resonator in the X axis is less capacitive, and the J11 inverter
will have the Φx deg phase difference. The parallel resonator in the Y axis is less inductive at the
centre frequency. Due to that, the J12 inverter will have the −Φy deg phase difference at the centre
frequency. If the designed antenna is parameter optimized to have the |Ex|=|Ey|, and the Φx−Φy=90
deg, the Ex will be lagging Ey, and the E-field will be right-handed CP (RHCP). When the coupled

parasitic structure rotates 180 deg, the designed antenna will be parameter optimized to have the |Ex|
=|Ey|, and the Φx−Φy =−90 deg. As a result, Ey will be lagging Ex and the resultant E-field will be
left-handed CP (LHCP). According to the equivalent circuit model of the designed CP microstrip
antenna with the CPS, the values of the GLC parallel resonator are calculated as R1=181 ohm,
L1=0.1 nH, C1=103.397 pF, R2=142 ohm, L2=0.104 nH, C2=97.004 pF.

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2.CP MICROSTRIP ANTENNA PARAMETER STUDIES

Parameter studies of the π-shaped parasitic structure

In order to illustrate how to design the CP microstrip antenna by this method, some key parameters of
the π-shaped CPS are studied. In this part, the antenna return loss (S11) and Impedance performances
are studied when the π-shaped CPS structural are used.

Fig. 12 shows the simulated S11 of the CP microstrip antenna.

Return loss is an important parameter when testing an antenna. It is related to impedance matching
and the maximum transfer of power theory. It is also a measure of the effectiveness of an antenna to
deliver of power from source to antenna. The return loss (RL) is defined by the ratio of the incident
power of the antenna to the power reflected back from the antenna of the source.

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Another definition of return loss is the difference in dB between the power sent towards the antenna
and the power reflected from it. It is always positive when the antenna is passive and negative when it
is active. Here S11 values are measured for 3 frequencies i.e., 1.575 GHz which is the frequency for
the centre frequency of the GPS-L1 band of the antenna and 1.568 GHz along with 1.577 GHz. The
return loss value for the centre frequency is less than -10 dB. On the other hand, the other near
frequencies have S11 as -10dB. So, the centre frequency of 1.575 GHz of the GPS-L1 band of the
antenna have lowest return loss and can be used efficiently in navigation system.

Fig 13. Impedance graph of the CP microstrip antenna.

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The impedance of an antenna normally varies as function of the frequency and therefore, the
matching also varies as function of the frequency. This means that an antenna will only operate
efficiently within a restricted band of frequencies. The width of this band of frequencies is called the
bandwidth. Normally, at the centre frequency (middle of the frequency band) the impedance
matching will be best and going to lower or higher frequencies results in a degradation of impedance
matching up to a level where matching has become unacceptably poor. These levels determine the
boundaries of the frequency band.
When looking into the antenna, at the antenna terminals, we may regard the antenna as a complex
impedance Za,
Za = Ra + j Xa
where Ra is the real or resistive part of the antenna impedance and Xa is the imaginary or reactive
part of the antenna impedance.
Through this impedance graph it is seen that antenna is matched with nearly 50 ohms resistance at the
operating frequency. When the resistance curve is matched with reactance curve at an operating
frequency of 1.5481 GHz, we get an impedance curve whose value at the centre frequency of 1.575
GHz is measured and determined to be nearly about 79.23.
Before the π-shaped CPS is added along the rectangular patch, there is only one resonant mode
generated by the radiated patch. The microstrip antenna is linearly polarized (LP) and it has the 10-
dB impedance bandwidth only approximate 15 MHz. When the CPS is added, there are two
minimums in the matching frequency, which indicates that the second resonant mode is generated.
Because of that, the 10-dB impedance bandwidth is expanded to approximate 34 MHz (from 1.555
GHz to 1.589 GHz), which is twice wider than the antenna without the CPS. The expanded antenna
bandwidth is mainly caused by the presence of the new resonant mode, which is generated because of
the proposed CPS.
It clearly shows that the proposed CP microstrip antenna resonates at the GPS-L1 band with the
centre frequency 1.575 GHz. Although the measured return loss shifts a little to the low frequency
region, the simulation and measurement results have a reasonably good agreement. The proposed CP
microstrip antenna has the impedance bandwidth (S11 < -10 dB) with the centre frequency 1.575
GHz. Although the simulated result in general agrees well with the measured result, the differences
between them may be caused by the machine error and measurement error of the fabricated CP
microstrip antenna.

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It is seen that the microstrip antenna has two resonant modes when the π-shaped CPS is added along
the rectangular patch. One of the resonant modes is fixed in the high frequency region when the CPS
length is tuning. This resonant mode must be generated by the radiated patch because the patch
dimension is not changed. The second resonant mode in the low frequency region is determined by
the π-shaped CPS along the patch. It is found out that these two radiation fields have almost equal
amplitude with each other around the GPS-L1 band when the length l equals to 17.6 mm. The
Φx−Φy=90 deg is achieved around the GPS-L1 band. When the length l equals to 17.6 mm, these two
radiation fields Ex and Ey have almost equal amplitude and approximate 90 deg out of phase at the
frequency around 1.575 GHz. Because of that, the microstrip antenna CP radiation is achieved.
Moreover, the Ex will be lagging Ey, and the E-field will be RHCP. These two radiation fields have
equal amplitude and Φx−Φy=90 deg around the GPS-L1 band when the width w equals to 5.5 mm.
Due to that, the microstrip antenna CP radiation is achieved at the frequency around 1.575 GHz.
Moreover, the Ex will be lagging Ey, and the E-field will be RHCP.

Fig 14. VSWR graph of the CP microstrip antenna.

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VSWR stands for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, and is also referred to as Standing Wave Ratio
(SWR). It is a function of the reflection coefficient, which describes the power reflected from the
antenna. The Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) is an indication of the amount of mismatch
between an antenna and the feed line connecting to it. This is also known as the Standing Wave
Ratio (SWR). The range of values for VSWR is from 1 to ∞. A VSWR value under 2 is considered
suitable for most antenna applications. The antenna can be described as having a “Good Match”. So,
when someone says that the antenna is poorly matched, very often it means that the VSWR value
exceeds 2 for a frequency of interest. It is a measure that numerically describes how well the antenna
is impedance matched to the radio or transmission line it is connected to.

For the GPS-L1 band with the centre frequency 1.575 GHz the VSWR value is measured as
1.5441 which is less than 2 which proves that the π-shaped parasitic structure antenna design is a
good match.

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3.OPTIMIZED SIMULATIONS AND RADIATION PATTERN OF THE CP
MICROSTRIP ANTENNA

To verify the antenna design for the vehicle satellite navigation application, the proposed CP
microstrip antenna mounted on the vehicle is created and simulated. The antenna is settled on the top
plate of the car with the appropriate size. Fig. 6 shows the antenna 3D radiation pattern in the centre
frequency of the GPS-L1 band.

Fig. 15. 3D radiation pattern in the centre frequency of the GPS-L1 band of the antenna.

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It is found out that the car model could be replaced by a 500×500 mm2 ground. Therefore, the
designed antenna is fabricated and tested in a closed anechoic chamber.
The optimized parameter values are: l=17.6 mm, w1=5.5 mm, w2=1.95 mm, g=0.8 mm, d1=1 mm,
d2=20 mm. The fabricated CP microstrip antenna based on the optimized parameters is shown in Fig.
9.
Fig. 9 shows the simulated radiation patterns of the proposed CP microstrip antenna with the CPS in
both the phi=0 deg and phi=90 deg planes at the GPS-L1 centre frequency 1.575 GHz.

Fig. 16. Simulated 2D-radiation patterns in (a) phi=0 deg, (b)=90 deg.

The RHCP radiation patterns dominate in both the phi=0 deg and phi=90 deg planes, which indicates
that the designed CP microstrip antenna works in the RHCP mode. Both the simulation and
measurement results show that the proposed CP microstrip antenna has a good boresight radiation
pattern. The simulated and measured 3-dB beamwidth of the CP microstrip antenna are 80 deg in
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both the phi=0 deg and phi=90 deg planes. The simulated and measured peak CP gains are 2.1673
dBic. The cross-polarization (XP) level is lower than 20 dB at the boresight direction, which indicates
a good axial ratio (AR) performance. Comparing the antenna gain to the antenna directivity, the
antenna efficiency is approximately 80.5%.
Perfect axial ratios (ARs) ratios are detected around the frequency of the 1.575 GHz. The simulated
and measured 3-dB AR bandwidth is 0.5% (8 MHz with the centre frequency 1.575 GHz). Because
the required antenna bandwidth for the GPS-L1 system is less than 3 MHz, that proposed CP
microstrip antenna meets the GPS application requirement. In addition, the minimum AR value is less
than 1 dB in the centre frequency, which means that the antenna has a pure circular polarization.

Fig. 17. Simulated 2D Radiation Pattern Graph in Rectangular Coordinate System.

The antenna CP gains are stable within the 3-dB AR bandwidth values which shows a good
agreement between the simulation and the measurement.

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 CONCLUSION

The proposed CP microstrip antenna with the π-shaped CPS is optimized by the HFSS (High
Frequency Structure Simulator). To verify the antenna design for the vehicle satellite navigation
application, the proposed CP microstrip antenna mounted on the vehicle is created and simulated.
The most popular and best technique to implement(design) the Circularly Polarized (CP) antenna is
by the Coupled Parasitic Structure (CPS) which is proposed in this project. The coupled parasitic
structure helps to produce phase difference between E-fields i.e., Ex and Ey. If the E-field have same
amplitude and their phase difference between them is (90 degree then Ex be lagging the Ey and due to
this E-field will right-handed circularly polarized (RHCP). And if the phase difference between them
is (-90 degree) then Ey will be lagging Ex and due to this the E-Fields will be left-handed circularly
polarized (LHCP). Because of that, the microstrip antenna finally achieve to produce the Circularly
Polarized radiation. A π-shaped CPS is proposed to validate the feasibility of this method. The
designed CP microstrip antenna has good performances and good potential for the applications of
vehicular GPS navigation communication.
The advantage of this method to design the CP microstrip antenna is that these two resonant modes
are independent from each other, which will simplify the design procedure. There are various
methods to realize the microstrip antenna CP operation. Out of many we have designed an microstrip
antenna using π-shaped CPS which offers a return loss of less than -10dB at the centre frequency of
1.575 GHz. In this design, a rectangular radiated patch is printed on a substrate with the dielectric
constant of 10.0 and thickness 3.18mm. This CP microstrip antenna is designed for the GPS-L1
system with the centre frequency 1.575GHz. The π-shaped CPS settled along the radiated patch will
help to produce the parallel capacitance in the X axis and the parallel inductance in the Y axis, as the
surface current distribution which can also be produced in other designs like the U-shaped structure
and the Y-shaped structure. The π-shaped structure VSWR value at the centre frequency which is
measured as 1.5 states that the antenna design is a good match. The designed CP microstrip antenna
offers a total gain of 2.16 dB and an impedance bandwidth of 79.23 within the range of frequency
(1.54-1.57) GHz.
A method based on adding two annular-sector-shaped parasitic patches has been proposed to enhance
the bandwidth. It is found that by adjusting the sizes and locations of the parasitic patches, the two
components of the electric field can be controlled since the induced current on the parasitic patches

39
can enhance one of the two components and reduce the other one. A prototype antenna with low
profile and compact size has been designed and measured to validate the method. Compared with
those that add four sequentially rotated parasitic patches, our proposed antenna presents nearly
identical AR bandwidth with one-half smaller size.
Future research will be redirected by these changes. For size reduction, the slow-wave technology
appears to be a practical solution for applications from handheld to medium platform, but needs
considerable research. For pattern control, in particular higher cutoff angle above horizon, use of
metamaterial will be pursued by some, especially for medium and large platforms. Smart antenna
techniques will be developed to enhance performance in small and handheld platforms in the
increasingly noisier terrestrial environment.

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 REFERENCE

REFERENCE PAPER:
1. Y. Shi and J. Liu, “A Circularly Polarized Octagon-Star-Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna with
Conical Radiation Pattern,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 2073–2078, 2018.
2. Q. S. Wu, X. Zhang, and L. Zhu, “A Feeding Technique for Wideband CP Patch Antenna Based
on 90° Phase Difference Between Tapped Line and Parallel Coupled Line,” IEEE Antennas Wireless
Propag. Lett., vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 1468–1471, 2019.
3. A General Method to Design the Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antenna for Vehicle Satellite
navigation Communication by Kun Wei, Wen Jiang, Jun-Long Wang, Rui Xu.

SITE:
1. www.google.com

REFERENCE BOOK:
1. Array and Phased Array Antenna Basics by Hubregt J. Visser- Antenna Engineer, The
Netherlands.
2. Design and Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna Arrays by Ahmed Fatthi Alsager.

SOFTWARES USED:
1. Ansoft HFSS.
2.ADOBE ILLUSTRATOR

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