Gate Ip Addressing

ELTP-GROUP 1 ELTP-GATE 2015
IP Addressing
IP Address Classes
z IP addresses are divided into 5 classes, each of which is
designated with the alphabetic letters A to E.
z Class D addresses are used for multicasting.
z Class E addresses are reserved for testing & some

mysterious future use.
IP Address Classes (Cont.)

The 5 IP classes are split up based on the value
in the 1st octet:
Class Addresses
Are You the Host or the Network?

The 32 bits of the IP address are divided into Network & Host
portions, with the octets assigned as a part of one or the other.
Network & Host Representation

By IP Address Class
Class Octet1 Octet2 Octet3 Octet4
Class A Network Host Host Host
Class B Network Network Host Host
Class C Network Network Network Host

Are You the Host or the Network? (Cont.)

Each Network is assigned a network address & every
device or interface (such as a router port) on the network is
assigned a host address.
Are You the Host or the Network? (Cont.)

z A host address cannot be designated by all zeros or all ones.
z These are special addresses that are reserved for special

purposes.
For all Class Addresses

z Formula to compute the number of network available in any
of the class addresses, where “m” represents the number of
bits in the network portion:
(2m – 2) = Number of available network
z Formula to compute the number of hosts available in any of

the class addresses, where “n” represents the number of bits
in the host portion:
(2n – 2) = Number of available hosts

Class A Addresses
There are 128 Class A Network Addresses, but because
addresses with all zeros aren’t used & address 127 is a
special purpose address, 126 Class A Networks are
available.
Class B IP Addresses
z So how many Class B Networks can there be?
z Using our formula, there can be (214 – 2) Class B Networks
& each Network can have (216 – 2) Hosts.

Class C IP Addresses
z There can be 221 – 2 Class C Networks, but only 254 (28 – 2)
Hosts per Network.
All Class IP Addresses

Special Addresses
Network addresses that are all binary zeros, all binary ones
& Network addresses beginning with 127 are special
Network addresses.
Special Addresses (Cont.)


Within each address class is a set of addresses that are set
aside for use in local networks sitting behind a firewall or NAT
(Network Address Translation) device or Networks not
connected to the Internet.

A list of these addresses for each IP address class:
Subnetting
Introduction
The standard address class structure has been expanded
by borrowing bits from the Host portion to allow for more
Networks. This addressing scheme, called Subnetting,
separating the Network & Host requires a special process
called Subnet Masking.
Introduction (Cont.)
There are 2 fundamental reasons why subnetting has so
much importance in today’s networking environment:
1) The world is running out of available IP addresses. There

just isn’t an unlimited number of IP addresses available &
subnetting helps extend the existing addresses.
Introduction (Cont.)
2) Subnetting reduces the size of the routing tables
stored in routers. Routers must have a way to extract
from a IP address both the Network address & the Host
address.
Subnetting, Subnet & Subnet Mask

z Subnetting, a subnet & a subnet mask are all different.
z In fact, the 1st creates the 2nd & is identified by the 3rd.
z Subnetting is the process of dividing a network & its IP
addresses into segments, each of which is called a
subnetwork or subnet.
Subnetting, Subnet & Subnet Mask(Cont.)

The subnet mask is the 32-bit number that the router
uses to cover up the network address to show which
bits are being used to identify the subnet.
Subnet Mask (Cont.)

z A subnet mask, which contains a binary bit pattern of ones
& zeros, is applied to an address to determine whether the
address is on the local Network.
z If it is not, the process of routing it to an outside network
begins.
Default Standard Subnet Masks

There are default standard subnet masks for Class A, B
and C addresses:
Subnetting Networks ID
A 3-step example of how the default Class A subnet mask is

applied to a Class A address:
Subnetting (Cont.)
z Through the use of subnetting, the network can be
logically divided into subnets with fewer hosts on each
subnetwork.
z It does not improve the available shared bandwidth only,
but it cuts down on the amount of broadcast traffic
generated over the entire network as well.
Subnetting (Cont.)
Example of subnetting: when the network administrator
divides the 172.20.0.0 network into 5 smaller networks –
172.20.1.0,
172.20.2.0,
172.20.3.0,
172.20.4.0,
172.20.5.0
The outside world stills sees the network as 172.20.0.0,

but the internal routers now break the network addressing
into the 5 smaller subnetworks.
Subnetting (Cont.)
In the example, only a single IP address is used to
reference the network & instead of 5 network addresses,
only one network reference is included in the routing
tables of routers on other networks.
Borrowing Bits to Grow a Subnet

z The rules require that two bits remain available to use for
the Host ID & that all of the subnet bits cannot be all 1s or
0s at the same time.
z Remember that the addresses with all ones (broadcast

address) & all zeroes (local network) cannot be used as
they have special meanings.
Borrowing Bits to Grow a Subnet (Cont.)
Bits Available for Creating Subnets
Address Class Host Bits Bits Available for

Subnet
A 24 22
B 16 14
C 8 6
Knowing How to Calculate Subnets

To determine the number of subnets & hosts per subnet
available for any of the available subnet masks, 2 simple
formulas to calculate these numbers:
How many bits to borrow?

z How many subnets or hosts do I need?
z A simple formula:
Total Bits = Bits Borrowed + Bits Left
TB = BB + BL
z I need x subnets: 2 BB − 2 ≥ x
• I need x hosts: 2 BL
−2≥x
• Remember: we need to subtract two to provide for
the subnetwork and broadcast addresses.
Class A Subnet Masks

A sample of subnet mask options available for Class A
addresses.
Class B Subnets
Class C Subnets
Given an IP address and mask,

what is the network/subnet
number?
Decimal Algorithm for Deriving the

Subnet Number
Address (Step 1) 130.4.101.129
Mask (Step 2) 255.255.252.0
Interesting Octet (Step 3)
Multiplier (Step 4)
Subnet boring octets (Step 5)
Subnet (Step 7)

Subnet Number
Address (Step 1) 130.4.101.129
Mask (Step 2) 255.255.252.0
Interesting Octet (Step 3) 3rd
Multiplier (Step 4) 256-252=4
Subnet boring octets (Step 5) 130.4.____.____
Subnet boring octets (Step 6) 130.4.____.0
Subnet (Step 7) 130.4.100.0

Subnet Number
Address (Step 1) 199.1.1.4
Mask (Step 2) 255.255.255.224
Multiplier (Step 4)
Subnet (Step 7)

Subnet Number
Mask (Step 2) 255.255.255.224
Interesting Octet (Step 3) 4th
Subnet boring octets (Step 5) 199.1.1.____
Subnet (Step 7) 199.1.1.0

Subnet Number
Mask (Step 2) 255.255.255.192
Multiplier (Step 4)
Subnet (Step 7)

Subnet Number
Mask (Step 2) 255.255.255.192
Subnet (Step 7) 17.9.44.64
Given an IP Address and Mask,

What Is the Network/Subnet
Broadcast Address?

Broadcast Address
IP Address Mask Net Broadcast
8.1.4.5 255.255.0.0
130.4.100.1 255.255.255.0
199.1.1.4 255.255.255.0
172.100.2.2 255.255.255.0
17.9.44.3 255.255.255.0

Broadcast Address
IP Address Mask Net Broadcast
8.1.4.5 255.255.0.0 8.1 8.1.255.255
130.4.100.1 255.255.255.0 130.4.100 130.4.100.255
199.1.1.4 255.255.255.0 199.1.1 199.1.1.255
172.100.2.2 255.255.255.0 172.100.2 172.100.2.255
17.9.44.3 255.255.255.0 17.9.44 17.9.44.255


Broadcast Address, Difficult Subnetting
Address (Step 1) 130.4.101.129
Mask (Step 2) 255.255.252.0
Multiplier (Step 4)
Boring octets to left (Step 5)
Boring octets to right (Step 6)
Broadcast address (Step 7)
(104 is the closest multiple of 4 and is
greater than 101; 104-1=103

Address (Step 1) 130.4.101.129
Mask (Step 2) 255.255.252.0
Interesting Octet (Step 3) 3rd
Boring octets to left (Step 5) 130.4.____.____
Boring octets to right (Step 6) 130.4.____.255
Broadcast address (Step 7) 130.4.103.255

Mask (Step 2) 255.255.255.224
Multiplier (Step 4)
Boring octets to left (Step 5)
Boring octets to right (Step 6)
Broadcast address (Step 7)

Mask (Step 2) 255.255.255.224
Boring octets to left (Step 5) 199.1.1.____
Boring octets to right (Step 6) 199.1.1.____
Broadcast address (Step 7) 199.1.1.31
Given an IP Address and Mask, What

Are the Assignable IP Addresses in
That Subnet/Network?
You often have to deal with the question,

“What IP addresses are in this subnet?”
Simply put, the valid IP addresses that are
available for assignment in a subnet are those
numerically between the subnet number and the
broadcast address.
Assignable Host Addresses

Subnet Number Subnet Mask Broadcast Host Range
Address
130.4.100.0 255.255.252.0
199.1.1.0 255.255.255.224
172.100.200.0 255.255.254.0
17.9.44.64 255.255.255.192
Assignable Host Addresses

Subnet Number Subnet Mask Broadcast Host Range
Address
130.4.100.0 255.255.252.0 130.4.103.255 100.1 to 103.254
199.1.1.0 255.255.255.224 199.1.1.31 1.1 to 1.30
172.100.200.0 255.255.254.0 172.100.201.255 200.1 to 201.254
17.9.44.64 255.255.255.192 17.9.44.127 44.65 to 44.126

CIDR Notation
CIDR Notation
z Classless Inter domain Routing is a method of representing
an IP address and its subnet mask with a prefix.
z For example: 192.168.50.0/27
z What do you think the 27 tells you?
27 is the number of 1 bits in the subnet mask.

Therefore, 255.255.255.224
Also, you know 192 is a Class C, so we borrowed 3 bits!!
Finally, you know the magic number is 256 - 224 = 32,

so the first useable subnet address is 192.168.50.32!!
z Let’s see the power of CIDR notation.

202.151.37.0/26
z Subnet mask?
255.255.255.192
z Bits borrowed?
Class C so 2 bits borrowed
z Magic Number?
256 - 192 = 64
z First useable subnet address?
202.151.37.64
z Third useable subnet address?
64 + 64 + 64 = 192, so 202.151.37.192
198.53.67.0/30
z Subnet mask?
255.255.255.252
z Bits borrowed?
Class C so 6 bits borrowed
z Magic Number?
256 - 252 = 4
z Third useable subnet address?
4 + 4 + 4 = 12, so 198.53.67.12
z Second subnet’s broadcast address?
4 + 4 + 4 - 1 = 11, so 198.53.67.11
194.53.45.0/29
What kind of address is 194.53.45.26? IP address belongs to which
subnet address.
Class C, so 5 bits borrowed
Last non-zero octet is 248
Magic number is 256 - 248 = 8
Subnets are .8, .16, .24, .32, ect.
So 194.53.45.26 belongs to the third subnet address

(194.53.45.24) and is a host address.
What broadcast address would this host use communicate with other
devices on the same subnet?
It belongs to .24 and the next is .32, so 1 less is .31 (194.53.45.31)

Practice On Your Own

Below are some practice problems. Take out a
sheet of paper and calculate...
Bits borrowed
Last non-zero octet
Second subnet address and broadcast address
1. 202.139.67.0/28
2. 132.59.0.0/19
3. 64.0.0.0/16
Answers
Bits Last Non- Magic 2nd Subnet's 2nd Subnet's
Address Class Borrowed Zero Octet Number Address Broadcast
202.139.67.0/28 C 4 240 16 202.139.67.32 202.139.67.47
132.59.0.0/19 B 3 224 32 132.59.64.0 132.59.95.255
64.0.0.0/16 A 8 255 1 64.2.0.0 64.2.255.255
CIDR and Address assignments

Backbone ISPs obtain large block of IP addresses space and then reallocate
portions of their address blocks to their customers.
Example:
Assume that an ISP owns the address block 206.0.64.0/18, which represents
16,384 (214) IP addresses
Suppose a client requires 800 host addresses
With class addressing:
need to assign a class B address (and waste ~ 64,700 addresses) or four
individual Class Cs (and introducing 4 potential new routes into the global
Internet routing tables)
With CIDR:
Assign a /22 block, e.g. 206.0.68.0/22, and allocate a block of 1,024 (210) IP
addresses.
Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM)

VLSM is a process of dividing an IP space into the subnets of different
sizes without wasting IP addresses. When we perform subnetting, all
subnets have the same number of hosts, this is known as FLSM ( Fixed
length subnet mask). In FLSM all subnets use same subnet mask, this lead
to inefficiencies.
Length of the subnet mask need not be identical at all subnetworks
=> VLSM
Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM)
Benefits
1. Efficient use of the organization’ s assigned IP address

space.
2. Route aggregation.
Benefits of VLSM
Efficient use of the organization’ s assigned IP address space
For example:
An administrator have 192.168.1.0/24 network. In this example, the
administrator has four different departments with different number of hosts.
Sales department has 100 computers, Purchase department has 50 computers,
Accounts has 25 computers and Management has 5 computers.
In CIDR, the subnets are of fixed size. Using the same methodology the
administrator cannot fulfill all the requirements of the network.
How Network Administrator allocate department-wise IP addresses using VLSM?

Benefits of VLSM
Efficient use of the organization’ s assigned IP address space
Solution for example
Department Number of Assign IP address Number of Host

Computer by N/W admin
Required
Sales 100 192.168.1.0 /25 126
Purchase 50 192.168.1.128 /26 62
Accounts 25 192.168.1.192 /27 30

IT Department 10 192.168.1.224 /28 14
Management 5 192.168.1.224 /29 6
Head of Organization 2 192.168.1.224 /30 2
Benefits of VLSM
Route Aggregation- Reducing Routing Table Size
• VLSM allows the recursive division of an organization´s
address space.
• It can be aggregated to reduce the amount of routing
information at the top level.

Benefits of VLSM
11.2.0.0/16 11.1.0.0/16 11.1.1.0/24

11.3.0.0/16 11.1.2.0/24
Router A ... ...
Router B 11.1.252.0/24
11.252.0.0/16
11.0.0.0/8 11.1.254.0/24
11.254.0.0/16
11.253.0.0/16 11.1.253.0/24
Internet
Router C Router D
11.253.32.0/19 11.1.253.32/27
11.253.64.0/19 11.1.253.64/27
... 11.1.253.96/27
11.253.160.0/19 11.1.253.128/27
11.253.192.0/19 11.1.253.160/27
11.1.253.192/27
Benefits of VLSM
• A planned and thoughtful allocation of VLSM can reduce the size of an
organization's routing tables.
• E.g. Router D is able to summarize the six subnets behind it into a single
advertisement (11.1.253.0/24) and Router B is able to aggregate all of subnets
behind it into a single advertisement.
• Likewise, Router C is able to summarize the six subnets behind it into a single
advertisement (11.253.0.0/16).
• Finally, since the subnet structure is not visible outside the organization, Router A
injects a single route into the global Internet's routing table : 11.0.0.0/8
Benefits of VLSM
Conceptually, a network is divided into subnets, some of the

subnets are further divided into sub-subnets, and some of the
sub-subnets are divided into sub2-subnets.
VLSM permits the recursive 11.1.1.0/24

division of a netrwork prefix 11.1.2.0/24
11.1.0.0/16 11.1.253.32/27
11.2.0.0/16 11.1.253.64/27
11.1.253.0/24
11.3.0.0/16
11.1.254.0/24
11.1.253.160/27
11.0.0.0/8
11.253.32.0/19 11.1.253.192/27
11.252.0.0/16
11.253.64.0/19
11.253.0.0/16
11.254.0.0/16
11.253.160.0/19
11.253.192.0/19
CIDR Reduces the Size of Internet Routing Tables
Example : Assume that an ISP owns the address block 200.25.0.0/16

Assume that a portion of the ISPs address block (200.25.16.0/20) has been
allocated to 4 organizations.
Organization A aggregates 8 /24s into a single advertisement

(200.25.16.0/21).
Organization B aggregates 4 /24s into a single advertisement
(200.25.24.0/22).
Organization C aggregates 2 /24s into a single advertisement
(200.25.28.0/23).
Organization D aggregates 2 /24s into a single advertisement
(200.25.30.0/23).
Finally, the ISP is able to inject the 256 /24s in its allocation into the Internet
with a single advertisement - 200.25.0.0/16
Router and Routing

A Router’s Functions
A router is responsible for determining the packet’s path
and switching the packet out the correct port.
A router does this in five steps:
1. De-encapsulates the packet
2. Performs the ANDing operation
3. Looks for entry in routing table
4. Re-encapsulates packet into a frame
5. Switches the packet out the correct interface

Routed v. Routing Protocols

What is a Routed Protocol?
Routed protocols are protocols that enable data to be

transmitted across a collection of networks or
internetworks using a hierarchical addressing scheme.
Examples IP.
A routable protocol provides both a network and node

number to each device on the network. Routers AND
the address to discover the network portion of the
address.
Routed v. Routing Protocols

What is a Routing Protocol?
A routing protocol is a protocol that determines the path a
routed protocol will follow to its destination.
Routers use routing protocols to create a map of the network.

These maps allow path determination and packet switching.
Maps become part of the router’s routing table.
Examples of routing protocols include:

1. RIP(Routing Information Protocol)
2. IGRP(Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
3. OSPF(Open Shortest Path First )

Multi-Protocol Routing
z Routers are capable of running multiple routing protocols (RIP,
IGRP, OSPF, etc.) as well as running multiple routed protocols
(IP, IPX, AppleTalk).
z For a router to be able use different routed and routing protocols,

you must enable the protocols using the appropriate commands.
Default Routes
A default route is usually to a border or gateway
router that all routers on a network can send
packets to, if they do not know the route for a
particular network.
Default routes
• Routing table kept small by listing destination networks
rather than hosts
• Can be further reduced through default route
• Entry used if destination network not explicitly listed in
routing table
Convergence
z Convergence means that all routers share the same

information about the network. In other words, each router
knows its neighbor routers routing table
z Every time there is a topology change, routing protocols

update the routers until the network is said to have
converged again.
z The time of convergence varies depending upon the routing

protocol being used.
Dynamic v. Static Routing

z Dynamic routing refers to the process of allowing the
router to determine the path to the destination.
z Routing protocols enable dynamic routing where
multiple paths to the same destination exist.

Dynamic v. Static Routing

z Static routing means that the network administrator directly
assigns the path router are to take to the destination.
z Static routing is most often used with stub networks where

only one path exists to the destination.

Gate Ip Addressing

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Gate Ip Addressing

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ELTP-GROUP 1 ELTP-GATE 2015

z Class D addresses are used for multicasting.

z Class E addresses are reserved for testing & some

IP Address Classes (Cont.)

Are You the Host or the Network?

Network & Host Representation

Class A Network Host Host Host

Class B Network Network Host Host

Class C Network Network Network Host

Are You the Host or the Network? (Cont.)

Are You the Host or the Network? (Cont.)

z These are special addresses that are reserved for special

For all Class Addresses

(2m – 2) = Number of available network

z Formula to compute the number of hosts available in any of

(2n – 2) = Number of available hosts

addresses with all zeros aren’t used & address 127 is a

special purpose address, 126 Class A Networks are

z Using our formula, there can be (214 – 2) Class B Networks

& each Network can have (216 – 2) Hosts.

All Class IP Addresses

Special Addresses (Cont.)

Special Addresses (Cont.)

Special Addresses (Cont.)

1) The world is running out of available IP addresses. There

Subnetting, Subnet & Subnet Mask

z Subnetting is the process of dividing a network & its IP

addresses into segments, each of which is called a

Subnetting, Subnet & Subnet Mask(Cont.)

Subnet Mask (Cont.)

z If it is not, the process of routing it to an outside network

Default Standard Subnet Masks

A 3-step example of how the default Class A subnet mask is

The outside world stills sees the network as 172.20.0.0,

Borrowing Bits to Grow a Subnet

z Remember that the addresses with all ones (broadcast

Borrowing Bits to Grow a Subnet (Cont.)

Bits Available for Creating Subnets

Address Class Host Bits Bits Available for

Knowing How to Calculate Subnets

How many bits to borrow?

Class A Subnet Masks

Given an IP address and mask,

Decimal Algorithm for Deriving the

Decimal Algorithm for Deriving the

Decimal Algorithm for Deriving the

Decimal Algorithm for Deriving the

Decimal Algorithm for Deriving the

Decimal Algorithm for Deriving the

Given an IP Address and Mask,

Decimal Algorithm for Deriving the

Decimal Algorithm for Deriving the

8.1.4.5 255.255.0.0 8.1 8.1.255.255

130.4.100.1 255.255.255.0 130.4.100 130.4.100.255

199.1.1.4 255.255.255.0 199.1.1 199.1.1.255

172.100.2.2 255.255.255.0 172.100.2 172.100.2.255

17.9.44.3 255.255.255.0 17.9.44 17.9.44.255

Decimal Algorithm for Deriving the

Decimal Algorithm for Deriving the

Decimal Algorithm for Deriving the

Decimal Algorithm for Deriving the

Given an IP Address and Mask, What

27 is the number of 1 bits in the subnet mask.

Also, you know 192 is a Class C, so we borrowed 3 bits!!

Finally, you know the magic number is 256 - 224 = 32,

Class C so 2 bits borrowed

Class C so 6 bits borrowed

Class C, so 5 bits borrowed

Last non-zero octet is 248

Magic number is 256 - 248 = 8

Subnets are .8, .16, .24, .32, ect.

So 194.53.45.26 belongs to the third subnet address

It belongs to .24 and the next is .32, so 1 less is .31 (194.53.45.31)

Routed protocols are protocols that enable data to be

A routable protocol provides both a network and node

Routers use routing protocols to create a map of the network.

Examples of routing protocols include: