Intro to Psych Exam 3 - Brody

Terms in this set (73)

2 types:

1) automatic → implicit memories (without conscious

recall) → processed in cerebellum and basal ganglia

→ space, time, frequency (ex: where you ate dinner

yesterday)

List and describe the levels of → motor and cognitive skills (ex: riding a bike)

memory processing → classical conditioning (ex: reaching an office)

2) effortful → explicit memories (with conscious recall) →

processed in hippocampus and frontal lobe

→ semantic memory: facts and general knowledge (ex:

concepts from a textbook) → episodic memory:
personally experienced events (ex: family holidays)

Memory researcher who studied how emotions and other

variables affected Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve

Trailblazer for Native American scholars

1st in her community to leave reservation and pursue a

college education

Marigold Linton

Despite being an extraordinary student, she was plagued

with self-doubt because of her token status

Founder of SACNAS, an organization created to address

the lack of diversity in the scientific community (now >
6,000 members)

Intro to Psych Exam 3 - Brody

 Facing stress, women may have a tend-and-befriend
response; men may withdraw socially, turn to alcohol, or
Shelley Taylor
become aggressive

Attempted to assess intellectual intelligence (1884)

Found no correlation between measures

Believed in the inheritance of genius (discussed in his

book Hereditary Genius)

Francis Galton

Coined the term "eugenics" & promoted racist ideas in the

name of science

Galton's influence on the shameful history of American

eugenics

Tended toward environmental explanation of intelligence

differences

Assumed all children follow the same course, but not the
same rate, of intellectual development

Measured each child's mental age

Alfred Binet
Tested a variety of reasoning and problem-solving
questions that predicted how well French children would
do in school

Binet started the modern intelligence testing movement in

France in 1904, when he developed questions to help
predict children's future progress in the Paris school
system

Intro to Psych Exam 3 - Brody

 Revised Binet's test for wider use in the United States

Revision was called the Stanford-Binet

Theorized intelligence tests reveal intelligence with which

person is born

Eugenicist who abused tests to help make case for 1924

Lewis Terman Immigration law (Binet would have been rolling over in his
grave)

intelligence quotient (IQ): Defined originally as the ratio of

mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by
100 (thus, IQ = ma/ca × 100). On contemporary intelligence
tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned
a score of 100.

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and Wechsler's

tests for children

Created the most widely used intelligence test today

Yields an overall intelligence score and separate scores

David Wechsler
for verbal comprehension, perceptual organization,
working memory, and processing speed

Wechsler's tests differ from their predecessors in the way

they offer an overall intelligence score as well as scores
for various verbal and performance areas.

Intro to Psych Exam 3 - Brody

 recall: retrieving information that is not currently in your
conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier
time.

EX: A fill-in-the-blank question tests your recall.

recognition: identifying items previously learned. EX: A

List and describe the three
multiple-choice question tests your recognition.

measures of retention

relearning: learning something more quickly when you

learn it a second or later time.

EX: When you study for a final exam or engage a

language used in early childhood, you will relearn the
material more easily than you did initially.

encoding get information into our brain

storage retain that information

retrieval later get the information back out

consolidation neural storage for long-term memory

Upgrade to remove ads Only $3.99/month

associations activated without our awareness resulting in

priming
predisposing one's perception, memory, or response

an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid

long-term potentiation
stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory

Intro to Psych Exam 3 - Brody

 working memory: a newer understanding of short-term
memory that adds conscious, active processing of
incoming auditory and visual information, and of
information retrieved from long-term memory

Explain the roles that working

memory, short-term memory, and short-term memory: activated memory that holds a few
long-term memory play in
items briefly, before the information is stored or forgotten

memory processing

long-term memory: the relatively permanent and limitless

storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge,
skills, and experiences

effortful processing: encoding that requires attention and

constant effort

Compare and contrast effortful

processing and automatic

automatic processing: unconscious encoding of incidental
processing
information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of
well-learned information, such as word meanings.

chunking: organizing items into familiar, manageable units

mnemonics: memory aids, especially those that use vivid

imagery and organizational devices

List and describe three effortful

the spacing effect: the tendency for distributed study or
processing strategies
practice to yield better long-term retention than is
achieved through massed study or practice

hierarchies: broad divided and subdivided into narrower

concepts and facts

iconic memory: a momentary sensory memory of visual

stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting
no more than a few tenths of a second

Compare and contrast iconic

memory and echoic memory

echoic memory: a momentary sensory memory of
auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and
Intro to Psych Exam 3 - Brody words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds