ALJABAR VEKTOR

Dr. Teti Zubaidah

ALJABAR VEKTOR
•Penjumlahan
•Pengurangan
Skalar/Dot
•Perkalian
Vektor/Cross
Vectors
• A vector is a quantity that involves both magnitude
and direction.
➢ 55 mph north
➢ A downward force of 3 Newton

• A scalar is a quantity that does not involve direction.

➢ 55 mph
➢ 18 cm long
 Vectors...

• There are two common ways of

indicating that something is a vector
quantity: 
A A

• Boldface notation: A
• “Arrow” notation:
•Examples of Vectors:
•Forces
•Velocities
•Displacements
•Electric fields
•Magnetic fields
•etc
Displacement ≠ Distance
•Displacement is an object’s change in position. VECTOR

•Distance is the total length of space traversed by an object. SCALAR

1m

6.7m
3m
Start
Finish = 500 m

5m
Displacement = 0 m
Displacement = (6m) + (3m) = 6.7 m
2 2

Distance = 500 m
Distance= 5m + 3m + 1m = 9 m
Vector Addition

A
R B R
C
E
C
E B A
D D

A + B + C + D + E = Distance
R = Resultant = Displacement
Vector Representation & Sketch
• Find the vector which points from coordinates (0,0,0) to (3,4,1) and its
magnitude
z

• A = xො 3 + 𝑦4
ො + 𝑧Ƹ

𝑧Ƹ
• |A| = 9 + 16 + 1 = 26
𝑦ො
𝑥ො (3,4,1) y

x
Vector Addition & Subtraction
A = 𝑥ො 2 Find C = A+ B and D = A – B
B = 𝑥ො + 𝑦ො

C = A+ B = (Ax𝑥ො + Ay𝑦+ ෡ (Bx𝑥ො + By𝑦+

ො Az𝑧)+ ෡
ො Bz𝑧)
= (Ax +Bx)𝑥ො + (Ay+By)𝑦+
ො (Az+Bz)𝑧Ƹ
= (2 + 1 ) 𝑥ො + (0 + 1 ) 𝑦ො = 𝑥ො 3 + 𝑦ො

D = A – B = (Ax𝑥ො + Ay𝑦+ ෡ (Bx𝑥ො + By𝑦+

ො Az𝑧)- ෡
ො Bz𝑧)
= (Ax -Bx)𝑥ො + (Ay-By)𝑦+
ො (Az-Bz)𝑧Ƹ
= (2 - 1 ) 𝑥ො + (0 - 1 ) 𝑦ො = 𝑥ො - 𝑦ො
 Vector Product Operations

•Scalar or Dot Product A•B

•Vector or Cross Product A x B

 Scalar or Dot Product
Definition:
A • B = AB cos 
Computation:
A • B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz
 =0
The vectors are parallel to each other and
A B = AB
 = 90
The vectors are ⊥ to each other and
A B = 0
Example: Perform scalar product on the following vectors

A = 𝑥2
ො - 𝑦2
ො + 𝑧Ƹ
B = 𝑥3
ො + 𝑦4
ො + 𝑧ෝ 12

A • B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz
= (2)(3) + (-2)(4) + (1)(12) = 10
Vector or cross product
C=AxB
Magnitude of C = C = AB sin
C has DIRECTION ⊥ to A and B

“Right Hand” Rule

Cross product properties

A x B = - (B x A)
A x A =0
A x B = AB, if A ⊥ B
Cross product properties (cont.)
In Cartesian coordinate:
z
𝑥ො × 𝑦ො = 𝑧Ƹ
𝑧Ƹ
𝑦ො × 𝑧Ƹ = 𝑥ො Cyclic permutations 𝑦ො y
𝑥ො
𝑧Ƹ × 𝑥ො = 𝑦ො x

𝑦ො × 𝑥ො = −𝑧Ƹ 𝑦ො y
Anticyclic permutations 𝑥ො
𝑧Ƹ × 𝑦ො = −𝑥ො x
-𝑧Ƹ
𝑥ො × 𝑧Ƹ = −𝑦ො
Cross product computation
General Method
A x B = (AyBz – AzBy)i + (AzBx – AxBz)j + (AxBy – AyBx)k

Determinant Method
i j k
𝐀𝑥 𝐀𝑦 𝐀𝑧 𝐀y 𝐀z 𝐀 𝐀z 𝐀x 𝐀y
AxB=
𝐁x 𝐁y 𝐁z =𝐢 −𝐣 x +𝐤
𝐁y 𝐁z 𝐁x 𝐁z 𝐁x 𝐁y
Cross product example
A = 𝑥2
ො + 𝑦ො + 𝑧3
Ƹ
B = 𝑦ො + 𝑧2
Ƹ
ෝ
𝒙 ෝ
𝒚 𝒛ො ෝ 𝒚
𝒙 ෝ 𝒛ො
𝑨 × 𝑩 = 𝐴x 𝐴y 𝐴z 𝑨×𝑩= 2 1 3
𝐵x 𝐵y 𝐵z 0 1 2

𝐴y 𝐴z 𝐴x 𝐴y 1 3 2 3 2 1
𝐴 𝐴z ෝ
=𝒙 ෝ
−𝒚 + 𝒛ො
ෝ
=𝒙 ෝ x
−𝒚 + 𝒛ො 1 2 0 2 0 1
𝐵y 𝐵z 𝐵x 𝐵z 𝐵x 𝐵y
ෝ 1.2 − 1.3 − 𝒚
=𝒙 ෝ 2.2 − 0.3 + 𝒛ො 2.1 − 0.1
𝑨×𝑩
=𝒙 ෝ(𝐴y 𝐵z − 𝐵y 𝐴z ) − 𝒚
ෝ(𝐴x 𝐵z − 𝐵x 𝐴z ) ෝ 2−3 −𝒚
=𝒙 ෝ 4 − 0 + 𝒛ො 2 − 0
+ 𝒛ො (𝐴𝑥 𝐵y − 𝐵x 𝐴y )
= −ෝ ෝ4 + 𝒛ො 2
𝒙−𝒚
EXERCISE:
Find the force on a charged particle which move
to the West in a magnetic field of B = 𝑥2
ො + 𝑦ො + 𝑧3.
Ƹ
The speed of the particle is 2 m/s.

Hint: F = q (v x B) v = velocity, B = magnetic field