Parts of Speech (Jenis Kata)

Part of speech is a term in traditional grammar for one of the eight main categories into which
words are classified according to their functions in sentences

In the English language, words can be considered as the smallest elements that have distinctive
meanings. Based on their use and function , words are categorized into several types or part of
speech.

Types of Part Speech

1. Noun = Kata Benda,

This part of speech refers to words that are used to name persons, things, animals, places,
ideas, or events. Nouns are the simplest among the 8 parts of speech. A noun functions as a
subject or object of a verb and can be modified by an adjective.
a. Proper Noun
Proper Nouns always start with a capital letter and refer to specific names of persons, places,
or things.

Example in Sentences :
- James is a good boy.
- Bandung is a beautiful city.

b. Common Noun
A common noun is the word used for a class of person or thing. (Example : boy, girl,
mountain, country, etc)
Example in Sentences :
- James is a good boy.
- Bandung is a beautiful city.

c. Collective Noun
A collective noun is the name of a collection or number or group of things or persons taken
together and considers of as one whole. (e.g. army, class, team,public, etc.)

Example in Sentences :
The team works hard.
Public was not aware.

d. Material Noun
A material noun is the name of material, substance or ingredient of things. (e.g. iron steel,
copper, gold, milk, water, tea, sugar, milk, etc.

Example in Sentences :
- The necklace is made of gold.
- The cow gives us milk.
- Give me a cup of tea.
 e. Concrete Noun
A concrete noun represents something that can be seen, touched, tasted, heard, or smelt.
(e.g. phone, spoon, speakers, etc.)

Example in Sentences :
- Would someone please answer the phone?
- Plaese sit on this chair.

f. Abstract Noun
Abstract Noun refers denoting an idea, quality, or state rather than a concrete object.
(kindness, honest, diligent, etc.

Example in sentences :
- Kindness is a great virtue.
- Honesty is the best policy.

g. Countable Noun
Countable noun are for things we can count using numbers. (E.g. : boy, pen, book, etc)

Example in ssentences :
- There are three books on.

h. Uncountable Noun
Uncountable noun is anything that cannot be counted. (E.g.: advice, failure, water, sand,
milk, air, sugar, pollution, etc.)

Example in Sentences :
- There is no more water in the pond.
- I drink a glass of warm water every morning.

2. Pronoun = Kata ganti

Pronouns are words that replacement for nouns. A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun
equivalent.
a. Personal Pronoun
Personal pronoun can be the subject of a clause or sentence.

Example :
Subject: I, you, we, they, it , he, she.
e.g. Ali and Adi work together.  They work together.
S V adv

Object: me, you, us, them, it, him, her

e.g. She met him yesterday.
S V O Adv
b. Demonstrative Pronoun
A demonstrative pronoun particularly point out a noun. A demonstrative pronoun stands
alone but a demonstrative adjective qualifies a noun.
Example : this, these, that, those

Example in Sentences :
- You can smell that/those ( the cake/ flowers)from here.
- Those were bad days.

c. Interrogative Pronoun
An interrogative pronoun is used to ask about something.
Example : who, which, what, whom, etc.

Example in Sentences:
- What’s happened?
- Who designed the website?

d. Relative Pronoun
Relative pronoun describe a noun which is mentioned before and more information is to be
given about it
Example : who, that, whom, where, when, etc
Example in Sentences :
- The person who called me is my mother

e. Indefinite Pronoun
An indefinite pronoun refers to an indefinite or non-specific person or thing.
Example : any, anything, someone, somebody, everybody, everything, etc.

Example in Sentences :
- Anybody can play the game easily
- One must do one’s duty

f. Reflexive Pronoun
Reflexive pronoun describe noun when subject's action affects the subject itself.
Example : himself, myself, herself, ourselves.

Example in Sentences :
- You should think about yourself.
- They prepare themselves for the game.

g. Reciprocal Pronoun
A reciprocal pronoun refers the relations between two or more persons or things.
Example : each other and one another.
 Example in Sentences :
- Upin and ipin like each other.
- We should help one another.

h. Possessive Pronoun
A possessive pronoun shows ownership of something. (E.g.: Example : his, hers, its, mine,
yours, ours, their)
Example in Sentences :
- This pen is mine.
- Yours is not real.
- My patients get well very soon.
-  Yours get well very soon.

3. Adjective = Kata sifat

Adjective is a word that gives more information about a noun or pronoun. For example, tall
man, old house, red car. The words tall, old, red are adjectives which give more information
about nouns man, house, and car in these examples. More than one adjective can also be used
for a single noun in sentence.

a. Descriptive Adjectives
Among the different kinds of adjectives, descriptive adjectives are probably the most
common ones. They simply say something about the quality or the kind of the noun or
pronoun they’re referring to.
Example :
- He is tired.
- Kareem’s reflexes are amazing.

b. Adjectives of Number.
Express the number or order of something or someone.
Example : one, two, three, first, second, etc.
Example in sentences :
- He is the first astronaut from Romania.

c. Demonstrative Adjective
Demonstrative adjective point out pronouns and nouns, and always come before the
words they are referring to.
Example :
- He used to buy this kind of shirt

d. Interrogative Adjective
Interrogative adjective ask questions and are always followed by a noun.
Example :
- Which plants should be placed over there?
 e. Possessive Adjective
Obviously, this kind of adjectives shows ownership or possession. Aside from that,
possessive adjectives always come before the noun.

Example :
- I cant answer my seatwork because I don’t have a calculator.
- You can bring your family with you.

4. Verb = Kata kerja

Verb is the most important part of a speech, for without a verb, a sentence would not possible.
Simply put, this is a word that shows an action or state of being of the subject in a sentence.

a. Transitive verb is an action verb that requires one or more objects which receive the action
of the verb in a sentence.
Examples :
- She reads the book
- I saw her in the market

b. Intransitive verb is an action verb that requires no direct object in the sentence.
Examples :
- She reads.
- Sit down here.
- She is singing .

c. Finite Verbs
A verbs which changes its form according to the number, person or tense and must has
subject is called finite verb.

Example :
- I saw her crying
- He makes me proud

d. Non-Finite Verbs
Examples :
- She reads.
- Sit down here.
- She is singing.

5. Adverb = Kata Keterangan

Adverb is a word which modifies or qualifies the meaning of a verb, adjective, other adverb or
any other words or phrases in the sentence such as quickly, firmly, lightly, carefully, extremely
etc.

a. Adverb of Time = Keterangan waktu

Indicate the time of an action and answer the question ‘when’?
 Example : soon, early, lately, tomorrow, once, etc.
Example in Sentences :
- He comes early.
- They will do it now.
- I Have already finished my work.

b. Adverb of Manner = Keterangan cara

Express the manner of an action and answer the question ‘how’?
Example :
slowly, quickly, easily, happily
Example in Sentences :
- Karim is speaking quietly
- The boy is crying loudly

c. Adverb of Place
Indicate the place of an action and answer the question ‘where’?
Example: here, there, up, out, anywhere, everywhere, etc.

Example in Sentences :
- I love to be here.
- People still will be there.

d. Adverb of Degree or Quantity

Express Quantity and answer the question ‘how much/how far/to what extent’?
Example : fully, quite, almost, totally, etc.

Example in Sentences :
- He is fully cured
- He is bad enough to kill you

e. Adverb of Frequency = Kata Keterangan frekuensi

Express the frequency of an action and answer the question ‘how often’
Example : ever, never, always, seldom, etc.
Example in Sentences :
- He always helps the poor.
- The barking dog seldom bites.

f. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation = Keterangan penyataan negatif

Indicate assertion and express the one’s reaction to question.
Example :
- Yes, I can.
- No, she isn’t.

g. Adverb of Reason = Kata keterangan alasan.

Express the reason and make the conclusion
 Example :
- He therefore resigns the job

6. Preposition = Kata depan

By the word preposition means position something before something. And in English grammar.
A preposition is a word placed or positioned before a noun or a pronoun or noun equivalent to
show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence.
The following are the words used as preposition in the sentence: For, of, on, at, in, to, off, by,
up, with, from, into, within, like, until, above, about, against, under, before, after, among,
along, across, around, behind, bellow, beneath. beside, between, beyond, down, during,
except, inside, near, since, toward, through and upon.

The role or function of preposition in a sentence:

A preposition sits before a noun or a pronoun to show noun's or pronoun's relationship to
another word in the sentence.

7. Conjunction = Kata penghubung

Conjunctive adverb is used to join two clauses together. The conjunctions are: and, but, or, for,
nor, so, yet, because, if, whether, lest, unless, as, since, how, when, where, while, why, till,
until, after, before, however, as soon as, though and than.
a. Coordinate Conjunction : and, but, or, nor, for, so, etc.
Used to join individual words, phrases and independent clauses

b. Subordinate Conjunction: since, because, although, as, until, etc

. The subordinate conjunction is used to join an independent clause to a dependent clause
and before the dependent clause

c. Correlative Conjunction : both. and, either...or.. , neither…nor.., etc

Connect two words oh phrases or clauses these have the similar structure and are
grammaticaly similar

8. Interjection = Kata seru

The part of speech that expresses strong feeling or sudden emotions or sentiment is called
interjection or exclamation.

Examples:
1. Oh no, I missed the schedule of the class (Express failure)
2. Hey! Don’t you hear me ? (calling attention)
3. Hey! Take it Easy. (Calling attention)
4. Uh, I forget the answer. (Express hesitation)
5. Hurrah! We have won the match (Express joy)
6. Wow! She is amazing (express surprise)