Globalization is still a slippery concept.

Fredric Jameson (1998)

Globalization is a complex set of forces that is hard to fit in a single

analytic framework.

Participants tend to focus more on analytical rather than the

normative or ideological dimension.

Items mentioning globalization grew

The leading contributors are the United States and the United
Kingdom, they have different in ideologies of globalization, but they share
common intellectual framework.

Rosenau (2003)

Globalization is incomplete and fragmented

Researchers approach globalization as if they were dealing with a

process, not thinking. There is a prior constitution as a conceptual territory.
Many researchers are trying to establish themselves, trying to leave a mark
on the matter.

There is no concrete definition of globalization, there are many broad

descriptions though, made by different academic, but they are debated and
objected by also other academics. Some even try to reject the idea of
globalization existing. But as the years go by, new sectors are formed,
trying to establish a field of globalization.
Approaches to the Study of Globalization
By Manfred Steger

Difficulty in coming up with a unified understanding what

globalization is.

They are entangled in the analytical approach.

The world now is interconnected.

Scholars are having problems with the contemporary world.

There is a difficulty in coming up with a definition of the

contemporary world.

We need to make sense and understand how we will

approach and internalize and understand the contemporary
world.
Globaloney

Group of scholars that think anything that can be linked into any
transnational influence is an evidence for globalization and influence hence
the observations is just a little or more than just globalonely.

Globaloney – absurd ideas about global issues.

The Three Critics

Rejectionists

Contend that existing accounts of globalization are incorrect and

exaggerated. Just about everything can be linked to transnational process
and be called globalization.

They challenge the academic community by providing additional

samples to how globalization obscures more than enlightens.

Breaking it down into smaller specific explanations of the particulars

-explore globalization as a process with more interpretive studies of

the ideological project of globalism.

-identify and evaluate the ideological maneuvers of the prominent

proponents and opponents who have filled the term.

Sceptics

They argue that the side effects of globalization on the society are
much greater than its positive effects, the greatest skeptics foresees a
threat to social cohesion due to increase in individualism and competitions.

They portray dimensions of globalization as only mere economic

processes.

Modifiers

Disputes the novelty of the process

 Term globalization was applied imprecisely

Globalization is not a new process rather it has been proceeding

along modernization. Ex. Spanish Occupation

There is a historical sensitivity on globalization.

The new global developments may warrant to a brand-new label.

Summary of the Three Critics

Important contributions because they insist on a more careful and

precise usage of Globalization.

Shows a clear inclination to conceptualize the term along the

economic lines, rather than its multi-dimensional character.

The article reflects the confusion of the scholars in the study of

globalization.

Reflections on the Book of Economists.

Generally Acceptable definition of Globalization

Variety of changing economic, political and cultural

processes that have accelerated since the 1970’s

Increasing global interconnectedness or the expansion

of social relations across world-time and world-space driven
by flow of capital people and ideas across national borders.
The framework of understanding that the globalization is fueled by Three
Process:

Globalization as an Economic Process

Economic globalization refers to the widespread international

movement of goods, capital, services, technology and information. It is the
increasing economic integration and interdependence of national, regional,
and local economies across the world through an intensification of cross-
border movement of goods, services, technologies and capital. Economic
globalization primarily comprises the globalization of production, finance,
markets, technology, organizational regimes, institutions, corporations, and
labor.

While economic globalization has been expanding since the

emergence of trans-national trade, it has grown at an increased rate due to
improvements in the efficiency of long distance transportation, advances in
telecommunication, the importance of information rather than physical
capital in the modern economy, and by developments in science and
technology.

Example:

US-M-C-A Trade, South China Sea Dispute, Social Media Platform

Giants like Twitter and Facebook.

Migrant Workers Rights – Philippines contribution to the world global

economy

Globalization as a Political Process

refers to the growth of the worldwide political system, both in size and
complexity. That system includes national governments, their governmental
and intergovernmental organizations as well as government-independent
elements of global civil society such as international non-governmental
organizations and social movement organizations. One of the key aspects
of the political globalization is the declining importance of the nation-state
and the rise of other actors on the political scene. The creation and
existence of the United Nations is called one of the classic examples of
political globalization.

Longterm technology-driven process

Rise of a new informational capitalism.

Leading in reduced control of national governments over economic

policy.

Ex. HongKong intervention of the Tiananmen Square Massacre.

BlackLivesMatter Social Media can affect the politics ex. Fake

Fb Accounts

Global Civil Society like Human Rights and Anonymous

Globalization as a Cultural Process

refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings, and values around the

world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations. This
process is marked by the common consumption of cultures that have been
diffused by the Internet, popular culture media, and international travel.
This has added to processes of commodity exchange and colonization
which have a longer history of carrying cultural meaning around the globe.
The circulation of cultures enables individuals to partake in extended social
relations that cross national and regional borders. The creation and
expansion of such social relations is not merely observed on a material
level. Cultural globalization involves the formation of shared norms and
knowledge with which people associate their individual and collective
cultural identities. It brings increasing interconnectedness among different
populations and cultures.

Example: Philippines, Filipinos who marries other Race then accepts

the culture of the other race vice versa.

McWorld (McDonalds), American Cultural Influence, Kpop,

Jihad
Conclusion

This chapter introduced the main academic approaches to the study

of globalization by linking them to the lively ongoing debate on the subject.
Still, this overview does not encompass all topics of the ever-expanding
discourse on the subject. In addition to exploring the economic, political,
and cultural dimensions of globalization, many scholars have raised a
number of additional topics, such as the structure and direction of
transnational migration flows, the emergence of transnational social
movements such as the women's movement, the spread of global
pandemics, transnational crime, cybercrime, and the globalization of
warfare, military operations, and military technology linked to the trans
nationalization of defense production.

Exists a variety of approaches to the subject, but no scholarly

agreement on a single conceptual framework.

Scholars have different interpretations.

WORLDY PHILOSOPHERS

These men were not soldiering nor kings, not heroes nor
villains. They are known as the great economist. this economist
was only a shadowy figure of the past but are as knowledgeable
as philosophers. Economics is difficult but the subject is left to
those who are at home in an abstruse realms of thought
(economists). The economists see the economy as an important
key in a normal functioning society. Their notions are world-
shaking, and mistakes are nothing short of calamities. The ideas
of both economists and philosophers are right and wrong, are
more powerful than is commonly understood. Not all economists
are as great as titans, some are dull and impotent but the great
ones, they take the whole world as the suspect and their opinions
shakes the world. Economists can be anyone. They had different
viewpoints but all of them had an opinion and devoted themselves
to prove that their belief was right.
All of them wrote books with different audiences, some
became widely known while some were not. All of them were
common in one thing, it was their fascination in the world. They
had the drive to learn about how the world works and its insides.
They were absorbed by the behavior of their fellow men. It is the
search for meaning of social history that lies in the heart of the
heart of economics. One of the First Great Economist is Adam
Smith, he lived at the time of the American Revolution but let us
also take on account that there are still many unknown
economists on the past that were not recorded.

IBP Journal
Landmarks in the Development of the Contemporary International
Law By: Merlin M. Magallona

The focus on this topic is the United Nations Organization and its
members, upholding International Laws that its members are
subjected to follow. UN Security Council is the sole organ in the
 community that maintains or restores International Peace. The
UN has gone far in protecting the rights of the human persons
and has created many Bills and Laws that ultimately uphold
universal respect for race, sex, language or religion. This is
connected with the study of Globalization because it emphasizes
that even the International Laws changes
I. Constitutional Principles of The International Public Order
II. Structural Transformation
III. Obligations owed to the International Community of the
States as a Whole
IV. State Responsibility and Criminal Liability
V. Law of Treaties
VI. Law of The Sea
VII. The International Criminal Court
VIII. International Law of the Environment
IX. Summing Up: The Thesis of The Law of The International
Community
Migrant Workers’ Rights and Status Under International
Law: The Asian Experience
Patricia R.P Salvador Daway

Philippines is one of the biggest contingents of migrant

workers all over the world.

Problems in Implementing ILO Conventions is that it can

only afford protection to those to those lawfully within the
members territory.

Specific Rights of Migrant Workers under the ICMW

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION OF MIGRANT WORKERS
a) Employment Rights
b) Trade Union Rights
c) Social Security Rights
d) Right to Health
e) Right to Housing
f) Right to Family Unity/Reunion
g) Right to Education
h) Cultural Rights
i) Political Rights
j) Residence Rights or Rights to Stay
SETTING THE STAGE: Foundations of Globalizations
Joann Chirico
40 Years War
1618-1648
4 Phases
Bohemian (Czech) Local and Religious
Danish
Swedish Continental and Political
French

Bohemia (Czech Republic)

Catholic Ruler, Protestant Majority
Habsburgs had granted Protestants tolerance through a Letter of
Majesty
Ferdinand II revoked his predecessor’s Letter of Majesty
Defenestration of Prague (Throwing somebody out of the window)
Protestants threw out the messengers through a 70 Feet Window
Battle of White Mountain Catholics Won
Danish Phase
Lutheran King of Denmark invades the Holy Roman Empire to
help Protestants got defeated by Wallenstein, a mercenary who
works for the Hapsburgs. (Catholics Won)
Swedish Phase
Gustavus Adolphus King of Sweden Lutheran
Father of Modern Warfare
The Battle of Breitenfield used mobile cannons.
(Swedish Swords, French Funds)
Politique Politic over Religion
Cardinal Richelieu – He is concerned of balance of power.
The death of Gustavus in battle led to a decline in Sweden’s
active leadership role in the Protestant cause. (Protestants Won)
French Phase
(Swedish Stacks, French Fist)
Who won?
1648
No one really won the 30 years’ war.

Peace of Westphalia
1648
Weakened the Holy Roman Emperor
(No control over the Princes of the Empire)
Dutch Netherlands became independent
Brandenburg gained territory
Alsace to France
Switzerland Independent Confederation

Balance of Power
France gained power
Holy Roman Empire declined power

Calvinism religion was accepted

Rules of Prussian Brandenburg were Calvanist
Freedom of Private Worship.
They agreed to stop killing people based on religion.
End of violence accompanying the Protestant Reformation.

Foundations of Global Governance from Westphalia

1. States were all free and equal
2. No Temporal power higher than the state
3. States had ultimate authority over the conduct of their
internal and external affairs.
4. The capacity to exercise rule over territory bestowed the
right to rule- might makes right
5. Whoever gained or seized power had authority to act as the
head of state and enter into agreements on behalf of the
people, regardless of their constitutional standing.
6. How a state maintained its power did not reflect on the
state’s legitimacy in the view of the world community.
7. The activity of the state outside of its own boundaries and
the treatment of individuals who were not citizens were not
expected to conform to the same standards as a state’s
activity within its borders or the treatment of its own citizens.
8. Groups and other non-state actors had no right to contest
territorial borders.

How does this affect the Philippines?

1. State is a community of persons, numerous, occupying a

fixed territory, and possessed an independent government
organized for political ends to which the great body of
inhabitants render habitual obedience.
State – Principal
Government – Agent/Element, only a part of the state.

Ex. State- RepOfPh Government- Duterte Administration

2. Elements.
A. People (Numerous Enough Ex. Ph Rep),
B. Territory, (Fixed portion where people inhabited of
the State Ex. Ph Archipelago Art. 1 1987 Cons. National
Territory)
C. Government (Agency or Instrumentality that
promotes the welfare to the people) Good by the
Government is attributed to the state, but every harm
inflicted on the people is imputed to the government. and
D. Sovereignty. (Supreme power of the state by which
the state is governed) Two Kinds:
1. Legal Sov. Authority which has the power to issue
final commands
2. Political Sov. Power behind the legal sovereign or the
sum of the influences that operate upon it.
Internal Sov. power of the state to control its domestic
affairs. To deal with external and internal affairs.

Additional: Recognition and Possession of sufficient

degree of civilization.

Freedom of Religion
The right to worship is one of the basic liberties of man.
1987 Constitution Article 3 Section 5
Free exercise and not exercising of religion and
practice shall be forever respected.
Section 6
Separation of church of state shall be inviolable.

Nationalism
Sense of pride of national identity
Actions that the members of a nation take when
seeking to achieve self-determination.
Republicanism
Section 1. Ph is a democratic and republican state,
sovereignty resides in the people and all government
authority emanates from the people.
Defense of State
Section 4.
 Citizens may be required under conditions provide by
law. The Gov might call its people to defend its security.
Renunciation of War
Section 2 The Philippines renounces war as an
instrument of national policy, adopts the generally
accepted principles of international law as part of the law
of the land and adheres to the policy of peace, equality,
justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity with all nations.
Incorporation Laws

History of the Ottoman Empire

1299 Beginning of the Empire Bey Osman I
1922 end of the Ottoman Empire Sultan Abdul Hamid II

1619 PROJECT
The Independence should start on 1619, when the First
African slaves arrived on the Colony on Virginia.
1. The Idea of America by. Nikole Hannah-Jones (14-26)
Our declaration of Independence signed on July 4, 1776
proclaims that all men are created equal with certain
unalienable rights, but the white man did not render them
true. The black Americans were deprived from the pursuit of
happiness and freedom.
2.Chained Migration by Tiya Miles (p. 22)
White Enslavers realized that their most profitable trade was
their slaves, the black people. When lands were open
throughout the east the slave trade also followed.

3. Capitalism by Matthew Desmond (30-40)

1 percent of the Americans own 40 percent of the country’s
wealth, while a larger share of working age people lives in
poverty. This gave birth to the start of Capitalism.
4. Mortgaging the Future by Mehrsa Baradaran (32)

Union passed the bill so that it could establish a national

currency in order to finance a war. They created the first
bank regulator. The United States has a unique
fragmentary and inefficient system that is a direct relic of
the conflict between federal and state power over
maintenance of the slave based economy of the south.

5. Good as Gold by Mehrsa Baradaran (35)

Economy was based on slave trade.

6. Fabric of Modernity by Mehrsa Baradaran (36)

Students study Doctrines of Foreseability
7. Municipal Bonds by. Tiya Miles (40)
 Cotton Trade, New York City gained its Giant Status as a
financial behemoth

8. Broken Health Care System by. Jeneen Interland (44-45)

Black Americans were deprived of basic health
benefits.
9. Traffic by Kevin M Kruse (48-49)

Postwar programs for urban renewal destroyed black

neighborhoods and displaced their residents. “Urabn
renewal means Negro removal”.

10. Undemocratic Democracy by Jamelle Bouie (50-55)

The basic framework of racial discrimination remains

because of history.

11. Medical Inequality by Linda Villarosa (55-57)

Racial discrimination on health benefits.

12. American Popular Music by Wesley Morris

Even in music there is racism.

13. Sugar by Khalil Muhammad (70-77)

Producing sugar was hard, Black people were

forced to labor in order to produce sugar.
 14.Pecan Pioneer by. Tiyan Miles
Black Slaves cultivated Pecan Nuts.
15. Wealth Gap by Trymain Lee (82-83)
Plundering of Black Wealth
16. Mass Incarceration by Bryan Stevenson (80-81)
US has the highest rate of incarceration. It is the legacy of
slavery.
17. Hope by Djeneba Aduayuon
Even in Academic Institutions were subjected to
Racism.
18. Shadow of the Past by Anne C Bailey
A photo and a metaphor of Black and White Life.

The US is Self-Destructing and is in Total Chaos because of

Slave Trading System there is a Systemic Racism, A culture
where there is Racism.

How about the Philippines?

Philippines is at the receiving end of American Colonialism
and Racism
The Little Brown Brothers and Benevolent Assimilation
 Pres. Taft seen The Philippines that needs the “Western
Standards”
We too are products of the slave trade.
We also experienced racism.
Start on 1607 when the colonies of Virginia, slaughtered the
Powhattan People on Jamestown, the people who were there
first.

In the Philippines
Moro Crater Massacre March 2, 1906
Balangiga Samar Massacre September 29, 1901
Balangiga Bells
US should stop interfering with other countries.
Now, America is destroying itself.

John Locke “two generation rights”

A British Philosopher and Medical Researcher, researcher of
Modern Empiricism. “Sovereignty resides in the people”
“Separation of Church and State”
Two Generation of Rights
First Generation of rights established the protection of the
individual from power of the state such as protection from abuse
oppression and cruel punishment and freedom from individual
such as freedom of the press, assembly and religion.
Second Generation of rights assure protections to groups such as
the right to health care, social security and education.

American Revolution and Constitution “We the People”

First 13 States formed a Government “Declaration of
Independence” -George Washington The Fore founders of the 13
states revolted against King George.
All men are created equal – Excerpt from the DCI
From the consent of the govern, the power of the state is derived.
It is the right of the people to abolish the government if it is
abusing its power and install a new government.
World Trend
Constitutional States became the counterweight to the power
to Monarchy.
Rulers now how power defined, not just simply power
wielders.
The American Constitution gave birth to put the power of
sovereignty to the consent of the govern and followed by the other
countries now has constitution.
Philippine Constitution
Constitution- body of rules and maxims in accordance with
which the powers of sovereignty are habitually exercised. Covers
written and unwritten constitution. The constitution is Supreme
and highest.
Our constitution is the framework or basis for other laws which
must conform, it is the embodiment of who we are.
Analogy: It is like the DNA of the Body.
We have 3 Constitutions
We conform to John Lock’s standards of “Sovereignty resides in
the people” and “Separation of Church and State”

First Generation Protection of the Individual from the power of the

state.
Article 3. Bill of Rights of The Philippines
Second Generation Protection to particular groups
Article 2. State of Policies for women and children
Article 13. Social Justice and Human Rights
World War 1 and 2
1 Started with the assassination of Archduke
League of Nations and United Nations
League of Nations will enforce global peace but failed
miserably because US, Germany and Russia are not part of it.
United Nations is successful because superpowers are
members and have permanent seats on the most powerful council
which is the security seats. UK, China, France, Russia and US.
Enforcing global order and governance.
Cold War
Political and Economic Ideologies of Russia and Warsaw
pact vs America and the NATO. Waged proxy wars in Cuba,
Korea, Afghanistan, South America, South Africa, Asia and
Germany.
Global Government and Enforcement
2 Ways:
Use of force the reality of International Enforcement of
Global Standards.
In war there is no right or wrong side, only different ideas.
But when a winner emerges their ideas became the standards of
what is right or wrong. Victory gives the winner the greatest right
and moral justification. God is on the side of the victor.
Economic Sanctions
Like Syria and China vs US
West Philippine Sea and The Philippine Experience
We won in the Arbitration but are we in full possession of
those islands? Are we capable of enforcing it?
We are not capable of fighting Chinese bullcrap.
2 Ways
Fight?
No,cuz we poor
Economic Sanctions?
No
(cuz we poor, we have retardingly huge ass debts needed to be
payed to China.) Economic Might is missing duh…...
Can we do something else?
Yes, we can but we cannot lmao.

Ideologies of Globalization
Globalization:process, condition, or ideology
Ideology
Sytematic body of concepts specially of those of political body of
thinking.
Globalization is a systematic body of concepts
It is in the level of ideology
Six Core Claims
Steger against Fredden’s claim
Claim 1
Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of
markets.
Markets are liberalized and integration of global markets and
trade
Counter: Trump and Xi’s individual interests
Claim 2
Globalization is inevitable and irreversible that cannot be undone
You cannot contest globalization
Counter: Trump “Make America Great Again” why was trump able
to reverse it?
Claim 3
Nobody oversees globalization
Ex. Online purchases
Counter: China targets US farmers, Canada against America’s
Dairy Products, China’s control of trade routes, Abuse of
Facebook’s power.
Claim 4
Globalization benefits everyone, in the long run
Counter: Oligarchs like abs cbn
Claim 5
Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world
Counter: Chinese Citizens are not free because they are
controlled by the communist country.
Donald Trump withdrawn forces in the middle east that was
supposed to be used for democracy
Claim 6
Globalization requires a global war on terror
Philippine Government vs Maute, the support comes from
international cooperation

Counter: Global terrorism is answered by nationalistic response

Conclusion:
Reclassifying Ideologies
Introduce a new ideological concept, at the center is globalism
with its two new variants:
Pre 9/11 Market Globalization
Post 9/11 Imperial Globalism
Opposition to the Ideological Families to the Political Right

Remaining Conceptual Ideas Left

Theorizing Globalization
George Ritzer
Imperialism
Describes methods employed by one country to gain territorial
control over another. The idea of imperialism has come to be
associated with rule over vast regions. This characteristic leads it
to be associated with globalization. Lenin argued that economic
factors are the essence of imperialism. According to the view,
factors inherent in capitalism lead nations to undertake imperial
ventures. Harvey makes the case for a new imperialism in the
form of capitalist imperialism with the US as its prime
representative. This form of imperialism consists of a complex
and contradictory fusion of political and economic imperialism.
Colonialism
Involves more formal mechanisms of control over a territory,
entailing to run a colony’s internal affairs. The end of WW 2 saw a
strong drive toward decolonization. Colonization was replaced by
a more insidious attempt at economic control and exploitation
through neo-colonialism. Post-Colonialism relates to the
developments in former colonies after the departure of the
colonizing power.
Development
As a project focused on the economic development of specific
nations. The project advocated import-substitution wherein
instead of relying on imports from the north, The South was
encouraged to produce its own industrial products. The north
benefited greatly from this policy since this implied an increase in
the foreign direct investments in the nascent industries in the
South. This approach also included foreign aid and financial
assistance in terms of food products.
Americanization
Is defined as the export of products, images, technologies,
practices and behavior that are closely associated with America
and Americans. Discourse on the issue emerged at least in part
as a result of concern about and the study of America’s influence
on Europe. While after WW II the US was the savior (at least by
some) of Europe, by the 1960s it was perceived more as a
business, industrial and economic threat to Europe.
Neo-Liberalism
Emerged in the 1930s as a combination of the liberal commitment
to individual liberty and neo-classical economics. The free
operation of the market and minimal intervention by the state
were the cornerstones of the theory. Under neo-liberalism, the
operation of the free markets is crucial. It emphasizes a
commitment to deregulation of the markets.
Commanding Heights
Episode 1: How can our now deeply interconnected world, cope
with the global downturn and rise above all crises and is global
terrorism the dark side of the promise of globalization.
The global economy, energized by technological change and
unprecedented flows of people and money, collapses in the wake
of a terrorist attack the year is 1914.
Worldwide war results, exhausting the resources of the great
powers and convincing many that the economic system itself is to
blame. From the Ashes of the catastrophe, an intellectual in
political struggle ignites between the powers of the government
end the forces of the marketplace, each determined to reinvent
the world's economic order.
Two individuals emerge with ideas, shaped by very different
experiences, will inform this debate and carry it forward. One is a
brilliant, unconventional Englishman named John Maynard
Keynes. The other one is an outspoken immigrate from ravaged
Austria, Friedrich Von Hayek.
But a worldwide depression holds the capitalist nations in its grip.
In opposition to both Keynes and Hayek stand not only Hitler's
Third Reich but Stalin Soviet Union, schooled in the communist
ideologies of Marx and Lenin an bent on obliterating the capitalist
system altogether.
for more than half a century the battle of ideas will rage. From the
totalitarian socialist systems to the fascist states, from the
independent nations of the developing world to the mixed
economies of Europe and the regulated capitalism of the United
States, government planning will gradually take over the
commanding Heights.
But in the 1970s, with Keynesian Theory at its height and
communism fully entrenched, economic stagnation sets in on all
sides. When a British grocer's daughter any former Hollywood
actor became heads of state, they join forces around the ideas of
Hayek, a new political and economic policies begin to transform
the world.
Episode: 2
As the 1980s begin and the Cold War grinds on, the existing
world order appears firmly in place. Yet beneath the surface
powerful currents are carving away at the economic foundations.
Western democracies still struggle with deficits and inflation, while
communism hides the failure of its command economy behind a
façade of military might. In Latin America populist dictators strive
toward foreign economic exploitation, piling up debt and igniting
hyperinflation in the process. In India and Africa bureaucracies
established to end poverty through scientific planning spawn
black markets and corruption and stifle enterprise.
Worldwide, the strategies of government planning are failing to
produce their intended results. From Bolivia in Peru to Poland and
Russia, the free market policies of Thatcher and Regan are look
to us a possible blueprint for escape. One by one, economies in
crisis adopt “shock therapy” --A rapid conversion to free-market
capitalism.
As the command economies totter and collapse, privatization
transfers economic power back to entrepreneurial hands, and
whole societies go through wrenching change. For some
demands and opportunities of the market provide a longed-for
liberation. Others, lacking the means to adapt, see their security
and livelihood swept away. In this new capitalist revolution
enlightened enterprise and cynical exploitation thrive alike. The
sum of global wealth expands, but it is unequal distribution
increases, too, an economic regeneration exacts a high human
price.
Episode 3:
With communism discredited, more and more nations harness
their fortunes to the global free market. China, Southeast Asia,
India, Eastern Europe, and Latin America all compete to attract
the developed world's investment capital, and tariff barriers fall. In
the United States Republican and Democratic administrations
both embrace unfettered globalization over the objections of
organized labor.
But as new technology and ideas drive profound economic
change, unforeseen events unfold. A Mexican economic
meltdown sends the Clinton administration scrambling. Internet
linked financial markets, unrestricted capital flows, and floating
currencies drive levels of speculative investment that dwarf trade
in actual goods and services. Fueled by electronic capital any
global workforce ready to adapt, entrepreneurs create
multinational corporations with valuations greater than the entire
national economies.
When huge pension funds go hunting higher returns in emerging
markets, enterprise flourishes where poverty once ruled, but risk
grows, too. In Thailand, the huge reservoir of available capital
proves first a blessing, then a curse. Soon all Asia is engulfed in
an economic crisis, and financial contagion spreads throughout
the world, until Wall Street itself is threatened. A single global
market is now the central economy reality. As the force of its
effect is felt, popular unease grows. Is the system just too
complex to be controlled, or is it an insiders’ game played on
outsiders’ expense? New centers of opposition to globalization
form and the debate turns violent over will rewrite the rules.
Yet prosperity continues to spread with the expansion of trade,
even as the Gulf widens further between rich and poor.
Imbalances too dangerous for the system to ignore now drive its
stakeholders to device new means to include the dispossessed
test, once again, terrorism and war destroy the stability of deeply
interconnected world.

Globalization and Nation-Building in the Philippines:

State Predicaments in Managing Society in the Midst of Diversity
Rommel C. Banlaoi
Introduction
WTO 1995- Philippines acceded
Philippines at present is viewed as one of the sick men of Asia.
The Philippine state has failed to create the kind of fertile
socioeconomic environment that would have prepared the country
for global competition.
The Nature of the Philippine State
A premature and Weak State (1945). It is premature state
because it was born before reaching the full term of statehood. It
became a state not through the development of a cohesive
national consciousness, but through the actions of its former
colonial masters. The state’s legitimacy is contested in some
regions.
The Philippine state’s weakness, meanwhile, stems from its lack
of relative autonomy from the parochial interests of dominant
Filipino capitalist. The Philippines lacks the following
characteristics of a mature and strong state:
1. Government have become settled and founded on a
significant ideological consensus.
2. Social groups have been successfully assimilated, or have
achieved protection, equality, or self-determination through
autonomy, federalism, or other special devices.
3. Secessionism no longer constitutes a major goal of
minorities. Territorial frontiers have become legitimized and
sanctified through legal instruments.
4. Leaders are selected on the basis of a regular procedure like
elections. No group, family, clan or sector can hold power
permanently.
5. Military and policy organizations remain under civilian
control.
6. Governances preclude personal enrichment through various
political activities.

A premature state
Economic Globalization: Corporations
Peter Dicken
Transnational Corporations
TNC is the central actor or primary shaper of the global economy
Companies with interests and activities locate outside their home
country was part and parcel of the early development of an
international economy.
Example: Dutch East India Company 15th century
Manufacturing firms outside of their home country w/c emerged in
the second half of the 19th century
Modern TNC- firm which has the power to coordinate and control
operations in more than one county, even if it does not own them.
TNCs come in all shapes and sizes from global corporation w/c
operates in several countries to TNCs operating in one or two
countries outside home country.
TNCs operate in different political, social and cultural
environments
Geography Matters: Embeddedness of TNCs
How TNCs internal networks are configured organizationally and
geographically, and how they are connected to external supplier
and customers vary considerably because of interrelated
influences.
TNCs are more difficult to coordinate and control because of their
dispersed geographical spread across different political, cultural
and social environments.
Place and geography fundamentally matter in which in which
firms are produced and in how they behave
TNCs are influenced by their place of origin, by distinctive
corporate cultures arising from firm’s corporate history, by
involvement in global economy that force them to modify some of
their practices
Web of Enterprise: Transnational Production Networks
Business firms are composed and involved in complex and
dynamic networks of production, distribution and consumption
TNCs primarily coordinate such networks
TNCs require a more sophisticated organizational structure
Four Ideal-Types of TNC organization
Multinational
International
Global
Integrated Network
With Varying degrees of centralized or dispersed control and
coordination.
Developments in transportation, communication, and production
process technologies influence the TNC’s geographical
configuration of this activities.
Different Functions: admin, R&D, production, marketing sales,
have different locational requirements, TNCs tend to develop
distinctive spatial patters for each function
TNCs activity is conventionally measured using statistics on
foreign direct investment (FDI)
FDI occurs across national boundaries when a firm from one
country buys a controlling investment in a firm in another country
or where a firm sets up a branch or a subsidiary operation in
another country.
Majority of the world’s TNCs originate from developed economies
Bulk of world’s FDI is directed towards developed economies
The number of TNCs originating from developing countries is
increasing
Why and How firms extend their operations outside their home
countries
Why firms trans nationalize
Market- Oriented Investment
There is geographical unevenness of market: both the size and
characteristics of markets influence the locational decisions of
TNCs
To increase profitability, expand firm’s market beyond home
territory.
For efficiency
Ex. Reduce transportation cost
1. Political policies of host countries
 Ex. Access to market may be restricted because of political
regulatory structures (such as import tariff); incentives such as tax
advantages or labor concessions from host countries.
Policies of Home Countries
Ex circumvent tough governmental regulations at home such
as banking rules, currency restrictions or environmental
regulations
TNCs has the potential to influence the policies of home and host
governments

2. Asset-Oriented Investment
Assets needed by firms to produce and sell their products are
unevenly distributed geographically
Firms in natural resource industries must, of necessity,
locate at the source of supply: very long history of natural
resource-oriented investment
Developments in transportation, communication and production
process technologies, have greatly increased the firm’s ability
to access unevenly distributed assets.
Ex. Variation in labor costs, attributes of human capital

How firms transnationalize

1. Greenfield Investment- building of totally new facilities; adds
to the productive stock of both the firm and the
country/community where investment occurs
 2. Engagement with other firms through
a. Merger and Acquisition- involves the transfer of
equity between companies; involves a shift in
ownership and control of both firm’s entire assets.
b. Strategic collaboration- formal agreements between
firms to pursue a specific strategic objective, to
enable firms to a achieve specific goal that they
believe cannot be achieved on their own only some
of the participant’s business operations are involved;
usually focused on specific business problem.

Power Relationship Between TNC and other Actors

TNCs power lies in their potential ability to take advantage of
geographical differences in the availability of costs of resources
and in state policies and to shift operations between locations
International regulatory bodies (such as WTO) influence the
geography of transnational production networks
There is territorial asymmetry between territories of the state
(essentially fixed and clearly bounded geographically) and a
TNCs territory which is more fluid and flexible.
TNCs do not possess absolute power
State and TNCs engage in complex bargaining processes which
could result in ambiguous and unpredictable outcome.
International institutions establishing technical standards (like ISO
9000 international quality management and ISO 14000
international environmental standards) affect TNCS
All elements in transnational production network is regulated
within political structure whose basic unit is the national state.

Political Globalization
Gerard Delanty and Chris Rumford
Authoritarianism
Ex. North Korea
Monarchy
Rule of a single person or Monarch who functions as the head of
the state, heredity
Ex. Japan and Great Britain
Democracy
Sovereignty resides on the people and authority comes from the
people.

Summary of the Article (The Blackwell companion to

Globalization, George Ritzer (ed.) UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
2007)
Globalization of the nation- state with democracy as its
framework.
Global normative culture and human rights.
Ex. Global pressure on China relative to the Covid19 pandemic
The plight of the Rohingya Refugees
The global resistance over PRRDs policy of extra-judicial killings
Because of our concept of democracy and human rights, there is
now pressure on the political globalization.

Global civil society and its new model of governance

Facebook and Twitter are not just platforms but are political
operatives.
ISIS and the Islamic Caliphate
The Anti-Terror Bill (Law) and the designation of the CPP-NPA as
terrorist organization.

Current events that are material to the discussion of political

globalization
US economic sanctions on North Korea, China, Iran and
Venezuela
Political unrest in the Hongkong
Black Lives Matter protest or unrest in the US and Europe

Cultural Globalization
John Tomlinson
Globalization: A multidimensional process, taking place
simultaneously within the spheres of the economy, of politics, of
technological developments-particularly media and
communications technologies – of environmental change and of
culture.
Globalization
Integrating process of global connectivity
A process that cannot give causal primacy or precedence to any
one of these dimensions (eg. Economic, political and cultural)
Culture is constitutive of globalization
Culture is something aimed at constructing socially shared
meanings what is the purpose of life, what is the purpose of our
existence, questions that sustain life itself, the search for meaning
and purpose as the center for culture
Globalization
The unifying effect of globalization in terms of producing singular
cultural system is problematized
Globalization is not quite global: uneven flow/interconnectivity:
some parts of the globe are not integrated.
There is now a clash of culture
Christendom has the representation of united nations through
Christianity but how about the other religious sects?
Requires distancing of intellectual and affective imagination But
necessary to avoid violent clash of cultures
It is really difficult to come up with a singular culture for the entire
world.

The lost of the natural relation of culture to geographical and

social territories
The reach of this global connectivity into the localities in which
everyday life is conducted and experienced
Deterritorialization of everyday lives is pervasive
Telemediatization
Peculiar form of mobility that does not involve actual physical
movement
A form of virtual travel
Use of media and communications technologies: a defining
feature of our social existence
Ex Financial markets may be influenced by political events
Global connectivity disturbs local experience
Globalization does not obliterate local culture but rather
transforms the latter continuously
Possibilities of Cultural openness and mutuality

Globalization and Nation-Building in the Philippines

Philippines is viewed as the sick men of Asia
Areas for reform
Reform of Bureaucracy
Electoral Reform
Political Party Reform
Socioeconomic Reform

Rethinking Sustainable Development

Core Message
Indigenous people are not static people
Sustainable Development
Made by WCEM
Concerns
Escalating environmental problems
Emphasis on community as the context of development
Upo: from subsistence to agricultural intensification
Where is upo?
Sarangani
Who is the leader in upo?
Who took over upo?
Introduction of agricultural development schem in upo
Forest protection management schemes
Continuities and transformation

Globalization and International Terrorism

After the 9/11 attacks, UN Resolution 1368 was declared
condemning, calling on all states to work together urgently to hold
the direct and indirect perpetrators accountable.
9/11 attacks signaled a new era of Globalized terrorism, instead
of International terrorism. This breed of terrorists complements
the changes in the globalized world, resulting to greater influence
in the global community.
New terrorism is complemented by technology-driven
potentialities.
The global community is fighting a new war against enemies that
are stateless, not state-sponsored without hierarchy and
motivated by religious fundamentalism as epitomized by al
Qaeda.
Sep 11 2001 9/11 attacks
Sep 12 2001 UN resolution 1368 nations collective and united
front to defeat terrorist networks and support inherent night of
individual and collective self defense
What did the 9/11 attacks imply? It signals that a new era of
globalized terrorism has arrived. This era constitutes a fresh
breed of extremists who are willing to sacrifice themselves and
other on the world’s stage
Why is it considered a fresh breed?
Acquire highly destructive weapons
Very skilled in broadcasting their motives through news networks
or social media
Motives?
Religious Fanaticism

Is it identical with international terrorism?

International terrorism is a specific system of grouping
characterized by explicit international implications. Terrorist either
launch operations outside their home country or conduct local
operations against targets with international symbolic persons.
What makes it different with international terrorism?
The effect is greater influence on the global community