Running Header: Case Study: Apple and Its Suppliers: Corporate Social Responsibility 1

Benjamin Cadieux, Bojan Mustafic, and Jason Yanus

Week 7 – Case Study: Apple and Its Suppliers’ Corporate Social Responsibility

October 21st, 2018

Champlain College
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Introduction:

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a relatively new idea within the realm of

business and economics. Throughout history, there has been a steady progression of human

ingenuity that has continuously spurred technological advancement that has improved the lives

of humans. The speed of economic and business advancement was slow but steady in ancient

times; fast-forwarding to the age of the industrial revolution (starting in the 1750’s), the world

began to evolve at an accelerate rate. Up until that time, manufacturing was mostly the same

throughout the world, but the rate of technological advancement and geopolitical pressures from

the 1750’s until present times has spurred a drastic dichotomy in the manufacturing sector. A

stunning example of the diversity of manufacturing environments around the world can be found

by analyzing the supply chain of consumer electronics giant Apple.

Up until relatively recent history (1900’s – present), CSR was not a topic that was readily

addressed or even important to an organization. In the increasingly connect world of present day

however, it is becoming more important for a corporation to uphold the morals and ethics found

within is code of conduct and those of its customers.

By analyzing the supply chain of Apple and the human rights violations that members of

its supply chain have committed, one can gain an appreciation for how important it is for a

company to address social responsibility. This paper intends to focus on the human rights

violations of two of Apple’s key suppliers, Foxconn and Pegatron and to answer questions

relating to why the violations occurred, who is responsible, if Apple can affect change, whose

ethics should be followed and if manufacturing should be returned to the United States.
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(1) Why did the issues at Foxconn and Pegatron occur?

If there were only one reason why Foxconn and Pegatron had issues with human rights

violations, the problem would be an easy fix; the problem would be known and a straightforward

solution could be implemented, but the situation is more nuanced than that. The Foxconn and

Pegatron human right failures were the result of multiple issues, some of the most important

issues in the opinions of the authors of this paper will be discussed.

The first and arguably most blatant issue was how Foxconn and Pegatron seemed to

effectively turn a blind eye to the events that were occurring at their facilities; whether this was

willful or otherwise is a matter of debate. It is possible that the upper management at Foxconn

and Pegatron didn’t know that they were violating labor laws at their production facilities in

China and Taiwan, however it is hard to imagine that such crimes could go unseen. The

environment at these facilities appears to be supported by the company at large as their modus

operandi, however their methods don’t compliment the ethical and moral standing of the masses

at the end of Apple’s supply chain. It is this clash in how social responsibility is perceived that

brought attention to the events at these facilities. The cause of the oversight by management at

Foxconn and Pegatron is most likely partially driven by profit (Luk, 2018).

As noted in Glenn Luk in an article published on Forbes.com, the cost of an iPhone to the

consumer would increase exponentially if it were manufactured in the United States. Luk

postulates that the MRSP (manufactures suggested retail price) of an iPhone would increase from

nearly $750.00 per unit to over $30,000.00 per unit. This isn’t entirely an increase due to labor

costs, but more a result of the US manufacturing industry not being capable of keeping up with

demand. Foxconn and Pegatron profit greatly by their relationship with Apple and are happy

with their positions within the supply chain. The more product that these facilities can produce,
Week 7 – Cast Study: Apple and Its Suppliers: Corporate Social Responsibility 4

the higher the revenue; thus, a continuous push for productivity is created which left unchecked

helps spur the conditions at these companies (Luk, 2018).

Additionally, carelessness could have played a part in the evolution of these issues.

Foxconn and Pegatron both provided housing to employees as a means of recruiting vast

amounts of laborers. The number of people housed was staggering with some sources citing

Foxconn and Pegatron of housing up to 300,000 people at any given time (McCarty, 2011).

What Foxconn and Pegatron were and still are attempting to do is not easy, they are basically

running and housing small cities. This doesn’t, however, negate the fact that they need to keep

basic living conditions acceptable to ensure everyone is safe and treated humanely.

In March of 2018, the average starting salary for a manufacturing worker at Foxconn was

$300.00 per month with the possibility to earn up to $676.00 per month (ABC News, 2012).

These wages, though not exceptionally high, are very desirable among the burgeoning Chinese

working class as they are readily available and above minimum wage. Workers travel from over

50 miles away for the opportunity to work at Foxconn; there is no shortage of potential

employees (ABC News, 2012). This in and of itself is an issue that helps propagate the

conditions at Foxconn. The jobs are so desirable in fact, that even when employees were killing

themselves in the dormitories at Foxconn, ABC News reported that mobs of people still wanted

to get a job at the facility (ABC News, 2012). With plenty of people to fill their needs, Foxconn

and Pegatron did not need to worry about the satisfaction of their workers. If someone left, they

had plenty of willing people to fill the void. This led them to be careless in their practices.

Ultimately, Apple valued profits over people. In 2014, Apple had a net income of over

$39 billion (Lee, Mol, & Mellahi, 2016, p.2) and a gross margin of 38.6%. Acknowledging this,

Apple insisted that Pegatron could only obtain a margin of .8% (Lee, Mol, & Mellahi, 2016, p.5).
Week 7 – Cast Study: Apple and Its Suppliers: Corporate Social Responsibility 5

Yes, Pegatron does have the responsibility to make sure that they can operate within the law and

make a profit, but that is razor thin margin. Such a restriction on earnings is a strongarm tactic

used by Apple to control costs of manufacturing and doesn’t leave much room for Pegatron to

operate, make a profit, and not have provide high quality devices. This tactic results in a

cascading effect which ultimately trickles down to the lowest employees.

The final, and probably most telling issue was the result of corporate greed and ego.

Steve Jobs rebuilt Apple in his image and wanted to show the world he was right and that Apple

was the biggest and best company around (McCarty, 2011). While this resulted in the

development of world changing products, it also meant they needed to reduce costs as much as

they could. Prior to Steve Jobs return to Apple (Steve Jobs retired from Apple at the age of 30 in

1985, but returned to the company in 1996), Apple still made products in the US. That

manufacturing process didn’t take long to change after his return (McCarty, 2011). Steve created

an initiative to move production overseas, which reduced costs and created higher profits and

higher praise. Consequently, this fed into the ego of Apple that they were right and could do no

wrong. With this mindset, they were nowhere near as diligent as they should have been with

monitoring their supply chain (Staff, 2011).

(2) Who was responsible for the alleged human rights violations?

In this case, all parties involved were responsible for the human rights violations, no side

was immune. This even includes the consumer to some extent. First off, Foxconn and Pegatron

were responsible because they were the closest to the situation and should have done more. They

knew what they were doing to their employees was illegal, immoral and unethical.

Unfortunately, it took the deaths of multiple employees to bring the conditions to light (McCarty,

2011). This was obviously unacceptable and they needed to do more.

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The Chinese government was also responsible - they created the laws that neither

Foxconn nor Pegatron were following and did nothing to enforce them. It is up to the

governments to make sure their rules are being enforced and that their populous is protected.

The Chinese government should have done more to uphold basic human rights.

Another responsible party was obviously Apple. It is within Apple’s best interest to

ensure that the employees at companies within their supply chain are not being abused. Kara

Maciel of Conn Maciel Carey LLP said “[l]abor is the backbone of any supply chain operator”

(Lopez, 2017). Without the labor force, Apple could not make the products they are designing

and marketing. It is a vital piece of their supply chain; even if they do not care about the

wellbeing of the individuals, they at the very least do not want labor stoppages to affect

production. By ensuring the protection and rights of every individual that constitutes their

supply chain, Apple could protect the foundation of their business.

As mentioned previously, the consumer is also partially responsible, but to a lesser

degree. It is very difficult for the individual consumer to know exactly what is happening in the

supply chain of their favorite brands, but the priorities of the of the consumer directly impact the

priorities of the company. If the consumer makes social responsibility a priority then the

company will most likely also make it a priority. The best way to get the company’s attention is

by voting with your wallet and not buy their products.

A survey conducted by Simonlycontracts.co.uk of 3,000 iPhone users stated that 60% of

those survey said that they were “blindly loyal” to Apple and 78% said that they couldn’t

imagine using a different smartphone (Lee, Mol, & Mellahi, 2016, p.2). These statistics are a

grim detail that highlight the consumer market mentality. It appears that a large amount of Apple

consumers are content with turning a blind eye.

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At the end of the day, everyone in the supply chain is responsible, some more than

others. It needs to be a priority of each part of the supply chain link to ensure that human right

violations do not occur on their watch. The questions must be asked however, how does one

affect change in a company that has a different culture, different law, and a different purpose for

existence than other members in the supply chain?

(3) What can and should Apple do differently to correct the CSR issues addressed in the
case? Should Apple bring production back to the U.S.?
As Apple continues to grow and develop in the technology sector, their Corporate Social

Responsibility efforts and claims remain scrutinized. There’s no question that Apple is a

technological wonder. In addition to its quick turnaround, design, innovative features, and media

content, the products the firm produces makes Apple almost impossible to resist. What isn’t hard

to resist is asking: How can the most successful company in the world be misplaced in achieving

corporate social responsibility?

Apple relies on a heavily global supply chain that ties together a research and

development base in the United States. Due to the firms just-in-time supply chain, we notice that

much of the burden of producing its technology falls heavily on the shoulders of suppliers,

causing component delays, impacts on inventory projections, and supplier code of conduct

mistreatment.

Apple claims they are “committed to ensuring the highest standards of social

responsibility wherever our products are made. We insist that our suppliers provide safe working

conditions, treat workers with dignity and respect, and use environmentally responsible

manufacturing processes” (Klein, 2011). A review of Apple’s Supplier Responsibility Reports

shows an increased focus in halting unethical practices amongst their suppliers. CEO Tim Cook,
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although a visionary, has focused much of him efforts on discouraging the use of underage labor,

dangerous working conditions, falsification of audit materials, and bribery within over 20

facilities.

Apple defends these practices by saying it can only facilitate so much control over

monitoring and regulating its component sources. Just this year, Apple has reported an “increase

in the number of serious violations of working conditions amongst facilities where its products

are manufactured, but mentions that the overall conditions have improved. (Reisinger, 2018)”

In relation to the supply chain, the challenges that Apple faces are immense. The lack of

oversight and good governance has made it difficult to control thousands of suppliers, producing

a high risk for Apple in terms of non-compliance and abusive labor practices. In order to improve

these standards, Apple must integrate Corporate Social Responsibility into its strategy. There is a

human cost to outsourcing to countries with less traditional labor laws, all of which “leave an

ugly stain on the corporate social responsibility credentials of the companies that use their

services. (Jeffries, 2014)”

In order to provide the best experience for their consumers and suppliers, Apple must

take a multi-pronged approach to identifying and ratifying the issues that plague its supply chain.

What follows is a list of four points that highlights issues with Apples’ supply chain.

1. Increased Stakeholder Engagement Strategy: Throughout its history, Apple has

continuously failed to engage stakeholders. At first, we noticed this when the firm failed

to share information with Greenpeace about the organization’s power consumptions of

Apple’s North Carolina data center. This continued when Apple failed to initially

response to several Chinese environmental groups that were investigating the pollution
Week 7 – Cast Study: Apple and Its Suppliers: Corporate Social Responsibility 9

issues that were created by Apple’s supply chain in China. If Apple wants to continue to

establish itself as an organization with purpose and social justice, it must successfully

incorporate its stakeholders into its strategy and allow for communication and

transparency along the supplier pipeline.

2. Low Levels of Transparency: Although the firm provides more information than many

of its competitors, this lack of transparency is still very far from satisfactory. For the

majority of the corporation’s life it failed to provide its consumers and stakeholders with

a sustainability report and even chose not to disclose the name of its suppliers or allow

for third-party auditing of the working conditions.

3. Auditing: Out of the 757 suppliers included in last year’s Supplier Responsibility

Progress Report, 197 were being audited for the first time. Apple found nearly twice as

many core violations in 2017 as they did in the previous year. Three of these violations

were debt-bonded labor violations which proved that disparity in the workforce still

exists. Continuing to audit the ethical sourcing of its products and supplies along the

supply chain, allows Apple to take a proactive approach to mitigating these violations.

These violations should be thoroughly reviewed to identify root causes and help

systematically correct them. The suppliers should be required to “undergo regular audits

to ensure the reviewed policy is implemented to prevent future violations. In addition, the

supplier must revise all records to reflect an accurate accounting of hours worked by their

employees. (Axon, 2018)”

4. Ensuring Integrity in the Supply Chain: There is still much evidence that suggests that

the intensity of Apple’s production regimes are being forced to meet demanding product

launches, overwhelming Apple’s plans to procure audits and implement effective

Week 7 – Cast Study: Apple and Its Suppliers: Corporate Social Responsibility 10

management systems to improve the standards of their suppliers’ factories. Why can’t the

organization resolve these issues once and for all? Apple is forcefully “held hostage by

the capital markets to control costs and feels compelled to disgorge tens of billions of

dollars in dividends and share buy-backs or face the wrath of the hedge funds. (Clarke,

2018)” This focus reflects on Apple’s share price and not the welfare of its contracted

employees.

As the market leader and most successful consumer electronics firm in the world, Apple

has a very high responsibility to ensure the responsibility and integrity of its value chain. The

future of innovation is placed in jeopardy when the idea of value creation becomes defined as

value extraction. Rather than focusing solely on returning cash to its shareholders, Apple must

also focus upon its efforts to eradicate the issues disrupting its supply chain. The continued use

of an “at arms-length” mentality shifts the burden of production and cost to its suppliers, while

also making them carry the burden through unsafe working conditions and low wages.

Surviving in the U.S. Economy:

As mentioned in the case, Apple cannot survive in an economy that relies on U.S.

suppliers. Apple executives estimated that about “8,700 industrial engineers were needed to

oversee and guide the 200,000 assembly-line workers eventually involved in manufacturing the

iPhones” (Mark, 2017). These engineers work closely with suppliers to update manufacturing

processes and technology which grant them a competitive advantage over their competitors. The

demand that is created for these products requires a staff that is readily available throughout all

hours of the day. To meet sudden spikes in orders from Apple, one former executive describes
Week 7 – Cast Study: Apple and Its Suppliers: Corporate Social Responsibility 11

how a foreman roused over 8,000 workers inside the supplier’s dormitories to meet a spike in

demand. Each employee was given “a biscuit and a cup of tea, guided to workstations and within

half an hour started a 12-hour shift fitting glass screens into beveled frames” (Mark, 2017).

Within 96 hours, the plant had produced over 10,000 iPhone a day. “The speed and flexibility is

breathtaking. There’s no American plant that can match that”, the executive said (Mark, 2017).

In the end, it the authors of this paper believe that Apple should not bring manufacturing

completely back to the United States. This decision needs to be purely a business decision and

not an emotional one. From a business perspective, it would not make any financial sense to

bring 100% of production for Apple products to the United States.

As mentioned previously in this paper and with other associated costs aside, the cost of

an iPhone would increase exponentially due to the lack of manufacturing capacity in the US to

meet demand. The production of the necessary parts and the tooling that is required to assemble

the products is highly specialized and requires an equally highly trained vocational laborer to

perform these tasks. Unfortunately, the United States has not focused on vocational training for

the most recent generations entering the workforce, thus resulting in a drastic shortage of skilled

personnel to perform the tasks (Luk, 2018).

(4) Is it reasonable and appropriate to apply different ethical standards to different

countries as long as actions are within the laws of the supplier country? Please
support your answer.
Apple’s continuously sustained competitive advantage is not merely due to its innovate

capabilities, marketing and design efforts. It’s the result of its “domination of the advanced

consumer electronics supply chain” (Clarke, 2018). Apple has successfully integrated a closed

ecosystem that controls each and every part of the supply chain from design all the way to retail.

This disaggregation of the global value chain enables Apple’s most profitable strategies, which
Week 7 – Cast Study: Apple and Its Suppliers: Corporate Social Responsibility 12

include marketing and sales, finance, design, etc. to be retained in the United States. The “less

profitable labor-intensive activities are given to contractors in developing countries, where wages

and conditions are often much poorer” (Clarke, 2018).

Apple sources the majority of its components from its manufacturers in Asia. The poor

working conditions displayed along the supply chain have given a profoundly new meaning to

the term “electronics sweatshops”. However, this deviation between varying global economies

and local circumstances poses several challenges for Apple in terms of business accountability,

transparency, and economic security.

The problem facing Apple and many other technology companies is easy to explain, yet

difficult and extremely complicated to solve. Apple, in many cases, is sincere about its desire to

ensure the workers making the devices we use live the best lives they can. The issue stems from

the fact that organizations within Apples supply chain are operating in places with fewer worker

protection laws and more cases of abuse. As mentioned before, the number of core violations in

the workplace have nearly doubled, causing some significant concern for the health of Apple’s

supply chain performance.

As part of the global auditing process and the initiative to create a more socially

sustainable supply chain, it’s important for Apple to determine and implement a provisional

protocol for all employees along the supply chain. Just last year, Apple launched a program at

locations in China and India that were designed to significantly improve the health awareness for

its workers throughout the supply chain (Murdock, 2018). “We believe that everyone making

Apple products deserves to be treated with dignity and respect and we’re proud that almost 15

million people understand their workplace rights as a result of the work we’ve done over the

years,” said Jeff Williams, Apple’s COO (Murdock, 2018).

Week 7 – Cast Study: Apple and Its Suppliers: Corporate Social Responsibility 13

From an ethics perspective, Apple has many opportunities to improve the lives of the

people who make its products. Operating within a different country provides the company with

many tactical opportunities for increased profit, sustainability and lower production costs.

Although laws and litigations vary between these developing countries, managing an ethical

supply chain starts with Apple. Yes, a firm can operate in a country with different laws and

standards, but social responsibility and the dignity of those workers should never be

compromised. This year’s Supplier Responsibility report helps paint a picture of an organization

that wants to create a reputation for how it treats those working through its supply chain. They

outline a demand for ensuring a safe and healthy workplace where the rights of the employee are

respected, and individuals are treated with dignity. In 2008, Apple launched a Supplier Employee

Training Program that helps cover the standard human rights such as proper working and living

conditions, permissible working hours, and other fundamental healthy and safety information.

The total number of employees informed and educated of their rights through this program sits

around 15 million (Murdock, 2018).

In 2015, Apple mandated that zero fees can be charged to supplier employees for the

purpose of recruitment, even if the fees fall within the legal limits of the supply’s country. If any

bonded labor is found, the supplier is required to repay the recruitment fees in full to all

employees impacted by the debt. The total now falls just short of $30 million repaid to over

35,000 employees since the program was founded. By empowering its suppliers, Apple can

create a system of knowledge and community for its workers. By continuing to stay committed

to raising the bar each and every year across the supply chain, Apple can create an ecosystem

that educates, empowers and provides workers with the fundamental resources and necessities

needed.
Week 7 – Cast Study: Apple and Its Suppliers: Corporate Social Responsibility 14

These measures, although slow to enact, are a step in the right direction for Apple. The

complexity of operating in a diverse supply chain are evident. As the firm continues to audit and

research its supply chain, it’s important to continuously develop programs and resources to

educate workers on their fundamental rights, opportunities, and to help them advance in their

respective careers. The effects will not only be felt by those working along the supply chain, but

their communities, families, and the organizations that employ them as well.

(5) If Apple has encountered these CSR problems given their resources and brand and
struggled with them from a CSR standpoint, does it indicate that they are only the
tip of the "iceberg" in terms of U.S. firms outsourcing internationally? Why or why
not?
As mentioned throughout this paper, Apple has encountered many CSR events since

introducing its wildly popular consumer electronics. In the early 2000’s, Apple launched a device

that would change the world, the Apple iPhone. Since it’s unveiling, the iPhone has been mainly

produced in China and Taiwan. Apple made the decision to manufacture their flagship product in

China for a number of reasons, but among the most important was the cost of labor, the speed of

production, the availability of a skilled worked force, the proximity of China to other Asian

countries that manufacture components for its products, and the lower cost of managing a

complex supply chain in China. Even while facing a PR nightmare resulting from inhumane

treatment of workers at companies within Apple’s supply chain, Apple hasn’t changed their

production strategy. A New York Times article from 2012 quotes Steve Jobs as telling then

president Barak Obama his opinion about bringing Apple product manufacturing back to the US,

“those jobs aren’t coming back” (Duhigg et. al., 2012).

The United States has a strong history of promoting advanced education amongst its

youth, however this emphasis is partly to blame for a negative impact on our skilled labor force.

By encouraging and stressing that a high-level education is necessary for a comfortable life,
Week 7 – Cast Study: Apple and Its Suppliers: Corporate Social Responsibility 15

American’s have created a skills gap within the trades and vocational training. This

dwindling/missing workforce is the US’s metaphorical Achilles heel regarding manufacturing.

We no longer have a manufacturing workforce that is competitive with that of China or many

other developing economies (Duggid et. al., 2012). The US plainly doesn’t the available

workforce to be competitive.

As an example of the US’s lack of necessary skilled labor, an Apple executive related a

story to a New York Times reporter about manufacturing in China. Apple had decided at the last

minute to make a drastic change to the screen of the iPhone before it was released and notified its

suppliers that it needed a sudden influx of workers to meet its deadline. “A foreman immediately

roused 8,000 workers inside the company’s dormitories, according to the executive. Each

employee was given a biscuit and a cup of tea, guided to a workstation and within half an hour

started a 12-hour shift fitting glass screens into beveled frames. Within 96 hours, the plant was

producing over 10,000 iPhones a day. There’s no American plant that can match that.” (Duggid

et. al., 2012).

This is but one component that gives foreign countries the upper hand in manufacturing

in comparison to the United States; however, the rate of adoption of outsourcing jobs, in

particular manufacturing positions, isn’t about to change drastically. The rate may slow gradually

as developing countries mature, but it is the view of the authors of this paper that there will

always be a hierarchy in business which will result in continuous outsourcing. Apple is without

question an incredibly large and successful company, hence it’s PR troubles and outsourcing

strategies are inevitably going to be the topic of public scrutiny. Apple’s outsourcing is in a sense

the “tip of the iceberg” when referring to outsourcing manufacturing. It’s upfront, so large that
Week 7 – Cast Study: Apple and Its Suppliers: Corporate Social Responsibility 16

one can’t help but notice, but the other companies hidden under Apples bulk that constitute the

US GDP are following suite.

References:

ABC News. (2012, February 12th). Foxconn: An Exclusive Inside Look [Video File]. Retrieved

on October 18rth, 2018 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk-xqPKOxl4

Axon, S. 2018. In an Audit of Supply Chain Partners, Apple Found Increased Labor Violations in

2017. Retrieved from: https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/03/in-an-audit-of-supply-

chain-partners-apple-found-increased-labor-violations-in-2017/

Clarke, T. 2018. A Hostage Situation: Why Apple Won’t Address Its Unethical Supply Chain.

Retrieved from: https://www.smartcompany.com.au/industries/information-technology/a-

hostage-situation-why-apple-wont-address-its-unethical-supply-chain/

Dormehl, L. (January 8th, 2018). Latest Foxconn suicide raises concerns about working

conditions. Cult of Mac. Retrieved on October 18th, 2018

from https://www.cultofmac.com/522011/foxconn-suicide-2018-jan/

Duhigg, C., & Bradsher, K. (2012, January 21). How the U.S. Lost Out on iPhone Work.

Retrieved October 21, 2018, from https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/business/apple-

america-and-a-squeezed-middle-class.html

Jeffries, D. 2014. Is Apple Cleaning Up Its Act on Labour Rights? Retrieved from:

https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/apple-act-on-labour-right
Week 7 – Cast Study: Apple and Its Suppliers: Corporate Social Responsibility 17

Klein, P. 2011. Where Is Apple’s Social Purpose? Retrieved from:

https://www.forbes.com/sites/csr/2011/08/12/where-is-apples-social-

purpose/#76d01432499d

Lee, S.H., Mol, M., and Mellahi, K. (2016, March 22nd). Apple and Its Suppliers: Corporate

Social Responsibility. Ivey Publishing. Retrieved on October 18th, 2018 from

https://hbsp.harvard.edu/download?url=%2Fcourses%2F563408%2Fitems%2FW16147-

PDF-ENG%2Fcontent&metadata=e30%3D

Lopez, E. (August 7th, 2017). Labor risk prevails through the supply chain. Supply Chain

Dive. Retrieved on October 17th, 2018

from https://www.supplychaindive.com/news/labor-risk-management-spotlight-supply-

chain/448585/

Luk, G. (2018, January 17). How Much Would An iPhone Cost If Apple Were Forced To Make It

In America? Retrieved October 21, 2018, from

https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2018/01/17/how-much-would-an-iphone-cost-if-

apple-were-forced-to-make-it-in-america/#4736808d2d2a

McCarty, B. (August 24th, 2011). Steve Jobs resigns: It’s the end of an era, but not the end of

Apple. The Next Web. Retrieved on October 18th, 2018 from

https://thenextweb.com/apple/2011/08/25/steve-jobs-resigns-its-the-end-of-an-era-but-

not-the-end-of-apple/

Murdock, J. 2018. Apple: Human Rights Violations In Supply Chain Double In a Year, Reports

Revealed. Retrieved from: https://www.newsweek.com/apple-human-rights-violations-

supply-chain-double-year-reports-reveals-836247
Week 7 – Cast Study: Apple and Its Suppliers: Corporate Social Responsibility 18

Reisinger, D. 2018. Apple Says Workplace Violations Rise Among its Suppliers, But Overall

Compliance Improves. Retrieved from: http://fortune.com/2018/03/08/apple-supplier-

responsibility-2018/

Staff, C. N. (2011, October 06). Steve Jobs: A timeline. Retrieved October 21, 2018, from

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