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Essential Idea: Every Living Organism Inherits A Blueprint For Life From Its Parents
Essential Idea: Every Living Organism Inherits A Blueprint For Life From Its Parents
Essential Idea: Every Living Organism Inherits A Blueprint For Life From Its Parents
1 Genes
Essential idea: Every living
organism inherits a blueprint
for life from its parents.
Genes and hence genetic information is inherited from parents, but the
combination of genes inherited from parents by each offspring will be
different. In sexual reproduction each parent can only pass on 50% of there
genes as the other 50% comes from the second parent.
By Chris Paine
http://www.nature.com/scitable/content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/5
6538/shaw_family_FULL.jpg https://bioknowledgy.weebly.com/
http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/images/ch4_meiosissex.jpg
Understandings, Applications and Skills
Statement Guidance
3.1.U1 A gene is a heritable factor that consists of a length of
DNA and influences a specific characteristic.
3.1.U2 A gene occupies a specific position on a chromosome.
3.1.U3 The various specific forms of a gene are alleles.
3.1.U4 Alleles differ from each other by one or only a few
bases.
3.1.U5 New alleles are formed by mutation. Deletions, insertions and frame shift mutations do
not need to be included.
3.1.U6 The genome is the whole of the genetic information of
an organism.
3.1.U7 The entire base sequence of human genes was
sequenced in the Human Genome Project.
3.1.A1 The causes of sickle cell anemia, including a base Students should be able to recall one specific
substitution mutation, a change to the base sequence base substitution that causes glutamic acid to be
of mRNA transcribed from it and a change to the substituted by valine as the sixth amino acid in the
sequence of a polypeptide in hemoglobin. hemoglobin polypeptide.
3.1.A2 Comparison of the number of genes in humans with The number of genes in a species should not be
other species. referred to as genome size as this term is used
for the total amount of DNA. At least one plant
and one bacterium should be included in the
comparison and at least one species with more
genes and one with fewer genes than a human.
3.1.S1 Use of a database to determine differences in the base The Genbank® database can be used to search
sequence of a gene in two species. for DNA base sequences. The cytochrome C
gene sequence is available for many different
organisms and is of particular interest because of
its use in reclassifying organisms into three
domains.
3.1.U1 A gene is a heritable factor that consists of a length of DNA and influences a specific characteristic.
AND 3.1.U2 A gene occupies a specific position on a chromosome. AND 3.1.U3 The various specific forms
of a gene are alleles. AND 3.1.U4 Alleles differ from each other by one or only a few bases.
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/m
olecules/gene/
3.1.U1 A gene is a heritable factor that consists of a length of DNA and influences a specific characteristic.
AND 3.1.U2 A gene occupies a specific position on a chromosome. AND 3.1.U3 The various specific forms
of a gene are alleles. AND 3.1.U4 Alleles differ from each other by one or only a few bases.
c u s , b ut have a
u n d a t t h e same lo t e n ds to be
r e f o en c e
lle le s o f a gene a
q u e n c e . The sequ s s h o w n later on
A bases. A
r e nt D N A base se b y a f ew le base can
diffe differing o nly
nge to a s in g
ver y s im ila r,
c a u s in g a c h a
f un c t io n of the
. 1. A 1 ] a mutation t he s t r u cture and
[3
a la r g e impact on
have
in s y n t hesised.
prote
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/m
olecules/gene/
3.1.A2 Comparison of the number of genes in humans with other species.
Ma Pla
Humans see themselves as being more complex and evolved mm nt
than other species. Therefore you might well expect to see a al
larger number of genes in humans than in other organisms.
Q - When analysing an organisms’ complexity, what other than the count of an organisms’
genes needs to be considered?
https://www.sciencenews.org/sites/default/files/storyone_backstory_2.gif
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/chromosomes/in
tro/
http://web.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/index.shtml
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geno
me/guide/human/
http://web.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/index.shtml
“The first methods for sequencing DNA were developed in the mid-1970s. At that time, scientists
could sequence only a few base pairs per year, not nearly enough to sequence a single gene,
much less the entire human genome. By the time the HGP began in 1990, only a few laboratories
had managed to sequence a mere 100,000 bases, and the cost of sequencing remained very high.
Since then, technological improvements and automation have increased speed and lowered cost
to the point where individual genes can be sequenced routinely, and some labs can sequence well
over 100 million bases per year.” (https://www.genome.gov/10001177)
Learn.Genetics: What Is
Mutation?
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/vari
ation/mutation/
3.1.U5 New alleles are formed by mutation.
3.1.U5 New alleles are formed by mutation.
3.1.U5 New alleles are formed by mutation.
3.1.A1 The causes of sickle cell anemia, including a base substitution mutation, a change to the base
sequence of mRNA transcribed from it and a change to the sequence of a polypeptide in hemoglobin.
3.1.A1 The causes of sickle cell anemia, including a base substitution mutation, a change to the base
sequence of mRNA transcribed from it and a change to the sequence of a polypeptide in hemoglobin.
3.1.A1 The causes of sickle cell anemia, including a base substitution mutation, a change to the base
sequence of mRNA transcribed from it and a change to the sequence of a polypeptide in hemoglobin.
https://youtu.be/1fN7rOwDyMQ
3.1.S1 Use of a database to determine differences in the base sequence of a gene in two species.
Analysis:
• ‘Alignments’ allows you to visually check the results – this is easier
if the chosen gene has a short base sequence
• Under ‘Results Summary’ use the ‘Percent Identity Matrix’ to
quantify the overall similarity (0 = no similarity, 100 = identical)
• Under ‘Phylogenic Tree’ chose the ‘Real’ option for the Phylogram
to get a visual representation of how similar the species are (based
on the chosen gene).
http://bitesizebio.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/header-image-copy18.jpg
Bibliography / Acknowledgments
Bob Smullen