CSE-405 Computer Graphics

HOMEWORK NO: 1
Submitted by : Shubham Verma
Roll.No.- RE1801A09
Reg.no.- 10812557
Q1)Contrast the implementation of Display File/Frame Buffer for a Random Scan
System & Raster Scan System. Which type of system shall offer more consistent refresh
rate and why?
Ans.

A- Raster Scan displays have less resolution. The lines produced are ziz-zag as the
plotted values are discrete. High degree realism is achived in picture with the aid of
advanced shading and hidden surface technique. Decreasing memory costs have made
raster systems popular. In this case, the electron beam is swept across the screen, one
row at a time from top to bottom. Picture definition is stored in a memory area called
the refresh buffer/frame buffer. Refreshing on raster scan displays is carried out at the
rate of 60 to 80 frames/second.

Random Scan displays have high resolutions since the picture definition is stored as a
set of line drawing commands and not as a set of intensity values. Smooth lines are
produced as the electron beam directly follows the line path. Realism is difficult to
achieve.
Random-scan system's are generally costlier. Here CRT has the electron beam directly
only to the parts of the screen where a picture is to be drawn. Picture definition is
stored as a set of line drawing commands in an area of memory referred to as refresh
display file. Random scan systems are designed to draw all the component lines of a
picture 30 to 60 times each second.

Q2)Using Polynomial method (by definition), scan-convert the line joining the points:
a) (20,15) and (10, 20)
b) (10,10) and (15, 20)
Ans.a) x1=20,x2=10,y1=15,y2=20

M= y2-y1/x2-x1

M= 20-15/10-20

M= 5/-10

M= -0.5
15=20*-0.5+c
15 = -10+c
15+10 = c
25 = c

We will do sampling of y

Y X

15 20

16 18

17 16

18 14

19 12

20 10

b) X1=10, x2=15
y1=10, y2=20

M=y2-y1/x2-x1

M=20-10/15-10

M=10/5

M=2

Y=m*x + c
10=2*10 + c
10=20 + c
10-20 = c
-10 = c

We will do sampling of x as |x| is greater then y

X Y

10 10

11 12

12 14

13 16
 14 18

15 20

Q3)Determine the most appropriate pixels that will be plotted when DDA algorithm is
used to draw a line joining the points (10,12) and (20,20)

Ans) X1=10,X2=20,Y1=12,Y2=20

M=Y2-Y1/X2-X1

M=20-12/20-10

M=8/10

M=0.8

K Pk (Xk+1,Yk+1)

0 10 (12.0,12)
1 11 (12.8,13)
2 12 (13.6,13)
3 13 (14.4,14)
4 14 (15.2,15)
5 15 (16.0,16)
6 16 (16.8,17)
7 17 (17.6,18)
8 18 (18.4 ,18)
9 19 (19.2,19)
10 20 (20,20)

Q4)Use Bresenham's Circle algorithm to scan-convert a circle with radius 10 pixels

centred at (10, 20).

Ans. Radius =10

Points = 10,20

P0=3-2r

P0=3-2(10)

P0=3-20

P0=-17

K Pk (Xk+1,Yk+1)

0 -17 (1,10)
1 -11 (2,10)
2 -1 (3,10)
 3 13 (4,9)
4 -5 (5,9)
5 17 (6,8)
6 11 (7,7)

8 symmetry points are :-

When value of k is 0 then pixels are (11,30) (9,30) (11,10) (9,10) (20,21) (0,21) (20,19) (0,19)
When value of k is 1 then pixels are (12,30) (8,30) (12,10) (8,10) (20,22) (0,22) (20,18) (0,18)
When value of k is 2 then pixels are (13,30) (7,30) (13,10) (7,10) (20,23) (0,23) (20,17)
(20,17)
When value of k is 3 then pixels are (14,24) (6,24) (14,16) (6,16) (19,24) (1,24) (19,16) (1,16)
When value of k is 4 then pixels are (15,29) (5,29) (15,11) (5,11) (19,25) (1,25) (19,15) (1,15)
When value of k is 5 then pixels are (16,28) (4,28) (16,12) (4,12) (18,26) (2,26) (18,14) (2,14)
When value of k is 6 then pixels are (17,27) (3,27) (17,13) (3,13) (17,27) (3,27) (17,13) (3,13)

Q5)Explore the technology behind the 3D LCD TVs available in the consumer market.
Compare the features of their models manufactured by LG and Samsung electronics.
Ans.
The key to understanding how 3D technology works is in understanding how we see. When
we look at an object, especially one that is close, each eye sees it at a different angle. The
brain then calculates depth using this information. One of the reasons we are able to see depth
because of the space between our eyes and manufacturers try to mimic that. They send signals
in a way that each eye gets a different image.

One concept commonly used in displaying 3D images is polarization. Understand

polarization. 3D glasses use polarized lenses, which are essentially filters that restrict some
light from passing through. Two different polarized images are projected and each lens blocks
out one of them. This way, each eye gets a different perspective of the same image. This
method is commonly used in theaters that play 3D movies.

Processing speed will be one of the battlegrounds between these competing technologies.
Refresh rates in LCD and LED TVs have been increasing lately to 120Hz and 240Hz
specifications. In some simple interpolation we can see that most LCD/LED TVs will not be
able to produce full 1080p HD viewing through both eyes. In fact one is likely to see
something in the nature of 700 to 900 lines of effective resolution in a 240Hz specification
LCD/LED TV. For the simple reason that LCD TVs will typically not be able to show 3D
content in full HDTV 1080p. Through some light math and experimentation, our best
estimates come in at about 600 lines of effective resolution capability for a 120Hz LCD
HDTV, and 700 to 800 lines of effective resolution for a true 240Hz LCD TV.
Now,Comparing the features(almost reviewing the product)

Samsung:

The Samsung UN55C7000 features a 240Hz LCD flatpanel capable of full 1080p display. 3D
Display is enabled by the display of time-sequential 3D content which is in sync with
Samsung’s Active Shutter 3D Glasses. If you are curious about how 3D TVs work, be sure to
read our comprehensive 3D TV technology guide. Samsung will be releasing these 3D glasses
to the market shortly as new 3D content is made available. You can read ourguide on 3D
glasses technology to learn more about how these glasses will work.
Samsung 3D Glasses have been released just in time for the new 3D content that is being
made available. These 3D Glasses from Samsung are bundled along with a free copy of the 3-
D Blu-Ray version of Monster’s vs Aliens and are meant to be used with the C7000, C8000
and C9000 series of Samsung 3D HDTVs. The 240Hz display of the UN46C7000 allows for a
120Hz viewing refresh rate per eye, thus minimizing flickering and eye fatigue and providing
a smooth viewing experience.
240Hz Refresh Rate – The 240Hz refresh rate of the UN55C7000 enables smooth display of
fast moving video content by minimizing ghosting and motion blur. In addition, since 240Hz
is a direct multiple of 24, the TV is capable of a 10:10 pull down of 24fps video content (all
movies) thus allowing for a judder free image. Finally, the increased refresh rate results in
aneffective refresh rate of 120Hz per eye when viewing 3D content using the Active 3D
Glasses. This results in a very smooth, flicker-free 3D experience.
 The Samsung UN55C7000 features a beautiful swivel stand with a chrome finish

Screen Size and Appearance

This sexy TV uses conventional LCD technology along with Samsung’s new LED edge lit
backlighting system. LED Backlighting allows Samsung to push the limits of flatspanel
thickness as is evident with this 3D TV. The UN55C8000 has a gorgeous 55 inch screen. This
TV is sure to turn heads in your living room with its beautiful metallic looks and ultra-thin
LED backlit panel. Additionally, it features a sleek, heavy duty 4 legged, swivel stand with a
metallic chrome finish.
Optimal Viewing Distance
The optimal viewing distance for this 1080p screen is around 7-8.5 feet. Be sure to read
ourguide on calculating the best viewing distance and screen size for your 3D TV. It will help
you correctly choose the optimal TV screen size and viewing distance for your home.

Media, Internet and other Connectivity

The Samsung UN55C7000 features internet connectivity via a regular Ethernet port. This
enables the use of Samsung’s “internet@TV” software capabilities. Samsung is also going to
provide an iPhone-esque App Store which allows for the streaming of movies and images
from Netflix, Youtube, Flickr, Picasa as well as a host of other news and media content
providers straight to your 3D TV.
With USB 2.0 connectivity, the UN55C7000 allows you to play videos, view slideshows or
listen to music effortlessly.
LG:
 In this review of the LG 47LX9500 3D TV, we will take a look
at a number of new features introduced with the LX9500 series from LG. The 47LX9500 is
part of LG’s flagship LX9500 line of 3D ready TVs and it features a gorgeous 47 inch, 480Hz
LED backlit LCD display. Other bells and whistles include a Wii like remote called the
‘Magic Wand’ for interacting with the TV and the Clear Voice II feature that enhances the
volume and clarity of dialogues in movies and shows without affecting the background
music/sound effects.

7LX9500 Features and Specifications

• 3D Ready HDTV
• 47” Screen
• 480Hz Trumotion
• Full LED slim display panel with local dimming (240 zones)
• Elegant aesthetics with an attractive ‘glass like’ appearance and ultra-thin bezel
• THX certified display
• Wireless HD streaming for a cable-less setup
• Magic Wand Remote Control
• Internet enabled with NetCast for seamless integration with several online services

Screen Size and Appearance

The aesthetics of the LG 47LX9500 was one of the standout features in

this review. With a revolutionary ultra-slim 8.5 mm bezel, this 47 inch 3D flatpanel is all
image, and that is a good thing. This allows the viewer to take in the rich colors and vibrant
images on the screen without being distracted by a thick bezel. We hope that the 47LX9500
sets the bar for other manufacturers and that they will follow suit by moving towards
producing HDTVs with ultra-thin bezels.
LG has taken a minimalist approach in the design of the 47LX9500 with an elegant glassy
look for this 3D TV. As you can see in the images, the base of the TV as well as most of the
body has a very elegant, glass like appearance. We love the look of the 47LX9500 and it
looks to be one of the best looking 3D TVs of 2010.
The 47LX9500 flatpanel display is also quite slim, measuring just 0.92 inches thick. While
this is certainly not as thin as some of the edge-lit LED 3D TVs like the Samsung 3D ready
TVs, it does have the advantage of not being edge-lit, which allows for a more uniform
backlighting in the 47LX9500.
All in all, the LG 47LX9500 is definitely a great looking display with its minimalist, glassy
look and an ultra-thin bezel.

LG 47LX9500 Display Technology

As mentioned earlier in this review, the 47LX9500 is an LCD display with LED backlighting.
Additionally, this HDTV features local dimming technology with 240 separate dimmable
zones. Local dimming technology allows for deeper black levels which helps mitigate one of
the chief drawbacks of LCD displays, namely the backlight bleeding in dark regions of the
screen. While some of the earlier televisions featuring local dimming suffered from having
very few independent dimmable zones, the 47LX9500 has 240 zones which should allow for a
significant improvement in the quality of the local dimming. Keep in mind that Toshiba has
surpassed the LX9500 series in this area with the Toshiba Cell TV that features a
whopping512 locally dimmable LED zones.

Picture Quality of the 47LX9500 3D TV

We will hold off on a final verdict on the image quality of the 47LX9500 display till it is
released and we get a chance to have a closer look at it. However, we should mention that the
47LX9500 is a THX certified 3D television. What this means is that this HDTV has passed
over 30 rigorous tests that are designed by THX. THX certification implies that the
47LX9500 should deliver an exceptional movie viewing experience.
Flatpanel resolution
The 47LX9500 has a native resolution of 1080p, i.e. 1920 x 1080. This is pretty much the
standard for all 3D TVs being released in 2010. The only exception to this rule is the Toshiba
Cell TVs which have a native 2K display. However, given that there aren’t any sources of HD
content with a resolution higher that 1080p, this resolution should be plenty for the next 5-6
years.
Refresh Rate and Processing
The LG 47ZX9500 features a 480Hz trumotion display that achieves this ultra-high refresh
rate by using the scanning backlight technique. While the 480Hz number definitely seems
impressive on paper, we are quite sure that you would be hard pressed to tell any difference
between this television and a regular 240Hz 3D display. Also, make sure to turn off any
processing and motion interpolation for regular 2D content and movies as the extra
interpolation tends to give the movie a very cheap looking quality.
Viewing Angle
The 47ZX9500 viewing angle should be in line with most other LED televisions and is around
40 degrees. Plasma 3D TVs definitely have a better viewing angle. However, make sure to
read our guide on 3D TV viewing angles before you choose a 3D HDTV based on the
viewing angle specifications of the TV.

3D Technology
LG, like most other manufacturers in 2010, has adopted Active shutter based 3D technology
for the LX9500 series. Given that the advantages of Active Shutter technology when it comes
to LCD and Plasma panels, this seems to be the right choice. The 240Hz refresh rate per eye
will allow for an immersive and smooth 3D viewing experience. In addition, the 1080p
display will enable HD enjoyment of 3D content on the 47LX9500.

Media, Internet and Connectivity

The LG 47LX9500 has a large number of A/V ports including 4

HDMI ports, 2 sets of component inputs, a VGA port and 2 USB ports. This television set
also supports DLNA, which means that you will be able to easily stream media to your 3D
TV via devices that support DLNA.
One of the awesome features of the 47LX9500 is Wireless HD, which allows you to connect
all the input video cables to a mediabox instead of the actual TV. The mediabox can stream
full 1080p content wirelessly to the TV, thus allowing for a cable less setup for your TV in
your home. You can also connect to the internet wirelessly and using LG’s online suite of
internet Apps titled NetCast you can access a host of services including Yahoo, VUDU,
Pandora, Netflix, Accuweather, Skype, Youtube, etc.

Conclusion
The LG 47LX9500 is a very capable 3D TV with a great feature set. In particular, we liked
the aesthetics of this television, coupled with its 240 zone, locally dimmable LED display,
Wireless HD support and internet support. While the 480Hz rating is certainly nice to look at,
we highly doubt that it will produce any easily discernible benefit over 240Hz displays. We
believe that if the 47LX9500 has a competitive price in comparison to Toshiba and
Samsung’s latest 3D TV offerings, then it will certainly be an attractive option for consumers.
Stay tuned for a more comprehensive review of this 3D TV.

Samsung Vs LG: 3-D TV Glasses – Different Approaches

How much have the bulky goofy looking glasses put we off purchasing a 3D TV? Sales from
the last year would say quite a lot. With that in mind we wanted to report on a couple of
different approaches that have been taken by two of the leading brands in television retailing.
Firstly let’s have a look at Samsung; according to tbo.com Samsung’s estimations say that
they sold 1 million units in the US alone. This is pretty far short of their estimated sales of 3-4
million. Many of us have actually been a little disappointed with the 3D experience.

LG were the first of all the major TV manufacturers to announce the new 3D TV sets on the
Wednesday prior to the CES 2011 event. They mentioned about a 47” and a 65” model that
would be coming out later in 2011 with the lighter 3D glasses. They also said that there would
be more than wer normal 2 pairs in a box, they would be stepping it up to 4. Great news if we
don’t want to be handing out another $100 per pair.

There are 2 different types of 3D glasses at the moment. There’s the passive and the active
styles, both with their own pro’s and con’s. There were a few problems with the battery
powered active glasses that use shutters as they had flickering images, which has been one of
the major frustrations with 3D TV.

The passive ones are the glasses that we receive if we are going to watch a 3D movie at the
cinema; they are lightweight at not manufacturer specific. The downside to them is they only
work with LCD TVs that have the extra layer on the screen.

Of course the major leap forward that everyone is now trying to get to is non-glasses 3D
effects on televisions, the technology has already been utilized for gaming with the Nintendo
3DS. What is to stop the same technology being replicated onto larger devices?

Toshiba are already aiming to start shipping glasses-free television sets in 2011 and 2012 as
they announced at CES and surely that is the next step. We can read another opinion on the
matter over at WSJ.com where Daisuke Wakabayashi has provided us with lots of
information about both passive and shutter controlled imaging as well as the sales for each of
the manufacturers. Wakabayashi also mentions how if consumers do go with the passive
glasses style then it would allow both LG and Vizio to close the gap on market share in the
TV retailing industry.

We have to wonder, if there was more available software from the movie industry and also
from the gaming industry, then perhaps the TV sets would rank slightly higher on peoples
wish lists. As things stand they are becoming a bit of an afterthought with the way things
stand on the quality of HD being so high. People will not make the jump to 3D if they do not
see it being any better than their current TV set, fact.

Q6)Suppose a system with 12 inches by 8 inches wide-screen video monitor that can
display 200 pixels per inch. If memory is organized as one byte words, and each pixel is
assigned three-bytes of storage in memory, what is the total size of frame buffer.
Ans. Now the system is 12*8 wide screen video monitor
With 200 pixels per inch
So no of pixels will be: 12*200=2400
8*200=1600
Hence total will be:2400*1600=3840000
Hence the total size of frame buffer=3840000*3=11520000