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Lesão Isquiotibiais Metodos e Exercícios de Recuperação - Métodos de Diagnóstico
Lesão Isquiotibiais Metodos e Exercícios de Recuperação - Métodos de Diagnóstico
Bryan C. Heiderscheit, PT, PhD1 • Marc A. Sherry, PT, DPT, LAT, CSCS2 • Amy Silder, PhD3
Elizabeth S. Chumanov, PhD4 • Darryl G. Thelen, PhD5
H
amstring strain injuries comprise a substantial percentage on the injury severity and location.17,31 Of
of acute musculoskeletal injuries incurred during sporting potentially greater concern is that one-
third of the hamstring injuries will recur
activities at the high school, collegiate, and professional
with the greatest risk during the initial
levels.20,64,77,86 Participants in track, football, and rugby are 2 weeks following return to sport.71 This
especially prone to this injury given the sprinting demands of these high early reinjury rate is suggestive of
sports,14,31,40,73 while dancers have a similar susceptibility due, in part, an inadequate rehabilitation program,26
to the extreme stretch incurred by the hamstring muscles.6 Over a 10- a premature return to sport,85 or a com-
bination of both.
year span among the players of was second only to knee sprains The occurrence of hamstring strain
1 National Football League team (n = 120).31 The average number injuries during high-speed running is
(1998-2007), the occurrence of SUPPLEMENTAL
VIDEO ONLINE
of days lost to this injury ranges generally believed to occur during ter-
hamstring strain injuries (n = 85) from 8 to 25, depending, in part, minal swing phase of the gait cycle,37,70
a perception supported by the objective
t SYNOPSIS: Hamstring strain injuries remain and readiness to return to sport. In this paper, we findings of 2 separate hamstring injury
a challenge for both athletes and clinicians, given first describe the diagnostic examination of an cases.41,84 During the second half of swing,
their high incidence rate, slow healing, and persis- acute hamstring strain injury, including discus- the hamstrings are active, lengthening and
tent symptoms. Moreover, nearly one third of these sion of the value of determining injury location in absorbing energy from the decelerating
injuries recur within the first year following a return estimating the duration of the convalescent period. limb in preparation for foot contact.21,93,105
to sport, with subsequent injuries often being more Based on the current available evidence, we then
The greatest musculotendon stretch is
severe than the original. This high reinjury rate propose a clinical guide for the rehabilitation of
suggests that commonly utilized rehabilitation acute hamstring injuries, including specific criteria incurred by the biceps femoris,94,96 which
programs may be inadequate at resolving possible for treatment progression and return to sport. may contribute to its tendency to be more
muscular weakness, reduced tissue extensibility, Finally, we describe directions for future research, often injured than the other 2 hamstring
and/or altered movement patterns associated with including injury-specific rehabilitation programs, muscles (semimembranosus and semiten-
the injury. Further, the traditional criteria used to objective measures to assess reinjury risk, and dinosus) during high-speed running (FIG-
determine the readiness of the athlete to return strategies to prevent injury occurrence.
URE 1).7 Running-related hamstring strain
t Level of evidence: Diagnosis/therapy/
to sport may be insensitive to these persistent
deficits, resulting in a premature return. There is injuries typically occur along an intra-
prevention, level 5. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther
mounting evidence that the risk of reinjury can be muscular tendon, or aponeurosis, and the
2010;40(2):67-81. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3047
minimized by utilizing rehabilitation strategies that adjacent muscle fibers.7,53 During recovery
incorporate neuromuscular control exercises and t KEY WORDS: functional rehabilitation, muscle from injury, the hamstrings must be prop-
eccentric strength training, combined with objec- strain injury, radiology/medical imaging, running,
tive measures to assess musculotendon recovery strength training
erly rehabilitated to safely handle high ec-
centric loading upon return to running.
Associate Professor, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI. 2 Director, Sports Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin
1
Health Sports Medicine Center, Madison, WI. 3 Research Associate, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI. 4 Research Associate,
Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI. 5 Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI. Acknowledgement of funding sources: National Football League Medical Charities, National Institutes of Health (AR 56201, RR 250121),
University of Wisconsin Sports Medicine Classic Fund. Address correspondence to Dr Bryan Heiderscheit, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health,
Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, 1300 University Ave MSC 4120, Madison, WI 53706-1532. E-mail: heiderscheit@ortho.wisc.edu
journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy | volume 40 | number 2 | february 2010 | 67
Activation
into injury mechanisms and recovery,
with the goal of developing better preven-
0
tion and more individualized rehabilita-
50 tion programs.
L (mm)
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris –50
Time of
peak stretch EXAMINATION
long head
Energy
400
absorption History
T
Power (W)
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris he majority of individuals with
short head hamstring strain injuries present
–400
with a sudden onset of posterior
thigh pain resulting from a specific activi-
ty, most commonly high-speed running.22
Athletes may describe the occurrence of
40 60 80 100
40 60 80 100 an audible pop, with the onset of pain
more common to injuries involving the
Gait Cycle (%)
proximal tendon,9 and are generally lim-
FIGURE 1. (A) The hamstring muscle group consists of the semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps ited by the pain from continuing in the
femoris muscles, with the biceps femoris long head being injured most often in high-speed running.30 (B) During activity. Individuals may also report hav-
the swing phase of running, the hamstrings are active, stretched (L, change in length relative to upright stance) ing pain at the ischial tuberosity when sit-
and absorbing energy from the decelerating swing limb, creating the potential circumstances for a lengthening ting, most commonly when the proximal
contraction injury.21 Reproduction of A is with permission of Springer Science+Business Media, ©2008.
tendon is involved.24 Because hamstring
Hamstring injuries that occur during pain, weakness, loss of range of motion), strain injuries have a high rate of recur-
activities such as dancing or kicking can as well as risk factors that may have been rence, patients may report a previous
occur during either slow or fast move- present prior to the injury. While the age hamstring injury, often adjacent to or
ments that involve simultaneous hip of the individual and a prior history of a near the current site of injury.
flexion and knee extension. Such move- hamstring strain have been consistently The mechanism of injury and tissues
ments place the hamstrings in a position identified as injury risk factors,13,32,33,74,103 injured have been shown to have impor-
of extreme stretch, with injuries most each is nonmodifiable. Suggested modifi- tant prognostic value in estimating the
commonly presenting in the semimem- able risk factors include hamstring weak- rehabilitation time needed to return to
branosus and its proximal free tendon (as ness, fatigue, and lack of flexibility,1,23,42,103 preinjury level of performance (TABLES
opposed to the intramuscular tendon).6,8 with a strength imbalance between the 1 and 2).6-9 That is, injuries involving an
These injuries tend to require a prolonged hamstrings (eccentric) and quadriceps intramuscular tendon or aponeurosis and
recovery period before an individual is (concentric) being most supported by adjacent muscle fibers (biceps femoris
able to return to the preinjury level of evidence.3,28,104 In addition, limited quad- during high-speed running6,7) typically re-
performance.8,17 Despite differences in riceps flexibility34 and strength and coor- quire a shorter convalescent period than
injury mechanisms and recovery time, dination deficits of the pelvic and trunk those involving a proximal, free tendon
current examination and rehabilitation muscles may contribute to hamstring (semimembranosus during dance and
approaches generally do not consider injury risk.19,87 As a result, current reha- kicking6,8,9). This finding is consistent with
injury location (ie, proximal free tendon bilitation programs typically include a the observation that injuries involving the
injuries versus intramuscular tendon and combination of interventions targeted at free tendon require a longer rehabilitation
adjacent muscle fibers) as part of the clin- each of these modifiable factors.65 period than those within the muscle tis-
ical decision-making process.6 The purposes of this clinical commen- sue.38 Severe injuries, such as complete or
The primary goal of a hamstring reha- tary are (1) to describe the diagnostic ex- partial ruptures of the hamstring muscles,
bilitation program is to return the athlete amination of the acute hamstring strain typically result from extreme and forceful
to sport at prior level of performance with injury with emphasis on tests and mea- hip flexion with the knee fully extended
minimal risk of injury recurrence. Achiev- sures that have prognostic value, (2) to (eg, water skiing),24 and often require op-
ing this objective requires consideration present a comprehensive rehabilitation erative intervention with extensive post-
of the musculoskeletal deficits directly guide based on existing evidence aimed surgical rehabilitation.50,58,83 Although a
resulting from the injury (eg, swelling, at minimizing both the convalescent pe- differential examination is always recom-
68 | february 2010 | volume 40 | number 2 | journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy
Injury Mechanism
Running at Maximal or Near-Maximal Speed Movement Involving Extreme Hip Flexion and Knee Extension
Activity Sports involving high-speed running Dancing or kicking
Involved muscle(s) Primary: biceps femoris, long head Semimembranosus, proximal tendon
Secondary: semitendinosus
Location Aponeurosis and adjacent muscle fibers, proximal greater than distal Proximal tendon and/or musculotendon junction
Distance from ischial tuberosity (cm)* 6.7 7.1 (range, –2.1 to 21.8) –2.3 0.8 (range, –3.4 to 1.1)
Length of injury (cm)† 18.7 7.4 (range, 6.0 to 34.6) 9.8 5.0 (range, 2.7 to 17.2)
*Distance between most caudal aspect of ischial tuberosity to most cranial aspect of injury. A negative value indicates the injury is cranial to the most distal
aspect of the ischial tuberosity.
†
Measured in cranial-caudal direction.
Injury Mechanism
Running at Maximal or Near-Maximal Speed Movement Involving Extreme Hip Flexion and Knee Extension
Ecchymosis Minimal None
Straight leg raise deficit* 40 20
Knee flexion strength deficit* 60 20
Level of pain Moderate Minor
Site of maximum pain (cm)† 12 6 (range, 5-24) 2 1 (range, 1-3)
Length of painful area (cm)‡ 11 5 (range, 5-24) 5 2 (range, 2-9)
Median time to preinjury level (wk)§ 16 (range, 6-50) 50 (range, 30-76)
* Percent deficit of injured limb compared to noninjured limb.
†
Distance from point of maximum palpatory pain to the ischial tuberosity.
‡
Measured in cranial-caudal direction.
§
Time needed for performance to return to preinjury level.
mended, the absence of a specific injury I having minimal damage, with grade III to return to preinjury level.6 Regardless,
mechanism should lead the examiner to being complete tear or rupture), and can we recommend that the following specific
consider other potential sources of poste- be used to estimate the convalescent pe- measures, as described below, be used
rior thigh pain (TABLE 3). riod and to design the appropriate reha- during the examination of all acute ham-
bilitation program.46 string injuries, at the very least to serve as
Physical Examination For injuries involving the intramus- a baseline from which progress can be as-
In the event of high suspicion of a ham- cular tendon and adjacent muscle fibers, sessed. These tests should be considered
string injury based on the injury mecha- a battery of tests that measure strength, as part of a comprehensive examination
nism and sudden onset of symptoms, range of motion, and pain can provide to identify deficits in adjacent structures
the purpose of the physical examination a reasonable estimate of rehabilitation that may have contributed to the ham-
is more to determine the location and duration.85,101 In fact, the actual reha- string injury (eg, strength of lumbopelvic
severity of the injury than its presence. bilitation duration was shown to be as muscles, quadriceps tightness).19,36,87
Hamstring strain injuries are commonly predictable from this clinical test combi-
classified according to the amount of pain, nation as from measures of injury sever- Strength
weakness, and loss of motion, resulting in ity obtained from a magnetic resonance Strength assessment of the hamstring
grades of I (mild), II (moderate), or III (MR) image.85 However, for injuries to muscles is recommended through manu-
(severe).65,85 These injury grades are con- the proximal free tendon, the amount of al resistance applied about the knee and
sidered to reflect the underlying extent of impairment identified from these tests is hip. Due to the biarticular nature of the
muscle fiber or tendon damage (eg, grade not predictive of the recovery time needed hamstring muscles and the accompany-
journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy | volume 40 | number 2 | february 2010 | 69
ing changes in musculotendon length that cession to estimate hamstring flexibility ischial tuberosity, in addition to measur-
occur with hip and knee flexion, multiple and maximum length.85,87,101 Typical ham- ing the total length of the painful region.
test positions are utilized to assess iso- string length should allow the hip to flex While both of these measures are used,
metric strength and pain provocation. 80° during the passive straight leg raise49 only the location of the point of maxi-
For example, with the patient in a prone and the knee to extend to 20° on the ac- mum pain (relative to the ischial tuber-
position and the hip stabilized at 0° of tive knee extension test.61 When assess- osity) is associated with the convalescent
extension, knee flexion strength should ing postinjury muscle length, the extent period. That is, the more proximal the site
be examined with resistance applied at of joint motion available should be based of maximum pain, the greater the time
the heel in both 15° and 90° of knee flex- on the onset of discomfort or stiffness needed to return to preinjury level.7
ion. Attempts to bias the medial or lateral reported by the patient. In the acutely The proximity to the ischial tuberos-
hamstrings by internal or external rota- injured athlete, these tests are often lim- ity is believed to reflect the extent of in-
tion of the lower leg, respectively, during ited by pain and thus may not provide an volvement of the proximal tendon of the
strength testing may assist in the determi- accurate assessment of musculotendon injured muscle, and therefore a greater
nation of the involved muscles. Because extensibility. Once again, a bilateral com- recovery period.7,8
the hamstring muscles also extend the parison is recommended.
hip, we recommend that hip extension Differential Examination
strength be assessed with the knee posi- Palpation As part of the differential examination
tioned at 90° and 0° of flexion while re- Palpation of the posterior thigh is use- process, additional sources of posterior
sistance is applied to the distal posterior ful for identifying the specific region in- thigh pain should be considered (TABLE 3).
thigh and heel, respectively. It is impor- jured through pain provocation, as well For example, adverse neural tension has
tant to note that pain provocation with as determining the presence/absence of been implicated with posterior thigh pain
this assessment is as relevant a finding a palpable defect in the musculotendon and can be assessed using the active slump
as weakness, and a bilateral comparison unit. With the patient positioned prone, test.59,85,95,101 The reproduction of symptoms
should be performed for each measure. repeated knee flexion-extension move- related to the forward-slumped posture
ments without resistance through a small suggests a more proximal contribution (eg,
Range of Motion range of motion may assist in identifying sciatic nerve, lumbar spine) to the posteri-
Similar to strength testing, range-of- the location of the individual hamstring or thigh pain.59,75 This finding is more likely
motion tests should consider both the muscles and tendons. With the knee to be observed in individuals who have sus-
hip and knee joints. Passive straight leg maintained in full extension, the point tained recurrent hamstring injuries due to
raise (hip) and active knee extension of maximum pain with palpation can be the residual inflammation and scarring
test (knee) are commonly used in suc- determined and located relative to the that has been suggested to interfere with
70 | february 2010 | volume 40 | number 2 | journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy
A
As hip adductor strain injuries are also advocated in these cases,24,55 with the area s stated above, the injury loca-
common during athletic events, careful of injury (edema, hemorrhage) depicted tion and severity based on findings
differentiation of the injured muscle is re- by echotexture and high signal intensity from the initial examination and
quired given the proximity of these mus- (T2-weighted images), respectively (FIG- MR imaging are useful in estimating
cles (eg, gracilis and adductor magnus and URE 2).22,55 While both imaging modalities the duration of rehabilitation required
longus) to the hamstrings. Adductor strain are considered equally useful in identify- before the athlete returns to sport. Spe-
injuries typically occur during movements ing hamstring injuries when edema and cifically, the following factors have been
involving quick acceleration or change of hemorrhage are present,25 MR imaging shown to require a greater convalescent
direction, as well as those requiring ex- is considered superior for evaluating in- period: (1) injury involving a proximal
treme hip abduction and external rota- juries to deep portions of the muscles,54 free tendon,6,8,9 (2) proximity of the in-
tion.60 Combined injury of the hamstrings or when a previous hamstring injury is jury to the ischial tuberosity,7,38 and (3)
(semimembranosus) and hip adductor present, as residual scarring can be mis- increased length and cross-sectional area
muscles (adductor magnus) has been ob- interpreted on an US image as an acute of injury.25,39,85,92 Despite injuries that in-
served during a sagittal split motion in injury.25 Due to its increased sensitivity in volve the intramuscular tendon and ad-
sports such as tennis,9 as well as during showing subtle edema, measuring the size jacent muscle fibers initially presenting
high kicking associated with dance.8 Pain of injury (length and cross- sectional area) as more severe (eg, greater tenderness
is typically reproduced with palpation of is more accurate with MR imaging.25 to palpation, range-of-motion loss, and
the adductor tendons on or near their in- Recent MR-imaging studies of acute weakness), the convalescent period is
sertion to the pubic ramus, as well as with grade I and II hamstring strain injuries typically less than that for injuries involv-
resisted hip adduction.69 Imaging proce- have indicated that abnormalities (eg, ing the proximal free tendon.6 This may
dures may be required for the final deter- edema) can confirm the presence and be reflective of the increased remodeling
mination of injury location and to rule out severity of injury, as well as provide a time required of tendinous injuries.38
other possible causes of inguinal pain.2 reasonable estimate of the rehabilitation Alternatively, postinjury scarring along
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FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Injury-Specific Rehabilitation
W
hile recent findings have
demonstrated the significance
that injury location and mecha-
nism have on the duration of the conva-
lescent period, these injury subtypes have
not been considered in the investigations
involving rehabilitation strategies. That
is, hamstring strains have received the
same treatment regardless of specific
injury location or mechanism, despite a
substantial difference in treatment du-
ration (TABLE 2).6,87 With the majority of
rehabilitation programs being designed
almost exclusively for running-related
injuries involving primarily muscular
tissue, future investigations need to be
performed to identify the most appropri-
ate rehabilitation strategy for the injuries
involving the proximal free tendon. It
may be reasonable to consider interven-
tions commonly employed to treat tendi-
nopathies (eg, Achilles tendinopathy) in
the latter injury type. Given the lengthy
FIGURE 4. Supine single-limb chair-bridge: (A) starting with 1 leg on stationary object, (B) raise hips and pelvis off
recovery period associated with proximal
ground.
free tendon injuries, there is the potential
for a significant impact by reducing the
time needed to recover.
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H
hamstring strength exercises as part of amstring strain injuries are A. Acute first-time hamstring strains during
preseason and in-season training for elite common in the athletic population slow-speed stretching: clinical, magnetic reso-
soccer players reduced the incidence of and have a high rate of recurrence. nance imaging, and recovery characteristics.
Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:1716-1724. http://
hamstring strain injuries (risk ratio, 0.43; Considering the multifaceted nature of dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546507303563
95% confidence interval: 0.19-0.98).3 hamstring injuries, the strength in local 9. Askling CM, Tengvar M, Saartok T, Thorstens-
While this may simply be attributed to and adjacent muscles, as well as range son A. Proximal hamstring strains of stretch-
ing type in different sports: injury situations,
the increase in peak hamstring eccentric of motion at the hip and knee, should be
clinical and magnetic resonance imaging
strength,68 it has also been suggested that evaluated during the physical examina- characteristics, and return to sport. Am J
the injury risk reduction benefit from ec- tion. Findings pertaining to the mecha- Sports Med. 2008;36:1799-1804. http://dx.doi.
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10. Ballinger A. Adverse effects of nonsteroidal anti-
the resultant shift in peak force develop- the musculotendon unit are important
inflammatory drugs on the colon. Curr Gastro-
ment to longer muscle lengths.15 Because in determining an accurate prognosis. enterol Rep. 2008;10:485-489.
of the increased occurrence of delayed An emphasis on neuromuscular control 11. Barlow A, Clarke R, Johnson N, Seabourne B,
onset muscle soreness resulting from ec- and eccentric strengthening is suggested Thomas D, Gal J. Effect of massage of the ham-
string muscle group on performance of the sit and
centric training and, therefore, potential for the successful return of the athlete to
reach test. Br J Sports Med. 2004;38:349-351.
for reduced patient compliance,35 a grad- sport, while reducing the risk of reinjury. 12. Barlow A, Clarke R, Johnson N, Seabourne B,
ual increase in training load and intensity Future research should include evaluating Thomas D, Gal J. Effect of massage of the ham-
is strongly recommended to minimize the effectiveness of current rehabilitation string muscles on selected electromyographic
characteristics of biceps femoris during sub-
these effects.3 programs, identifying appropriate return-
maximal isometric contraction. Int J Sports
Finally, because of its demonstrated to-sport criteria that can accurately predict Med. 2007;28:253-256.
importance to injury recovery,87 neuro- risk of reinjury, and developing effective 13. Bennell K, Tully E, Harvey N. Does the toe-touch
muscular control exercises targeting the strategies to prevent injury occurrence. t test predict hamstring injury in Australian Rules
footballers? Aust J Physiother. 1999;45:103-109.
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ennell KL, Crossley K. Musculoskeletal injuries
have been suggested for inclusion in ham- in track and field: incidence, distribution and risk
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amples of such movements include high 15. Brockett CL, Morgan DL, Proske U. Human
1. A gre JC. Hamstring injuries. Proposed aetiologi- hamstring muscles adapt to eccentric exercise
knee marching, quick-support running cal factors, prevention, and treatment. Sports by changing optimum length. Med Sci Sports
drills, forward-falling running drills, and Med. 1985;2:21-33. Exerc. 2001;33:783-790.
explosive starts, with a focus on postural 2. Anderson K, Strickland SM, Warren R. Hip and 16. Brockett CL, Morgan DL, Proske U. Predicting
groin injuries in athletes. Am J Sports Med. hamstring strain injury in elite athletes. Med Sci
control and power development. Follow-
2001;29:521-533. Sports Exerc. 2004;36:379-387.
ing a 6-week training in these exercises, 3. Arnason A, Andersen TE, Holme I, Engebretsen 17. Brooks JH, Fuller CW, Kemp SP, Reddin DB.
improvements in lower extremity control L, Bahr R. Prevention of hamstring strains in Incidence, risk, and prevention of hamstring
and movement discrimination have been elite soccer: an intervention study. Scand J muscle injuries in professional rugby union. Am
Med Sci Sports. 2008;18:40-48. http://dx.doi. J Sports Med. 2006;34:1297-1306. http://dx.doi.
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potential contribution to injury preven- 4. Asakawa DS, Pappas GP, Blemker SS, Drace 18. Brukner P, Khan K. Clinical Sports Medicine. 3rd
tion.19 In addition, a program emphasizing JE, Delp SL. Cine phase-contrast magnetic ed. Sydney, Australia: McGraw-Hill; 2006.
varying trunk movements during running resonance imaging as a tool for quantification 19. Cameron ML, Adams RD, Maher CG, Misson
of skeletal muscle motion. Semin Musculo- D. Effect of the HamSprint Drills training pro-
(eg, upright posture, forward flexed, and
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journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy | volume 40 | number 2 | february 2010 | 79
@ more information
Kalimo H. Effects of therapeutic ultrasound SC, Heiderscheit BC. Simulation of biceps
on the regeneration of skeletal myofibers after femoris musculotendon mechanics during the
experimental muscle injury. Am J Sports Med. swing phase of sprinting. Med Sci Sports Exerc. www.jospt.org
80 | february 2010 | volume 40 | number 2 | journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy
Proposed guide for the rehabilitation of acute hamstring strain injuries. Suggested exercises, including sets and repetitions, should be individualized to the patient. Progression through
the 3-phase program is estimated to require approximately 2 to 6 weeks but should be progressed on a patient-specific basis using criteria as indicated.
Phase 1 Phase 3
Goals Goals
1. Protect scar development 1. Symptom-free (eg, pain and tightness) during all activities
2. Minimize atrophy 2. Normal concentric and eccentric hamstring strength through full range of motion and
Protection speeds
Avoid excessive active or passive lengthening of the hamstrings 3. Improve neuromuscular control of trunk and pelvis
Ice 4. Integrate postural control into sport-specific movements
2-3 times/d Protection
Therapeutic exercise (performed daily) Avoid full intensity if pain/tightness/stiffness is present
1. Stationary bike 10 min Ice
2. Side-step 10 m, 3 1 min, low to moderate intensity, pain-free speed and stride Postexercise, 10-15 min, as needed
3. Grapevine 10 m, 3 1 min, low to moderate intensity, pain-free speed and stride Therapeutic exercise (performed 4-5 d/wk)
(ONLINE VIDEO) 1. Stationary bike 10 min
4. Fast feet stepping in place, 2 1 min 2. Side-shuffle 30 m, 3 1 min, moderate to high intensity, pain-free speed
5. Prone body bridge, 5 10 s and stride
6. Side body bridge, 5 10 s 3. Grapevine jog 30 m, 3 1 min, moderate to high intensity, pain-free speed
7. Supine bent knee bridge, 10 5 s and stride
8. Single-limb balance progressing from eyes open to closed, 4 20 s 4. Boxer shuffle 10 m, 2 1 min, moderate to high intensity, pain-free speed
Criteria for progression to next phase and stride
1. Normal walking stride without pain 5. A and B skips, starting at low knee height and progressively increasing, pain-free
2. Very low-speed jog without pain a. A skip is a hop-step forward movement that alternates from leg to leg and couples
3. Pain-free isometric contraction against submaximal (50%-70%) resistance during with arm opposition (similar to running). During the hop, the opposite knee is lifted
prone knee flexion (90°) manual strength test in a flexed position and then the knee and hip extend together to make the next step
(ONLINE VIDEO)
Phase 2 b. B skip is a progression of the A skip; however, the opposite knee extends prior to the
Goals hip extending recreating the terminal swing phase of running. The leg is then pulled
1. Regain pain-free hamstring strength, beginning in mid-range and progressing to a backward in a pawing type action. The other components remain the same as the A
longer hamstring length skip (ONLINE VIDEO)
2. Develop neuromuscular control of trunk and pelvis with progressive increase in 6. Forward-backward accelerations, 3 1 min; start at 5 m, progress to 10 m, then
movement speed 20 m (ONLINE VIDEO)
Protection 7. Rotating body bridge with dumbbells, 5-s hold each side, 2 10 reps
Avoid end-range lengthening of hamstrings while hamstring weakness is present 8. Supine single-limb chair-bridge, 3 15 reps, slow to fast speed (FIGURE 4)
Ice 9. Single-limb balance windmill touches with dumbbells, 4 8 reps per arm each leg
Postexercise, 10-15 min (FIGURE 5)
Therapeutic exercise (performed 5-7 d/wk) 10. Lunge walk with trunk rotation, opposite hand dumbbell toe touch and T-lift, 2 10
1. Stationary bike 10 min steps per limb
2. Side-shuffle 10 m, 3 1 min, moderate to high intensity, pain-free speed and stride 11. Sport-specific drills that incorporate postural control and progressive speed
3. Grapevine jog 10 m, 3 1 min, moderate to high intensity, pain-free speed and stride Criteria for return to sport
4. Boxer shuffle 10 m, 2 1 min, low to moderate intensity, pain-free speed and stride 1. Full strength without pain
(ONLINE VIDEO) a. 4 consecutive repetitions of maximum effort manual strength test in each prone
5. Rotating body bridge, 5-s hold each side, 2 10 reps (ONLINE VIDEO) knee flexion position (90° and 15°)
6. Supine bent knee bridge with walk-outs, 3 10 reps (FIGURE 3) b. Less than 5% bilateral deficit in eccentric hamstrings (30°/s): concentric quadri-
7. Single-limb balance windmill touches without weight, 4 8 reps per arm each limb ceps (240°/s) ratio during isokinetic testing
(ONLINE VIDEO) c. Bilateral symmetry in knee flexion angle of peak isokinetic concentric knee flexion
8. Lunge walk with trunk rotation, opposite hand-toe touch and T-lift, 2 10 steps per torque at 60°/s
limb (ONLINE VIDEO) 2. Full range of motion without pain
9. Single-limb balance with forward trunk lean and opposite hip extension, 5 10 s per 3. Replication of sport specific movements near maximal speed without pain
limb (ONLINE VIDEO) (eg, incremental sprint test for running athletes)
Criteria for progression to next phase
1. Full strength (5/5) without pain during prone knee flexion (90°) manual strength test
2. Pain-free forward and backward jog, moderate intensity
journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy | volume 40 | number 2 | february 2010 | 81