Door

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"Doors" redirects here. For the band, see The Doors. For other uses, see Door
(disambiguation).
Various examples of doors throughout the world

A door is a hinged or otherwise movable barrier that allows ingress into and egress
from an enclosure. The created opening in the wall is a doorway or portal. A door's
essential and primary purpose is to provide security by controlling access to the
doorway (portal). Conventionally, it is a panel that fits into the portal of
a building, room, or vehicle. Doors are generally made of a material suited to the
door's task. Doors are commonly attached by hinges, but can move by other means,
such as slides or counterbalancing.
The door may be moved in various ways (at angles away from the portal, by sliding
on a plane parallel to the frame, by folding in angles on a parallel plane, or by
spinning along an axis at the center of the frame) to allow or prevent ingress or
egress. In most cases, a door's interior matches its exterior side. But in other cases
(e.g., a vehicle door) the two sides are radically different.
Doors may incorporate locking mechanisms to ensure that only some people can
open them. Doors may have devices such as knockers or doorbells by which people
outside announce their presence. (In some countries, such as Brazil, it is customary
to clap from the sidewalk to announce one's presence.) Apart from providing access
into and out of a space, doors may have the secondary functions of ensuring privacy
by preventing unwanted attention from outsiders, of separating areas with different
functions, of allowing light to pass into and out of a space, of
controlling ventilation or air drafts so that interiors may be more effectively heated or
cooled, of dampening noise, and of blocking the spread of fire.
Doors may have aesthetic, symbolic, ritualistic purposes. Receiving the key to a door
can signify a change in status from outsider to insider. [1] Doors and doorways
frequently appear in literature and the arts with metaphorical or allegorical import as
a portent of change.

Contents

 1History
 2Design and styles
  3Types
o 3.1Hinged
o 3.2Sliding
o 3.3Rotating
o 3.4High-speed
o 3.5Automatic
o 3.6Other
 4Applications
 5Construction and components
o 5.1Paneling
o 5.2Board battening
o 5.3Ledging and bracing
o 5.4Impact resistance
o 5.5Frame and fill
o 5.6Flushing
o 5.7Moulding
o 5.8Swing direction
o 5.9Main materials
o 5.10Insulation and weatherstripping
o 5.11Dimensions
 5.11.1United States
 5.11.2Europe
o 5.12Doorways
o 5.13Related hardware
 6Safety
o 6.1Opening direction
o 6.2Stops
o 6.3Guards
o 6.4Glass
o 6.5Fire
o 6.6Automobiles
o 6.7Aircraft
 7See also
 8Notes
 9References
 10External links

History[edit]
The earliest recorded doors appear in the paintings of Egyptian tombs, which show
them as single or double doors, each of a single piece of wood. People may have
believed these were doors to the afterlife, and some include designs of the afterlife.
In Egypt, where the climate is intensely dry, doors weren't framed against warping,
but in other countries required framed doors—which, according to Vitruvius (iv. 6.)
was done with stiles (sea/si) and rails (see: Frame and panel), the enclosed panels
filled with tympana set in grooves in the stiles and rails. The stiles were the vertical
boards, one of which, tenoned or hinged, is known as the hanging stile, the other as
the middle or meeting stile. The horizontal cross pieces are the top rail, bottom rail,
and middle or intermediate rails.
The most ancient doors were made of timber, such as those referred to in the
Biblical depiction of King Solomon's temple being in olive wood (I Kings vi. 31-35),
which were carved and overlaid with gold. The doors that Homer mentions appear to
have been cased in silver or brass. Besides olive
wood, elm, cedar, oak and cypress were used. A 5,000-year-old door has been
found by archaeologists in Switzerland.[2]

Stone door in Hampi (India)

A massive door socket from Persepolis (modern-day Iran)

Ancient doors were hung by pivots at the top and bottom of the hanging stile, which
worked in sockets in the lintel and sill, the latter in some hard stone such
as basalt or granite. Those Hilprecht found at Nippur, dating from 2000 BC, were
in dolerite. The tenons of the gates at Balawat were sheathed with bronze (now in
the British Museum). These doors or gates were hung in two leaves, each about
2.54 m (100 in) wide and 8.2 m (27 ft) high; they were encased with bronze bands or
strips, 25.4 cm (10.0 in) high, covered with repoussé decoration of figures. The wood
doors would seem to have been about 7.62 cm (3.00 in) thick, but the hanging stile
was over 360 millimetres (14 in) diameter. Other sheathings of various sizes in
bronze show this was a universal method adopted to protect the wood pivots. In
the Hauran in Syria where timber is scarce, the doors were made of stone, and one
measuring 1.63 m (5.3 ft) by 0.79 m (31 in) is in the British Museum; the band on the
meeting stile shows that it was one of the leaves of a double door. At Kuffeir near
Bostra in Syria, Burckhardt found stone doors, 2.74 to 3.048 m (8.99 to 10.00 ft)
high, being the entrance doors of the town. In Etruria many stone doors are referred
to by Dennis.
Roman folding doors at Pompeii, from the 1st century AD, similar with Neoclassical doors from the 19th
century

Ancient Greek and Roman doors were either single doors, double doors, triple

doors, sliding doors or folding doors, in the last case the leaves were hinged and
folded back. In the tomb of Theron at Agrigentum there is a single four-panel door
carved in stone. In the Blundell collection is a bas-relief of a temple with double
doors, each leaf with five panels. Among existing examples, the bronze doors in
the church of SS. Cosmas and Damiano, in Rome, are important examples of
Roman metal work of the best period; they are in two leaves, each with two panels,
and are framed in bronze. Those of the Pantheon are similar in design, with narrow
horizontal panels in addition, at the top, bottom and middle. Two other bronze doors
of the Roman period are in the Lateran Basilica.
The Greek scholar Heron of Alexandria created the earliest known automatic door in
the 1st century AD during the era of Roman Egypt.[3] The first foot-sensor-activated
automatic door was made in China during the reign of Emperor Yang of Sui (r. 604–
618), who had one installed for his royal library. [3] The first automatic gate operators
were later created in 1206 by Arab inventor Al-Jazari.[4][need quotation to verify]
Copper and its alloys were integral in medieval architecture. The doors of the church
of the Nativity at Bethlehem (6th century) are covered with plates of bronze, cut out
in patterns. Those of Hagia Sophia at Constantinople, of the 8th and 9th century, are
wrought in bronze, and the west doors of the cathedral of Aix-la-Chapelle (9th
century), of similar manufacture, were probably brought from Constantinople, as also
some of those in St. Marks, Venice. The bronze doors on the Aachen Cathedral in
Germany date back to about 800 AD. Bronze baptistery doors at the Cathedral of
Florence were completed in 1423 by Ghiberti.[5] (For more information, see: Copper
in architecture).
Roman wall painting of an ornate door, in the Villa Boscoreale (Italy), from the 1st century AD

Of the 11th and 12th centuries there are numerous examples of bronze doors, the
earliest being one at Hildesheim, Germany (1015). The Hildesheim design affected
the concept of Gniezno door in Poland. Of others in South Italy and Sicily, the
following are the finest: in Sant
Andrea, Amalfi (1060); Salerno (1099); Canosa (1111); Troia, two doors (1119 and
1124); Ravello (1179), by Barisano of Trani, who also made doors for Trani
cathedral; and in Monreale and Pisa cathedrals, by Bonano of Pisa. In all these
cases the hanging stile had pivots at the top and bottom. The exact period when the
builder moved to the hinge is unknown, but the change apparently brought about
another method of strengthening and decorating doors—wrought-iron bands of
various designs. As a rule, three bands with ornamental work constitute the hinges,
with rings outside the hanging stiles that fit on vertical tenons set into the masonry or
wooden frame. There is an early example of the 12th century in Lincoln. In France,
the metalwork of the doors of Notre Dame at Paris is a beautiful example, but many
others exist throughout France and England.
In Italy, celebrated doors include those of the Battistero di San Giovanni (Florence),
which are all in bronze—including the door frames. The modeling of the figures, birds
and foliage of the south doorway, by Andrea Pisano (1330), and of the east doorway
by Ghiberti (1425–1452), are of great beauty. In the north door (1402–1424),
Ghiberti adopted the same scheme of design for the paneling and figure subjects as
Andrea Pisano, but in the east door, the rectangular panels are all filled, with bas-
reliefs that illustrate Scripture subjects and innumerable figures. These may the
gates of Paradise of which Michelangelo speaks.
Doors of the mosques in Cairo were of two kinds: those externally cased with sheets
of bronze or iron, cut in decorative patterns, and incised or inlaid, with bosses in
relief; and those of wood-framed with interlaced square and diamond designs. The
latter design is Coptic in origin. The doors of the palace at Palermo, which were
made by Saracenic workmen for the Normans, are fine examples in good
preservation. A somewhat similar decorative class of door is found in Verona, where
the edges of the stiles and rails are beveled and notched.
Glass door decorated with Art Nouveau elements, from the Singer House (Saint Petersburg, Russia)
In the Renaissance period, Italian doors are quite simple, their architects trusting
more to the doorways for effect; but in France and Germany the contrary is the case,
the doors being elaborately carved, especially in the Louis XIV and Louis
XV periods, and sometimes with architectural features such as columns and
entablatures with pediment and niches, the doorway being in plain masonry. While in
Italy the tendency was to give scale by increasing the number of panels, in France
the contrary seems to have been the rule; and one of the great doors
at Fontainebleau, which is in two leaves, is entirely carried out as if consisting of one
great panel only.
The earliest Renaissance doors in France are those of the cathedral of St.
Sauveur at Aix (1503). In the lower panels there are figures 3 ft (0.91 m). high
in Gothic niches, and in the upper panels a double range of niches with figures about
2 ft (0.61 m). high with canopies over them, all carved in cedar. The south door
of Beauvais Cathedral is in some respects the finest in France; the upper panels are
carved in high relief with figure subjects and canopies over them. The doors of the
church at Gisors (1575) are carved with figures in niches subdivided by classic
pilasters superimposed. In St. Maclou at Rouen are three magnificently carved
doors; those by Jean Goujon have figures in niches on each side, and others in a
group of great beauty in the center. The other doors, probably about forty to fifty
years later, are enriched with bas-reliefs, landscapes, figures and elaborate
interlaced borders.
NASA's Vehicle Assembly Building at the Kennedy Space Center contains the four
largest doors. The Vehicle Assembly Building was originally built for the assembly of
the Apollo missions' Saturn vehicles and was then used to support Space Shuttle
operations. Each of the four doors are 139 meters (456 feet) high. [6]
The oldest door in England can be found in Westminster Abbey and dates from
1050.[7] In England in the 17th century the door panels were raised with bolection or
projecting moldings, sometimes richly carved, around them; in the 18th century
the moldings worked on the stiles and rails were carved with the egg-and-
dart ornament.
Short visual history of doors

Fragment from an Ancient Egyptian tomb door, circa 2150

–1981 BC, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York
City)
 
 Ancient Greek door carved on the Hercules sarcophagus
from the Kayseri Archaeology Museum (Kayseri, Turkey)
  

Ancient Roman bronze doors of the Curia Julia, now in

the Basilica of St. John Lateran (Rome)
 
 Indian Mughal teak wood and brass door

Traditional Chinese folding doors in The Old Museum of

Wisteria (Changzhou, China)
 

Byzantine door of the Little Metropolis (Athens, Greece)

 
 

Islamic door decorated with geometric patterns in Morocco

 
 Romanesque door of the Saint Nicholas' Church
in Barfrestone (Kent, England)
 

Gothic door of the St Magnus

Cathedral (Kirkwall, Scotland, UK)
 

Russian door in Saint Basil's Cathedral (Moscow)

 
 

Brâncovenesc door of the Antim
Monastery (Bucharest, Romania), with a pisanie above it
 

Renaissance door in Gdańsk (Poland)
 

Baroque door in the Palace of Versailles (Versailles,

France)
 
 

Rococo door on Rue Monsieur-le-Prince (Paris)

 

Louis XVI door of the Hôtel Mortier de Sandreville, on Rue

des Francs-Bourgeois (Paris)
 

Neoclassical painted double-leaf door, 1790s, by Pierre

Rousseau, in the Cleveland Museum of Art (US)
 
 

African door with lock, late 19th or early 20th century, wood

with iron, from Burkina Faso, in the Brooklyn Museum (New
York City)
 

A decorated door from the Gandantegchinlen

Monastery (Mongolia)
 

Gothic Revival door on Rue Malebranche (Paris)

 


Egyptian Revival door of a mausoleum in the Forest Home
Cemetery (Wisconsin, US)
 

Rococo Revival door of the Hôtel de Breteuil (Paris)

 

Romanian Revival door of the Școala Centrală National

College on Strada Icoanei (Bucharest)
 

19th century Eclectic Classicist door on Rue La Bruyère

(Paris)
 
 

Beaux-Arts door of the Cantacuzino Palace (Bucharest)

 

Art Nouveau metal and glass door in Nancy (France), with

a big transparent awning above it
 

Stripped Classicist door of the Royal Palace of Bucharest,

now the National Museum of Art of Romania
 
 

Art Deco door in Angers (France)

Design and styles[edit]

Door of the Florence Baptistery called The Gates of Paradise, 1425–1452, gilded bronze, height: 5.2 m
Entrance of the Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna, Austria)

There are many kinds of doors, with different purposes. The most common type is
the single-leaf door, which consists of a single rigid panel that fills the doorway.
There are many variations on this basic design, such as the double-leaf
door or double door and French windows, which have two adjacent independent
panels hinged on each side of the doorway.

 A half door or Dutch door[8] or stable door is

divided in half horizontally. Traditionally the top
half opens so a worker can feed a horse or other
animal while the bottom half remains closed to
keep the animal inside. This style of door has
been adapted for homes.
 Saloon doors are a pair of lightweight swing
doors often found in public bars, and especially
associated with the American west. Saloon
doors, also known as cafe doors, often use
bidirectional hinges that close the door
regardless of which direction it opens by
incorporating springs. Saloon doors that only
extend from knee-level to chest-level are known
as batwing doors.
 A blind door, Gibb door, or jib door has no
visible trim or operable components. It blends
with the adjacent wall in all finishes, to appear as
part of the wall—a disguised door.[9]
 A French door consists of a frame around one or
more transparent or translucent panels (called
lights or lites) that may be installed singly, in
matching pairs, or even as series. A matching
pair of these doors is called a French window,
as it resembles a door-height casement window.
When a pair of French doors is used as a French
window, the application does not generally
include a central mullion (as do some casement
window pairs), thus allowing a wider
unobstructed opening. The frame typically
requires a weather strip at floor level and where
the doors meet to prevent water ingress.
An espagnolette bolt may let the head and foot of
each door be secured in one movement. The
slender window joinery maximizes light into the
room and minimizes the visual impact of the
doorway joinery when considered externally. The
doors of a French window often open outward
onto a balcony, porch, or terrace and they may
provide an entrance to a garden.
 A louvered door has fixed or movable wooden
fins (often called slats or louvers) which permit
open ventilation while preserving privacy and
preventing the passage of light to the interior.
Being relatively weak structures, they are most
commonly used for wardrobes and drying rooms,
where security is of less importance than good
ventilation, although a very similar structure is
commonly used to form window shutters. Double
louvred doors were introduced into Seagate, built
in Florida in 1929 by Gwendolyn and Powel
Crosley, that provided the desired circulation of
air with an added degree of privacy in that it is
impossible to see through the fins in any
direction.
 A composite door is a single leaf door that can
be solid or with glass, and is usually filled with
high density foam. In the United Kingdom,
composite doors are commonly certified to BS
PAS 23/24[10] and be compliant with Secured by
Design, an official UK police initiative. [11]
 A steel security door is one which is made from
strong steel, often for use on vaults and safe
rooms to withstand attack. These may also be
fitted with wooden outer panels to resemble
standard internal and external doors.[12]
 A flush door is a completely smooth door,
having plywood or MDF fixed over a light timber
 frame, the hollow parts of which are often filled
with a cardboard core material. Skins can also be
made out of hardboards, the first of which was
invented by William H Mason in 1924.
Called Masonite, its construction involved
pressing and steaming wood chips into boards.
Flush doors are most commonly employed in the
interior of a dwelling, although slightly more
substantial versions are occasionally used as
exterior doors, especially within hotels and other
buildings containing many independent dwellings.
 A moulded door has the same structure as that
of flush door. The only difference is that the
surface material is a moulded skin made of MDF.
Skins can also be made out of hardboards.
 A ledge and brace door often called board and
batten doors are made from multiple vertical
boards fixed together by two or more horizontal
timbers called ledges (or battens)and sometimes
kept square by additional diagonal timbers called
braces.
 A wicket door is a pedestrian door built into a
much larger door allowing access without
requiring the opening of the larger door.
Examples might be found on the ceremonial door
of a cathedral or in a large vehicle door in a
garage or hangar.
 A bifold door is a unit that has several sections,
folding in pairs. Wood is the most common
material, and doors may also be metal or glass.
Bifolds are most commonly made for closets, but
may also be used as units between rooms. Bi-
fold doors are essentially now doors that let the
outside in. They open in concert; where the
panels fold up against one another and are
pushed together when opened. The main door
panel (often known as the traffic door) is
accompanied by a stack of panels that fold very
neatly against one another when opened fully,
which almost look like room dividers.[13]
 A sliding glass door, sometimes called an
Arcadia door or patio door, is a door made
of glass that slides open and sometimes has a
screen (a removable metal mesh that covers the
door).
 Australian doors are a pair of plywood swinging
doors often found in Australian public houses.
These doors are generally red or brown in color
 and bear a resemblance to the more formal doors
found in other British Colonies' public houses.
 A false door is a wall decoration that looks like a
window. In ancient Egyptian architecture, this
was a common element in a tomb, the false door
representing a gate to the afterlife. They can also
be found in the funerary architecture of the desert
tribes (e.g., Libyan Ghirza).
 A doormat (also called door mat) is a mat placed
typically in front of or behind a door of a home.
This practice originated so that mud and dirt
would be less prevalent on floors inside a
building.

Types[edit]
The main types of door mechanisms

Hinged[edit]
Most doors are hinged along one side to allow the door to pivot away from the
doorway in one direction, but not the other. The axis of rotation is usually vertical. In
some cases, such as hinged garage doors, the axis may be horizontal, above the
door opening.
Doors can be hinged so that the axis of rotation is not in the plane of the door to
reduce the space required on the side to which the door opens. This requires a
mechanism so that the axis of rotation is on the side other than that in which the door
opens. This is sometimes the case in trains or airplanes, such as for the door to the
toilet, which opens inward.
A swing door has special single-action hinges that allow it to open either outward or
inward, and is usually sprung to keep it closed.
French doors are derived from an original French design called the casement door.
It is a door with lites where all or some panels would be in a casement door. A
French door traditionally has a moulded panel at the bottom of the door. It is called a
French window when used in a pair as double-leaved doors with large glass panels
in each door leaf, and in which the doors may swing out (typically) as well as in.
A Mead door, developed by S Mead of Leicester, swings both ways. It is susceptible
to forced entry due to its design.
A Dutch door or stable door consists of two halves. The top half operates
independently from the bottom half. A variant exists in which opening the top part
separately is possible, but because the lower part has a lip on the inside, closing the
top part, while leaving the lower part open, is not.
A garden door resembles a French window (with lites), but is more secure because
only one door is operable. The hinge of the operating door is next to the adjacent
fixed door and the latch is located at the wall opening jamb rather than between the
two doors or with the use of an espagnolette bolt.
Sliding[edit]
It is often useful to have doors which slide along tracks, often for space or aesthetic
considerations.
A bypass door is a door unit that has two or more sections. The doors can slide in
either direction along one axis on parallel overhead tracks, sliding past each other.
They are most commonly used in closets to provide access one side of the closet at
a time. Doors in a bypass unit overlap slightly when viewed from the front so they
don't have a visible gap when closed.
Doors which slide inside a wall cavity are called pocket doors. This type of door is
used in tight spaces where privacy is also required. The door slab is mounted to
roller and a track at the top of the door and slides inside a wall.
Sliding glass doors are common in many houses, particularly as an entrance to the
backyard. Such doors are also popular for use for the entrances to commercial
structures, although they are not counted as fire exit doors. The door that moves is
called the "active leaf", while the door that remains fixed is called the "inactive leaf".
Rotating[edit]
A revolving door has several wings or leaves, generally four, radiating from a
central shaft, forming compartments that rotate about a vertical axis. A revolving
door allows people to pass in both directions without colliding, and forms an airlock
maintaining a seal between inside and out.
A pivot door, instead of hinges, is supported on a bearing some distance away from
the edge, so that there is more or less of a gap on the pivot side as well as the
opening side. In some cases the pivot is central, creating two equal openings.
High-speed[edit]
A high-speed door is a very fast door some with opening speeds of up to 4 m/s,
mainly used in the industrial sector where the speed of a door has an effect on
production logistics, temperature and pressure control. high-speed clean room doors
are used in pharmaceutical industries for the special curtain and stainless steel
frames. They guarantee the tightness of all accesses. The powerful high-speed
doors have a smooth surface structure and no protruding edges. Therefore, they can
be easily cleaned and depositing of particles is largely excluded.
High-speed doors are made to handle a high number of openings, generally more
than 200,000 a year. They must be built with heavy duty parts and counterbalance
systems for speed enhancement and emergency opening function. The door curtain
was originally made of PVC, but was later also developed in aluminium and acrylic
glass sections. High Speed refrigeration and cold room doors with excellent
insulation values was also introduced with the Green and Energy
saving requirements.
In North America, the Door and Access Systems Manufacturing Association
(DASMA) defines high-performance doors as non-residential, powered doors,
characterized by rolling, folding, sliding or swinging action, that are either high-cycle
(minimum 100 cycles/day) or high-speed (minimum 20 inches(508 mm)/second), and
two out of three of the following: made-to-order for exact size and custom features,
able to withstand equipment impact (break-away if accidentally hit by vehicle), or
able to sustain heavy use with minimal maintenance.
Automatic[edit]
Automatically opening doors are powered open and closed either by electricity,
spring, or both. There are several methods by which an automatically opening door
is activated:

1. A sensor detects traffic is approaching.

Sensors for automatic doors are generally:
o A pressure sensor – e.g., a floor
mat which reacts to the pressure of
someone standing on it.
o An infrared curtain or beam which
shines invisible light onto sensors;
if someone or something blocks the
beam the door is triggered open.
o A motion sensor which uses low-
power microwave radar for the
same effect.
o A remote sensor (e.g. based on
infrared or radio waves) can be
triggered by a portable remote
control, or is installed inside a
vehicle. These are popular for
garage doors.
2. A switch is operated manually, perhaps after
security checks. This can be a push button
switch or a swipe card.
 3. The act of pushing or pulling the door triggers
the open and close cycle. These are also
known as power-assisted doors.
In addition to activation sensors, automatically opening doors are generally fitted with
safety sensors. These are usually an infrared curtain or beam, but can be a pressure
mat fitted on the swing side of the door. The safety sensor prevents the door from
colliding with an object by stopping or slowing its motion. A mechanism in modern
automatic doors ensures that the door can open in a power failure.
Other[edit]

Sectional doors for industry

Evolution Door, 2013

Up-and-over or overhead doors are often used in garages. Instead of hinges, it has

a mechanism, often counterbalanced or sprung, so it can lift and rest horizontally
above the opening. A roller shutter or sectional overhead door is one variant of this
type.
A tambour door or roller door is an up-and-over door made of narrow horizontal
slats and "rolls" up and down by sliding along vertical tracks and is typically found in
entertainment centres and cabinets.
Inward opening doors are doors that can only be opened (or forced open) from
outside a building. Such doors pose a substantial fire risk to occupants of occupied
buildings when they are locked. As such doors can only be forced open from the
outside, building occupants would be prevented from escaping. In commercial and
retail situations, manufacturers include a mechanism that lets an inward opening
door open outward in an emergency (often a regulatory requirement). This is called a
'breakaway' feature. Pushing the door outward at its closed position, through a
switch mechanism, disconnects power to the latch and lets the door swing outward.
Returning the door to the closed position restores power.
Rebated doors, a term chiefly used in Britain, are double doors having a lip or
overlap (i.e. a Rabbet) on the vertical edge(s) where they meet. Fire-rating can be
achieved with an applied edge-guard or astragal molding on the meeting stile, in
accordance with the American Fire door.
Evolution Door is a trackless door that moves in the same closure level as a sliding
door. The system is an invention of the Austrian artist Klemens Torggler. It is a
further development of the Drehplattentür [de] that normally consists of two rotatable,
connected panels which move to each other when opening. [14]

Applications[edit]

Transparent awning in Luxembourg, above a door

Architectural doors have numerous general and specialized uses. Doors are
generally used to separate interior spaces (closets, rooms, etc.)
for convenience, privacy, safety, and security reasons. Doors are also used to
secure passages into a building from the exterior, for reasons of climate control and
safety.
Doors also are applied in more specialized cases:

 A Blast-proof door is constructed to allow

access to a structure as well as to provide
protection from the force of explosions.
 A garden door is any door that opens to a
backyard or garden. This term is often used
specifically for French windows, double French
doors (with lites instead of panels), in place of
a sliding glass door. The term also may refer to
what is known as patio doors.[citation needed]
 A jib door is a concealed door, whose surface
reflects the moldings and finishes of the wall.
These were used in historic English houses,
mainly as servants' doors.[citation needed]
  A pet door (also known as a cat flap or dog door)
is an opening in a door to allow pets to enter and
exit without the main door's being opened. It may
be simply covered by a rubber flap, or it may be
an actual door hinged on the top that the pet can
push through. Pet doors may be mounted in a
sliding glass door as a new (permanent or
temporary) panel. Pet doors may be
unidirectional, only allowing pets to exit.
Additionally, pet doors may be electronic, only
allowing animals with a special electronic tag to
enter.
 A trapdoor is a door that is oriented horizontally
in a ceiling or floor, often accessed via a ladder.
 A water door or water entrance, such as those
used in Venice, Italy, is a door leading from a
building built on the water, such as a canal, to the
water itself where, for example, one may enter or
exit a private boat or water taxi.[15][16]

Construction and components[edit]

Parts of a panel or glazed door

Joint between midrail, lockrail and a gunstock stile

A frame and filled door

A hollow door with one face removed

Paneling[edit]
Panel doors, also called stile and rail doors, are built with frame and
panel construction. EN 12519 is describing the terms which are officially used in
European Member States. The main parts are listed below:

 Stiles – Vertical boards that run the full height of

a door and compose its right and left edges. The
hinges are mounted to the fixed side (known as
the "hanging stile"), and the handle, lock, bolt or
latch are mounted on the swinging side (known
as the "latch stile").
 Rails – Horizontal boards at the top, bottom, and
optionally in the middle of a door that join the two
stiles and split the door into two or more rows of
panels. The "top rail" and "bottom rail" are named
for their positions. The bottom rail is also known
as "kick rail". A middle rail at the height of the bolt
is known as the "lock rail", other middle rails are
commonly known as "cross rails".
  Mullions – Smaller optional vertical boards that
run between two rails, and split the door into two
or more columns of panels, the term is used
sometimes for verticals in doors, but more often
(UK and Australia) it refers to verticals in
windows.
 Muntin – Optional vertical members that divide
the door into smaller panels.
 Panels – Large, wider boards used to fill the
space between the stiles, rails, and mullions. The
panels typically fit into grooves in the other
pieces, and help to keep the door rigid. Panels
may be flat, or in raised panel designs. Can be
glued in or stay as a floating panel.
 Light – a piece of glass used in place of a panel,
essentially giving the door a window.
Board battening[edit]
Also known as ledges and braced, Board and batten doors are an older design
consisting primarily of vertical slats:

 Planks – Boards wider than 9" that extend the full

height of the door, and are placed side by side
filling the door's width.
 Ledges and braces – Ledges extend horizontally
across the door which the boards are affixed to.
The ledges hold the planks together. When
diagonally they are called braces which prevent
the door from skewing. On some doors,
especially antique ones, the ledges are replaced
with iron bars that are often built into the hinges
as extensions of the door-side plates.
Ledging and bracing[edit]
As board and Batten doors
Impact resistance[edit]
Impact-resistant doors have rounded stile edges to dissipate energy and minimize
edge chipping, scratching and denting. The formed edges are often made of an
engineered material. Impact-resistant doors excel in high traffic areas such as
hospitals, schools, hotels and coastal areas.
Frame and fill[edit]
This type consists of a solid timber frame, filled on one face, face with tongue and
groove boards. Quite often used externally with the boards on the weather face.
Flushing[edit]
Many modern doors, including most interior doors, are flush doors:
  Stiles and rails – As above, but usually smaller.
They form the outside edges of the door.
 Core material: Material within the door used
simply to fill space, provide rigidity and reduce
drumminess.
o Hollow-core – Often consists of
a lattice or honeycomb made
of corrugated cardboard, or thin
wooden slats. Can also be built with
staggered wooden blocks. Hollow-core
flush doors are commonly used as
interior doors.
 Lock block – A solid block of
wood mounted within a
hollow-core flush door near
the bolt to provide a solid
and stable location for
mounting the door's
hardware.
o Stave-core – Consists of wooden slats
stacked upon one another in a manner
similar to a board and batten door
(though the slats are usually thinner) or
the wooden-block hollow-core (except
that the space is entirely filled).
o Solid-core – Can consist of low-
density particle board or foam used to
completely fill the space within the
door. Solid-core flush doors (especially
foam-core ones) are commonly used
as exterior doors because they provide
more insulation and strength.
 Skin – The front and back faces of the door are
then covered with wood veneer,
thin plywood, sheet metal, fiberglass, or vinyl.
The wooden materials are usually layered with
the grain alternating direction between layers to
prevent warping. Fiberglass and metal-faced
doors are sometimes given a layer of cellulose so
that they may be stained to look like wood.
Moulding[edit]

 Stiles and rails – As above, but usually smaller.

They form the outside edges of the door.
 Core material: Material within the door used
simply to fill space, provide rigidity and reduce
druminess.
 o Hollow-core – Often consists of
a lattice or honeycomb made
of corrugated cardboard, extruded
polystyrene foam, or thin wooden slats.
Can also be built with staggered
wooden blocks. Hollow-core molded
doors are commonly used as interior
doors.[17]
 Lock block – A solid block of
wood mounted within a
hollow-core flush door near
the bolt to provide a solid
and stable location for
mounting the door's
hardware.
o Stave-core – Consists of wooden slats
stacked upon one another in a manner
similar to a board & batten door
(though the slats are usually thinner) or
the wooden-block hollow-core (except
that the space is entirely filled).
o Solid-core – Can consist of low-
density particle board or foam used to
completely fill the space within the
door. Solid-core flush doors (especially
foam-core ones) are commonly used
as exterior doors because they provide
more insulation and strength.
 Skin – The front and back faces of the door are
covered with HDF / MDF skins.
Swing direction[edit]
Door swings For most of the world[citation needed], door swings, or handing, are determined
while standing on the outside or less secure side of the door while facing the door
(i.e., standing on the side requiring a key to open, going from outside to inside, or
from public to private).
It is important to get the hand and swing correct on exterior doors, as the transom is
usually sloped and sealed to resist water entry, and properly drain. In some
custom millwork (or with some master carpenters), the manufacture or installer
bevels the leading edge (the first edge to meet the jamb as the door closes) so that
the door fits tight without binding. Specifying an incorrect hand or swing can make
the door bind, not close properly, or leak. Fixing this error is expensive or time-
consuming. In North America, many doors now come with factory-installed hinges,
pre-hung on the jamb and sills.
While facing the door from the outside or less secure side, if the hinge is on the right
side of the door, the door is "right handed"; or if the hinge is on the left, it is "left
handed". If the door swings toward you, it is "reverse swing"; or if the door swings
away from you, it is "Normal swing".
In other words,

 In the United States:

o Left hand hinge (LHH): Standing
outside (or on the less secure side, or
on the public side of the door), the
hinges are on the left and the door
opens in (away from you).
o Right hand hinge (RHH): Standing
outside (or on the less secure side),
the hinges are on the right and the
door opens in (away from you).
o Left hand reverse (LHR): Standing
outside the house (or on the less
secure side), the hinges are on the left,
knob on right, on opening the door it
swings toward you (i.e. the door
swings open toward the outside, or
"outswing")
o Right hand reverse (RHR): Standing
outside the house (i.e. on the less
secure side), the hinges are on the
right, knob on left, opening the door by
pulling the door toward you (i.e. open
swings to the outside, or "outswing")
 In Europe:
o One of the oldest DIN standard
applies: DIN 107 "Building
construction; identification of right and
left side" (first 1922–05, current 1974-
04) defines that doors are
categorized from the side where the
door hinges can be seen. If the
hinges are on the left, it is a DIN Left
door (DIN links, DIN gauche), if the
hinges are on the right, it is a DIN
Right door (DIN rechts, DIN droite).
The DIN Right and DIN Left marking
are also used to categorize matching
installation material such as mortise
locks (referenced in DIN 107). The
European Standard DIN EN 12519
"Windows and pedestrian doors.
Terminology" includes these definitions
of orientation.
 In Australia:
o The "refrigerator rule" applies, and a
refrigerator door is not opened from the
inside. If the hinges are on the right
 then it is a right hand (or right hung)
door. (Australian Standards for
Installation of Timber Doorsets, AS
1909–1984 pg 6.)
o In public buildings, exterior doors open
to the outside to comply with applicable
fire codes. In a fire, a door that opens
inward could cause a crush of people
who can't open it.[18]
Main materials[edit]
New exterior doors are largely defined by the type of materials they are made
from: wood, steel, fiberglass, UPVC/vinyl, aluminum, composite, glass (patio
doors)...
Wooden doors – including solid wood doors – are a top choice for many
homeowners, largely because of the aesthetic qualities of wood. Many wood doors
are custom-made, but they have several downsides: their price, their maintenance
requirements (regular painting and staining) and their limited insulating value [19] (R-5
to R-6, not including the effects of the glass elements of the doors). Wood doors
often have an overhang requirement to maintain a warranty. An overhang is a roof,
porch area or awning that helps to protect the door and its finish from UV rays.
Steel doors are another major type of residential front doors; most of them come
with a polyurethane or other type of foam insulation core – a critical factor in a
building's overall comfort and efficiency. Steel doors mostly in default comes along
with frame and lock system, which is a high cost efficiency factor compared
to Wooden doors.
Most modern exterior walls provide thermal insulation and energy efficiency, which
can be indicated by the Energy Star label or the Passive House standards.
Premium composite (including steel doors with a thick core of polyurethane or other
foam), fiberglass and vinyl doors benefit from the materials they are made from,
from a thermal perspective.
Insulation and weatherstripping[edit]
This section provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with
the subject. Please help improve the article by providing more context
for the reader. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this
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But there are very few door models with an R-value close to 10 (which is far less
than the R-40 walls or the R-50 ceilings of super-insulated buildings – Passive
Solar and Zero Energy Buildings). Typical doors are not thick enough to provide very
high levels of energy efficiency.
Many doors may have good R-values at their center, but their overall energy
efficiency is reduced because of the presence of glass and reinforcing elements, or
because of poor weatherstripping and the way the door is manufactured.
Door weatherstripping is particularly important for energy efficiency. German-made
passive house doors use multiple weatherstrips, including magnetic strips, to meet
higher standards. These weatherstrips reduce energy losses due to air leakage.
Dimensions[edit]
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent
a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article,
discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as
appropriate. (September 2010)  (Learn how and when to remove this
template message)
United States[edit]
Standard door sizes in the US run along 2" increments. Customary sizes have a
height of 78" (1981 mm) or 80" (2032 mm) and a width of 18" (472 mm), 24"
(610 mm), 26" (660 mm), 28" (711 mm), 30" (762 mm) or 36" (914 mm).[20] Most
residential passage (room to room) doors are 30" x 80" (762 mm x 2032 mm).
A standard US residential (exterior) door size is 36" x 80" (91 x 203 cm). Interior
doors for wheelchair access must also have a minimum width of 3'-0" (91 cm).
Residential interior doors are often somewhat smaller being 6'-8" high, as are many
small stores, offices, and other light commercial buildings. Larger commercial, public
buildings and grand homes often use doors of greater height. Older buildings often
have smaller doors.
Thickness: Most pre-fabricated doors are 1 3/8" thick (for interior doors) or 1 3/4"
(exterior).
Closets: small spaces such as closets, dressing rooms, half-baths, storage rooms,
cellars, etc. often are accessed through doors smaller than passage doors in one or
both dimensions but similar in design.
Garages: Garage doors are generally 7'-0" or 8'-0" wide for a single-car opening.
Two car garage doors (sometimes called double car doors) are a single door 16'-0".
Because of size and weight these doors are usually sectional. That is split into four
or five horizontal sections so that they can be raised more easily and don't require a
lot of additional space above the door when opening and closing. Single piece
double garage doors are common in some older homes.
Europe[edit]
Standard DIN doors are defined in DIN 18101 (published 1955–07, 1985–01, 2014-
08). Door sizes are also given in the construction standard for wooden door panels
(DIN 68706-1). The DIN commission created the harmonized European standard
DIN EN 14351-1 for exterior doors and DIN EN 14351-2 for interior doors (published
2006–07, 2010-08), which define requirements for the CE marking and provide
standard sizes by examples in the appendix.
The DIN 18101 standard has a normative size (Nennmaß) slightly larger than the
panel size (Türblatt) as the standard derives the panel sizes from the normative size
being different single door vs double door and molded vs unmolded doors. DIN
18101/1985 defines interior single molded doors to have a common panel height of
1985 mm (normativ height 2010 mm) at panel widths of 610 mm, 735 mm, 860 mm,
985 mm, 1110 mm, plus a larger door panel size of 1110 mm x 2110 mm.[21] The
newer DIN 18101/2014 drops the definition of just five standard door sizes in favor of
a basic raster running along 125 mm increments where the height and width are
independent. Panel width may be in the range 485 mm to 1360 mmm, and the height
may be in the range of 1610 mm to 2735 mm.[22] The most common interior door is
860 mm x 1985 mm (33.8" x 78.1").
Doorways[edit]

A diagram illustrating the components of a panel door

When framed in wood for snug fitting of a door, the doorway consists of two
vertical jambs on either side, a lintel or head jamb at the top, and perhaps
a threshold at the bottom. When a door has more than one movable section, one of
the sections may be called a leaf. See door furniture for a discussion of attachments
to doors such as door handles, doorknobs, and door knockers.

 Lintel – A horizontal beam above a door that

supports the wall above it. (Also known as
a header)
 Jambs or legs – The vertical posts that form the
sides of a door frame, where the hinges are
mounted, and with which the bolt interacts.
 Sill (for exterior doors) – A horizontal sill
plate below the door that supports the door
frame. Similar to a Window Sill but for a door
 Threshold (for exterior doors) – A horizontal plate
below the door that bridges the crack between
the interior floor and the sill.
 Doorstop – a thin slat built inside the frame to
prevent a door from swinging through when
closed, an act which might break the hinges.
 Architrave – The decorative molding that outlines
a door frame. (called an Archivolt if the door is
arched). Called door casing or brickmold in North
America.
 

Front door of a house with typical door furniture: a letter

box, door knocker, a latch and two locks
 

A door knocker with putti holding a cartouche, in Paris

 

Pair of door knobs in the Galerie dorée de la Banque de

France of the Hôtel de Toulouse (Paris)
 

Hinge of a door of the St Pancras railway station (London)

Related hardware[edit]
Main article: Door furniture
Door furniture or hardware refers to any of the items that are attached to a door or a
drawer to enhance its functionality or appearance. This includes items such as
hinges, handles, door stops, etc.

Safety[edit]
Door safety relates to prevention of door-related accidents. Such accidents take
place in various forms, and in a number of locations; ranging from car doors to
garage doors. Accidents vary in severity and frequency. According to the National
Safety Council in the United States, around 300,000 door-related injuries occur every
year.[23]
The types of accidents vary from relatively minor cases where doors cause damage
to other objects, such as walls, to serious cases resulting in human injury,
particularly to fingers, hands, and feet. A closing door can exert up to 40 tons per
square inch of pressure between the hinges. Because of the number of accidents
taking place, there has been a surge in the number of lawsuits. Thus organisations
may be at risk when car doors or doors within buildings are unprotected.
According to the US General Services Administration, discussing child care centres:
...It is essential that children's fingers be protected from being crushed or otherwise
injured in the hinge space of a swinging door or gate. There are simple devices
available to attach to the hinge side, ensuring that this type of injury does not occur.
As the door closes, the hand is pushed out of the opening, away from harm. In
addition, young children are vulnerable to injury when they fall against the other
(hinged) side of doors and gates, striking projected hinges. Piano hinges are not
recommended to alleviate this problem as they tend to sag over time with heavy use.
Instead, an inexpensive device fitting over hinges is available on the market and
should be used to ensure safety... [24]

Opening direction[edit]
Whenever a door is opened outward, there is a risk that it could strike another
person. In many cases this can be avoided by architectural design which favors
doors which open inward to rooms (from the perspective of a common area such as
a corridor, the door opens outward). In cases where this is infeasible, it may be
possible to avoid an accident by placing vision panels in the door.[25]
Inward-hinged doors can also escalate an accident by preventing people from
escaping the building: people inside the building may press against the doors, and
thus prevent the doors from opening. Related accidents include:

 Grue Church fire - Grue, Norway in 1822

 Victoria Hall Disaster - Sunderland, UK in 1883
 Glen Cinema disaster - Paisley, UK in 1929
 Cocoanut Grove fire - Boston, USA in 1942
Today, the exterior doors of most large (especially public) buildings open outward,
while interior doors such as doors to individual rooms, offices, suites, etc. open
inward, as do many exterior doors of houses, particularly in North America.
Stops[edit]
Doorstops are simple devices that prevent a door from contacting and possibly
damaging another object (typically a wall). They may either absorb the force of a
moving door, or hold the door against unintended motion.
Guards[edit]
Door guards (hinge guards, anti-finger trapping devices, or finger guards) help
prevent finger trapping accidents, as doors pose a risk to children, especially when
closing. Door guards protect fingers in door hinges by covering the hinge-side gap of
an open door, typically with a piece of rubber or plastic that wraps from the door
frame to the door. Other door safety products eject the fingers from the push side of
the door as it closes.
There are various levels of door protection. Anti-finger trapping devices in front may
leave the rear hinge pin side of doors unprotected. Full door protection uses front
and rear anti-finger trapping devices and ensures the hinge side of a door is fully
isolated. A risk assessment of the door determines the appropriate level of
protection.
There is also handle-side door protection, which prevents the door from slamming
shut on the frame, which can cause injury to fingers/hands.
Glass[edit]
Glass doors pose the risk of unintentional collision if a person is unaware there is a
door, or thinks it is open when it is not. This risk is greater with sliding glass doors
because they often have large single panes that are hard to see. Stickers or other
types of warnings on the glass surface make it more visible and help prevent injury.
In the UK, Regulation 14 of the Workplace (Health and Safety Regulations) 1992
requires that builders mark windows and glass doors to make them conspicuous.
Australian Standards: AS1288 and AS2208 require that glass doors be made of
laminated, tempered, or toughened glass.
Fire[edit]
Main article: Fire door
Buildings often have special purpose doors that automatically close to prevent the
spread of fire and smoke. Fire doors that are improperly installed or tampered with
can increase risk during a fire. Sometimes, door closer mechanisms ensure fire
doors remain closed.
An additional fire risk is that doors may prevent access to emergency
services personnel coming to fight the fire and rescue occupants, etc. Fire fighters
must use door breaching techniques in these situations to gain access.
Doors in public buildings often have panic bars, which open the door in response to
anyone pressing against the bar from the inside in the event of a fire or other
emergency.
Automobiles[edit]
Main article: Vehicle door
Vehicle doors present an increased risk of trapping hands or fingers due to the
proximity of occupants. In some car accidents, injury to occupants from the
movement of car doors occurs.[citation needed]
Bicyclists cycling on public roads risk dooring: collision with an abruptly opened
vehicle door. Because cyclists often ride near parked cars alongside the road, they
are particularly vulnerable.
Aircraft[edit]
Further information: Uncontrolled decompression
In aircraft, doors from pressurized sections to un-pressurized compartments or the
exterior can pose risk if they open during flight. Air may rush out of the fuselage with
sufficient velocity to eject unsecured occupants, cargo, and other items, and drastic
pressure differences between compartments may make aircraft floors or other
interior partitions fail. These concerns are typically mitigated with plug doors, which
open in toward the pressurized compartment and are forced into their door frames by
the difference in air pressure. Most cabin doors are of this type, but cargo doors
typically open outward to maximise interior space, and require hefty locking
mechanisms to overcome internal pressure and prevent explosive decompression.
A number of aircraft accidents involved outward-opening door failures, including:

 American Airlines Flight 96 (1972)

 Turkish Airlines Flight 981 (1974)
 1975 Tân Sơn Nhứt C-5 accident
 United Airlines Flight 811 (1989)

See also[edit]
 Hinge bender, a tool for adjusting door hinges
 Biometrics
 Closed-circuit television
 Coal hole
 Door security
 Double margin doors
 Electronic lock
 Identity document
 IP camera
 Janus, Roman god of doors
 Keycards
 Locksmithing
 Lock picking
 Logical security

Notes[edit]
1. ^ See, for example the doorkeeping duties of
the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod.
2. ^ Jordans, Frank (October 20, 2010).  "Swiss
archaeologists find 5,000-year-old door". Archived
from  the original on November 8, 2010 – via The Boston
Globe.
3. ^ Jump up to:    Needham, Joseph. (1986). Science and
a b

Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2, Mechanical

Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
4. ^ Howard R. Turner (1997), Science in Medieval Islam:
An Illustrated Introduction, p. 181, University of Texas
Press, ISBN 0-292-78149-0.
5. ^ Architecture, European Copper Institute; "Archived
copy". Archived from the original  on 2012-10-09.
Retrieved 2012-09-12.
6. ^ "Vehicle Assembly Building Fact Sheet"  (PDF). NASA.
NASA.  Archived  (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-11.
Retrieved 2016-06-03.
7. ^ "Abbey oak door 'Britain's oldest'".  BBC News. 2005-
08-03. Archived from the original on 2006-06-20.
Retrieved 2010-05-01.
8. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-01-
03. Retrieved  2015-02-24. Door design ideas
9. ^ Nicholson, Peter (1841). The New and Improved
Practical Builder. London: Thomas Kelly. pp. 97–98.
10. ^ "What does 'certificated' to PAS 24 actually
mean?".  thecrimepreventionwebsite.com.  Archived  from
the original on 2014-01-25.
11. ^ "Doors and Locks".  Secured by Design. Police Crime
Prevention Initiative. Retrieved 29 October  2019.
12. ^ "Henleys Security Doors". Henleys Security
Doors.  Archivedfrom the original on 30 May 2016.
Retrieved 25 May 2016.
13. ^ "Front Doors, Garage Doors Insights from The Door
Zone".  The Door Zone.  Archived  from the original on
2017-05-07. Retrieved 2017-05-11.
14. ^ Kinematics with MicroStation Ch01C-I Grueblers
Criteria for 3D 5 Bar. YouTube. 20 February
2014.  Archived  from the original on 9 April 2016.
15. ^ "Doors in Venice: among water, art and
architecture". See Venice, Italy. Archived from the
original on 2018-01-03.
16. ^ Water doors make frequent appearances in Donna
Leon's books, and in some are important plot devices, as
in Acqua Alta aka Death in High Water (1996)
and Beastly Things (2012).
17. ^ https://gumroad.com/tales/p/upgrade-your-home-with-
contemporary-flush-doors
18. ^ "Why do the entry doors to most homes open inward,
while in most public buildings, the entry doors open
outward?". 2001-03-02.  Archived  from the original on
2017-09-20. Retrieved 2017-09-19.
19. ^ Exterior Doors; Energy.gov; "Archived
copy".  Archived  from the original on 2015-03-04.
Retrieved 2015-03-05.
20. ^ options at homedepot.com
21. ^ "Türblattgrößen nach DIN 18101".  Archived  from the
original on 2015-02-19.
22. ^ "DIN 18101 Maßnorm für Türen grundlegend
überarbeitet". Archived from  the original on 2015-01-22.
 23. ^ "Protecting Children's Fingers from Door
Injuries"  (PDF).  The Redwoods
Group. Archived  (PDF)  from the original on 2012-03-24.
24. ^ USA General Services Administration Child Care Center
Design Guide, June 1998
25. ^ Home Safety Guidelines for Architects & Builders, NBS
GCR 78-156, BOSTI, December 1978

References[edit]
  This article incorporates text from a publication
now in the public domain: Spiers, Richard Phené
(1911). "Door". In Chisholm, Hugh
(ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 8 (11th ed.).
Cambridge University Press. pp. 419–420.

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