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Cauchy Euler de
Cauchy Euler de
Cauchy Euler de
ax2 y 00 + bxy 0 + cy = 0
x = et , z(t) = y(x),
The method of proof is mathematical induction. The induction step uses the
chain rule of calculus, which says that for y = y(x) and x = x(t),
dy dy dt
= .
dx dt dx
The identity (1) reduces to y(x) = z(t) for k = 0. Assume it holds for a certain
integer k; we prove it holds for k + 1, completing the induction.
Let us invoke the induction hypothesis LHS = RHS in (1) to write
d d
RHS = LHS Reverse sides.
dt dt
dx d
= LHS Apply the chain rule.
dt dx
d
= et LHS Use x = et , dx/dt = et .
dx
d
= x LHS Use et = x.
dx
0
= x xk y (k) (x) Expand with 0 = d/dx.
= x kxk−1 y (k) (x) + xk y (k+1) (x) Apply the product rule.
Solve the resulting equation for xk+1 y (k+1) . The result completes the induction.
The details, which prove that (1) holds with k replaced by k + 1:
d
xk+1 y (k+1) = RHS − k RHS
dt
d
= − k RHS
dt
d d d d
= −k − 1 ··· − k + 1 z(t)
dt dt dt dt
d d d
= − 1 ··· − k z(t)
dt dt dt
2(d/dt)2 z + 2(d/dt)z + 3z = 0,
Exercises 7.4
Variation of Parameters. Find a so-
Cauchy-Euler Equation. Find solu- lution yp using a variation of parame-
tions y1 , y2 of the given homogeneous ters formula.
differential equation which are inde-
pendent by the Wronskian test, page 5. x2 y 00 = ex
452.
1. x2 y 00 + y = 0 6. x3 y 00 = ex
2. x2 y 00 + 4y = 0
7. y 00 + 9y = sec 3x
3. x2 y 00 + 2xy 0 + y = 0
4. x2 y 00 + 8xy 0 + 4y = 0 8. y 00 + 9y = csc 3x