Tes & Measurement

TEST AND MEASUREMENT
KUN FAYAKUN
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM ENGINEERING TRAINING
COURSE
Via Renata, Cimacan – Puncak, Indonesia
26 April – 28 April 2011
PT. MediaCitra Indostar

SYSTEM
Objective
• To understand how to test and measure the earth station,
ground station, threshold and interference signal input
decoder (settle box)

SYSTEM
Agenda
• System Availability
• Test and Measurement

SYSTEM
Equipment Availability
• System Availability for equipment = Total Serviceable
Equipment In Period
T. AV = MTBF/MTBF + MTTR
MTBF = Mean Time Between Failure
MTTR = Mean Time To Repair
• Unavailability = 1 - AV
• Equipment Up – Link and Down – Link
• Reasons for Unavailable Equipment Fault
SYSTEM
System Availability
• System Availability = Total Serviceable Time In Period
T. AV = Uptime / Uptime + Downtime
• Unavailability = 1 - AV
• Up – Link and Down – Link
• Reasons for Unavailable
• Equipment Faults
• Fading
• Human Interference

SYSTEM
System Availability
• Example System Availability = 99.98%
• Up – time = 0.9998 * 365 * 24 * 60 = 525494.88 minute in
the years
• Unavailability = 1 – 0.9998 = 0.0002
• Down time = 0.0002 * 365 * 24 * 60 = 105.12 minute in
the years
• Can change to hour
• Similar for Equipment availability
SYSTEM
Sun Outage
Sun Outages or Solar interference
occurs every February/March and
September/October of each year,
and results in the degradation or
loss of satellite signal for short
periods of time each day for about
2 weeks. Sun Outage takes place
when the orbital positions of the
satellite and the sun are in one
line. The earth station receives
signals from both, but the more
powerful sun rays subdue the
desired signal, causing a loss of
service.
SYSTEM
Prediction Sun Outage
Prediction Sun Outage depend on :
1. Size of antenna
2. Frequency use
3. Position earth station
4. Position satellite

SYSTEM
Scintillation
Signal From Satellite
•Phase variations on wave

front from satellite cause
IONOSPHERE
diffraction pattern on ground
•Interference pattern changes
in time and space
•User observes rapid fluctuations
Radio Wave
Interference
Pattern
V DRIFT
of signal amplitude and phase
EARTH’S
SURFACE

SYSTEM
Basic Measurement
• Decibel :
Gain (dB) = 10 log * Output / Input
Loss (dB) = 10 log * Input / Output
• dBm :
0 dBm = 1 mW
Power (dBm) = 10 log Power (mW) / 1 mW
• dBW :
Power (dBW) = 10 log Power (W) / 1 W
+ 30 dBm = 0 dBW
- 30 dBW = 0 dBm
SYSTEM
TVRO TVRO
Motor ACU ACU Motor Motor ACU
Dehydrator
Dehydrator LNA Tracking
LNB
LNB LNB Rcv
Cont. HPA
KPA Div
F/O U/C D/C

Switch
F/O-TX F/O-RX F/O-TX F/O-RX F/O-TX
F/O-RX F/O-TX F/O-RX F/O-TX F/O-RX
comb Telemetri
Mod
Rcv
Broadcast
U/C
Div
IF Eq DeMod
Proc
Monitor

SYSTEM
Agenda
1. Measurement LNB Controller, HPA, Up / Down Converter,
Environment
2. Receive side lobe pattern test
3. Transmit side lobe pattern test
4. Cross polarization test, EIRP and G / T
5. Measure TVRO
6. Setting slope and group delay
7. Test decoder (settle box)
8. Interference
SYSTEM
 LNA / LNB Controller
1. Adjustment or setting voltage for LNA or LNB
2. Test automatic and manual LNA / LNB controller
3. Test base ball switch at drum antenna
4. Prepare power supply if LNA / LNB controller fail
 High Power Amplifier (HPA)

1. Monitor and record signal input and output at test port
2. Setting attenuation
3. Measurement and record voltage input
SYSTEM
4. At Saturation or Linier Region
 Up – Converter / Down – Converter
1. Measurement and Setting Frequency, attenuation
2. Measurement and record input and output signal at test
port
3. Measurement and record local oscillator
4. At Saturation or Linier Region
 Environment
1. Measurement grounding system and arresters
2. Monitor and setting temperature room
SYSTEM
Receive sidelobe pattern test
Purpose :
 To give protection from adjacent satellite interference
Reference :
 Requirement from satellite operator
Equipment :
 Spectrum Analyzer
 Printer
 Signal generator
SYSTEM
Test Configuration
Printer
Spectrum
Analyzer
RF Generator HPA LNA
Hub Station Measured Station
SYSTEM
Test Procedure
 Hub station transmit unmodulated carrier
 Peak the measured antenna
 Slew the measured antenna 5 deg. In Azimuth
 Move the measured antenna to CW up to 10 deg.
 The spectrum : dB/div = 4 dB, RBW = 1 KHz, VBW =
10 Hz, SPAN = 0 Hz, SWEEP = 95 sec
 Record the result
 Repeat the above step

SYSTEM
Antenna Pattern

SYSTEM
Transmit sidelobe pattern test
Purpose :
 To give protection to adjacent satellite
Reference :
Equipment :
 Printer
SYSTEM
Test Configuration
Printer
Spectrum
Analyzer LNA HPA RF Generator
Measured Station Hub Station
SYSTEM
Test Procedure
 Peak the measured antenna to the beam center using the
satellite beacon
 The measured station transmits unmodulated carrier
 Slew the measured antenna to get the azimuth pattern
 Slew the measured antenna to get the elevation pattern

SYSTEM
Cross polarization test
Purpose :
 To get maximum radiated power and to give protection
to the orthogonal polarization
Reference :
Equipment :
 Printer
SYSTEM
Test Configuration
V(H)
V(H) Printer
LNA
H(V) Spectrum
Analyzer
Measured Station Hub Station
SYSTEM
Test Procedure
 Peak the measured antenna to the beam center using the
satellite beacon
 The measured station transmits unmodulated carrier
 The hub station receives the unmodulated carrier in both
polarization
 Calculated the isolation
 Print the result

SYSTEM
Cross Polarization
– Due isolation of the receive antenna or the transmit antenna for
polarization

SYSTEM
Crosspolarization isolation

SYSTEM
EIRP
Purpose :
 To get maximum radiated power
Reference :
Equipment :
 Printer
SYSTEM
Test Configuration
Printer
Power Meter
Spectrum
Analyzer
Hub Station Measured Station
SYSTEM
Test Procedure
 The station under test transmits an unmodulated carrier
 Slowly raise the transmit power until the satellite operator
receives the maximum EIRP
 Measure and record the transmit RF level
 Measure and record the receive RF level using spectrum
analyzer

SYSTEM
Measure G/T
Purpose :
 To give information G / T antenna
Reference :
 T LNA
Equipment :
 Spectrum Analyzer, Power Meter
 Printer
 Decoder Professional Digital

SYSTEM
Test Configuration
Far from signal satellite Cold Sky
Termination
Spectrum
LNA Analyzer Printer
TVRO Base ball switch
Antenna, Motor Antenna and Base
Ball Switch

SYSTEM
Test Procedure
A. Measure signal output from LNA with spectrum analyzer
(0 span, frequency used, RBW 3 MHz, VBW lowest)
B. Measure signal when signal go to termination with
spectrum analyzer (0 span, frequency used, RBW 3 MHz,
VBW lowest). Point A and Point B, we have Y factor
(dB)
C. T system = T LNA + T Load at ambient temperature (in
Kelvin) and Total noise = 10 Log T system
D. Find Rx Antenna Gain, Ga = 31000 / (AZ 3dB BW x EL
3dB BW), Gb = 91000 / (AZ 10dB BW x EL 10dB BW)
SYSTEM
Test Procedure
E. Ga + Gb = Gc / 2 = GR
F. Rx antenna gain = (10 log GR) – feed insertion loss –
surface loss
G. G/T = Rx antenna gain – T system

LNA and LNB

SYSTEM
Measure signal level from TVRO
Purpose :
 To give information minimal signal input requirement to
decoder
Reference :
 EIRP satellite
Equipment :
 Spectrum Analyzer, Power Meter
 Printer
SYSTEM
Test Configuration
Printer
Spectrum Power
Analyzer Meter
LNB Splitter Decoder

TVRO
SYSTEM
Test Procedure
 Peaking the antenna to satellite provider or program
 Measure and record the receive RF level using spectrum
analyzer
 Record the signal level
 Moving the antenna until signal level decrease but
channel program or quality video is good

SYSTEM
Setting Slobe and Group Delay
Purpose :
 To improve slobe signal and group delay in the system
Reference :
Min and max signal quality, signal level
Saturation point
Equipment :
 Network Analyzer, Spectrum Analyzer
 Printer
SYSTEM
Test Configuration
Modulator
Printer
Equalizer Network
Analyzer
Spectrum Power
Up - Converter Analyzer Meter
HPA LNB Splitter Decoder

Spectrum Analyzer Up – Link X – Band TVRO S - Band
SYSTEM
Test Procedure
 Measurement with spectrum analyzer in end point of up –
link equipment.
 Monitor down link with spectrum and decoder
 Record the signal level and slope signal
 Adjustment of equalizer (gain, slope and group delay)
until signal level, slope is better. Monitor decoder signal
quality and BER is better too.
 Monitor and record input and output signal at test port.

SYSTEM
Test and Setting Antenna Control
Unit, Antenna Drive Cabinet and
Resolver
Adjustment Position Display Antenna Control Unit and
Sensor / Resolver Antenna
1. Adjustment Set Offset
2. Adjustment speed Azimuth CW or CCW
3. Adjustment speed motor azimuth and elevation
Antenna Control Unit, Antenna
Drive Cabinet and Resolver

SYSTEM
Transponder Operating Point
• Single Carrier operation could be operated at saturation
point
• Multi Carrier operation must be operated in linier region
• Understand the portion of transponder that could be used
• Retrieved Data of Payload Communication System, every
one week :
* Power Amplifier :
– Helix Current
– Temperature
– Anode Voltage
SYSTEM
– Attenuation level
– Limiter In or Limiter Out (Non Linier or Linier)
* Receivers :
– Power Supply
– Multiplexer
– Amplifier
– LNA
– Oscillator
– Switch (OMUX, IMUX)

SYSTEM
POWER DIVIDER IMUX TX1 OMUX
RCVR
COMBINER
FROM 1
TO
RECEIVE TRANSMIT
ANTENNA ANTENNA
RCVR
2

Questions ?

SYSTEM
Interference
• Local Interference
– Retransmission
• External Interference
– FM Radio
– Adjacent Satellite
– Terrestrial
• Other Interference

SYSTEM
Retransmission
TX
U/C KPA
MODEM
D/C LNA
RX
Spectrum
Analyzer
Unused port must be terminated
Cable and connector is not match
Unproper connector joining
SYSTEM
FM Radio
MODEM U/C SSPA
Spectrum
FM Radio Induction Analyzer

SYSTEM
Adjacent Satellite
Operating Satellite
Adjacent Adjacent
Satellite Satellite
Down link Down link
Interference Interference
Spectrum
LNA Analyzer
Operating Earth Station
SYSTEM
Teresterial
TX Radio tower
Radio tower
U/C KPA
MODEM
D/C LNA
Spectrum
RX Analyzer

SYSTEM
Interference
Purpose :
 To get information source interference
 Reference :
Many kind difference interference disturbs customers
Equipment :
 Cross Coupled Filter
 Printer
 Monitor Television
INTERFERENCE
Source Interference
• Use power amplifier.
• Adjust Frequency.
• Antenna and cable not match.
• Cable or antenna long life use.
• Bad Grounding.
• Bad Ignition from motorcycle machine.
Mitigate Interference
• Use Filter.
• To hide the antenna from source interference.
• Sangkar Faraday.

INTERFERENCE INBAND

INTERFERENCE INBAND

INTERFERENCE INBAND

INTERFERENCE OUTBAND

INTERFERENCE OUTBAND

SYSTEM
Threshold signal from decoder
Purpose :
 To get information performance decoder
 Reference :
Many kind of decoder digital used
Equipment :
 Printer
 Monitor Television
SYSTEM
Test Configuration
Printer
Spectrum TV
Analyzer Monitor
LNB Splitter Decoder

SYSTEM

Questions ?

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TEST AND MEASUREMENT

PT. MediaCitra Indostar

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•Phase variations on wave

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Motor ACU ACU Motor Motor ACU

F/O U/C D/C

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F/O-RX F/O-TX F/O-RX F/O-TX F/O-RX

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 High Power Amplifier (HPA)

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POWER DIVIDER IMUX TX1 OMUX

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Down link Down link

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