CEE 9675: Lecture 13

Lecture Overview

Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR)

• EBPR: Introduction
• Factors impacting EBPR process
• EBPR system configuration
• EBPR model structure

Department of CEE
Prof Martha Department of Civil
Dagnew, June &
22- 2021
Environmental Engineering
1. Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal
(EBPR) Introduction

2
1. EBPR: Introduction
• Forms of P: TP & PO4-P
• Low concentration of TP can be achieved by combining various processes
• Combination of processes can be used to reach 0.01 to 0.5 mg/L
• Filtration used to remove the phosphorus bound in the effluent suspended
solids

3
 1. EBPR: Introduction
• Wastewater treatment process removes phosphorus through cell synthesis,
chemical addition and enhanced phosphorus removal processes
• In a typical activated sludge system, the amount of P typically incorporated in
the sludge mass is about 0.02 mg P /mg VSS (0.015 mg P /mg TSS)
• In a BioP sludge, the amount of P incorporated in the sludge mass is around
0.06 to 0.15 mg P/mg VSS
• Phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs) take up large quantities of P and
store them internally in long chains called polyphosphates
Microbial group e donor e acceptor Products Carbon source

Ordinary Organic O2 CO2 , H2O Organic

heterotrophs
Nitrifiers, AOB NH4+ O2 NO2- CO2
Nitrifiers, NOB NO2- O2 NO3- CO2
Denitrifiers Organic NO2- or NO3- N2 Organic
PAOs Organic O2, NO3- CO2 , H2O Organic
4
 1. EBPR: Introduction
Mechanisms
• To achieve EBPR in activated sludge (AS) systems, the growth of
organisms that accumulate polyp (PAOs) has to be stimulated which is
accomplished by providing two conditions:
• An anaerobic then aerobic (anoxic) sequence of reactors

• Addition or formation of SVFA in the anaerobic bioreactor

PHA: poly-hydroxyalkanoates

5
1. EBPR: Introduction
Mechanisms: In the anaerobic reactor
• The PAOs can take up the VFAs from the bulk liquid and store them
internally by forming complex long chain carbon molecules of PHAs
• Forming PHAs from VFAs requires energy for three functions

• The polyP and glycogen degradation provides the energy source

• polyP degradation results in release and accumulation of inorganic

phosphate to the bulk liquid

Henze et al. 2008)

6
1. EBPR: Introduction
Mechanisms: In the aerobic reactor
• In the presence of oxygen (or of nitrate under anoxic conditions) as an
external electron acceptor, the PAOs utilize the stored PHA as:
• a carbon and energy source to grow new cells

• an energy source to regenerate the glycogen consumed in the

anaerobic period
• an energy source to take up phosphate from the bulk solution to
regenerate the polyP used in the anaerobic reactor
• The PAOs with stored polyPs are preferred to be removed from the
aerobic reactor of the system than the underflow

Henze et al. 2008)

7
1. EBPR: Introduction
Observations

Henze et al. 2008)

8
2. Factors impacting EBPR process

9
2. Factors impacting EBPR process
Fermentable (Soluble biodegradable) COD and Slowly (particulate)
Biodegradable COD
S = soluble
C = colloidal
X = particulate
VFA = volatile fatty acid
B = biodegradable
U = unbiodegradable
OHO = ordinary heterotrophs
E = endogenous decay products
BIO = biomass

• PAOs can only store VFAs (SVFA),

• For WW with little VFAs, PAOs make use of readily biodegradable COD (Ss)
• Slowly biodegradable COD, XB, not often linked to anaerobic P release
• The conversion of SB to SVFA (fermentation) process controls the size of the
anaerobic reactor
10
2. Factors impacting EBPR process
Recycling oxygen and nitrate to the anaerobic reactor
• Recycling nitrate and oxygen and/or nitrate to the anaerobic reactor
causes a corresponding decrease in EBPR:
• OHOs are able to utilize the soluble biodegradable COD (SB) for
energy and growth using oxygen or nitrate as electron acceptor
[For every 1 mg O2 recycled … 3 mg SB are consumed
[For every 1 mg of NO3-N recycled … 8.6 mg SB are consumed
• The PAOs and OHOs will compete for SVFA: the PAOs to store the SVFA
and the OHOs to metabolize it
• Thus, preventing the recycling of oxygen and nitrate to the anaerobic
reactor is one of the primary considerations in the design and operation
strategy of EBPR systems

11
2. Factors impacting EBPR process
Optimisation and Development of EBPR Systems
• Oxygen entrainment in the anaerobic reactor should be minimized
• Nitrate (nitrite) entrainment in the anaerobic reactor should be minimized
• Maximize VFA availability in the anaerobic reactor
• Minimize effluent particulate phosphorus by removing TSS sufficiently
(every 10 mg TSS/L in the effluent will contribute 0.5 m P/L, assuming 5%
P content in sludge)
• Effluent soluble P should be minimized (may need adding coagulants
typically before the secondary clarifier)
• Maximize P uptake for cell synthesis
• Compared to the above, a limited optimization concept
• Can be achieved by operating a plant at short SRT

12
3. System configuration of EBPR

13
3. System
configuration of EBPR
5-Stage Modified
Bardenpho (A2O)

3-Stage Modified
Bardenpho (A2O)

Phorodex (A/O)

14
3. System configuration of EBPR
UCT (VIP)
UCT = University Capetown

Modified UCT (MUCT)

Johannesburg (JHB)

15
3. System configuration of EBPR
PhoStrip

Biological chemical phosphorus

removal
BCFS® system

16
4. EBPR process model
Organic matter to P ratio

17
4. EBPR process model

18
 2. Factors impacting EBPR process
ASM models
Process/model ASM-1 ASM-2 ASM2d ASM3
Hydrolysis X X X X
Fermentation X X
Carbon storage X (for bio-P only) X (for bio-P only)

Carbon oxidation X X X X

Nitrification X X X X

Denitrification X X X X

EBPR X X

Denitrification X
with PAOs
19
 4. EBPR process model
Anaerobic condition: the PAOs don’t grow but store acetate as PHA using energy
from polyP and glycogen degradation. Glycogen consumption and storage as PHA is
not considered in ASM models

Storage of PHAs (XPHA)

• It is assumed that all acetate (SA) consumption (as COD) goes to PHA formation
(as COD)
SA ----XPHA
• YPO4 units of soluble phosphate (𝑆𝑃𝑂4 ) released for each unit of PHA formed as
COD, increasing the soluble phosphate (𝑆𝑃𝑂4 ) concentration by an amount equal
to the decrease in stored poly-p concentration (Xpp)
j Symbol S NH4 Name SSNO3
O2 SF SSA PO4 SSNH4
I S NO3 S ALK S PO4 SI S N2 XI SXALK
S XH X PAO X PP X PHA X AUT
1

2
r1 f SIAerobic
-((1- )*i N,SF+fhydrolysis
r2 f SIAnoxic
-((1-
SI*i N,SI-i N,XS)

)*i N,SF+hydrolysis
f SI*i N,SI-i N,XS)
YPO4Xpp ---- YPO4SPO4 1-f SI-((1-f SI)*i P,SF+f SI*i P,SI-i -((1-

1-f SI-((1-f SI)*i P,SF+f SI*i P,SI-i -((1-

f +SIf SI*i N,SI-i N,XS)
P,XS)f SI)*i N,SF

f +SIf SI*i N,SI-i N,XS)

P,XS)f SI)*i N,SF
i Charge_SNHx *v 1_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4
-((1-f SI)**ivP,SF
i Charge_SNHx *v 2_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4
+f SI*i P,SI-i P,XS)
1_SPO4

-((1-f SI)**ivP,SF+f SI*i P,SI-i P,XS)

2_SPO4
f SI
f SI
i Charge_SNHx *v 1_SNH4-1
+i Charge_SPO4*v 1_SPO4

i Charge_SNHx *v 2_SNH4-1
+i Charge_SPO4*v 2_SPO4
3 r3 f SIAnaerobic
-((1- )*i N,SF+f SI*hydrolysis
i N,SI-i N,XS) 1-f SI-((1-f SI)*i P,SF+f SI*i P,SI-i -((1- f +SIf SI*i N,SI-i N,XS)
P,XS)f SI)*i N,SF i Charge_SNHx *v 3_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4
-((1-f SI)**ivP,SF+f SI*i P,SI-i P,XS)
3_SPO4 f SI i Charge_SNHx *v 3_SNH4-1
+i Charge_SPO4*v 3_SPO4
4 r4 -(-1/Y H*i N,SF
Aerobic +i N,BM)on SF
growth -(1-Y H)/Y H -1/Y H -(-1/Y H*i P,SF+i P,BM) -(-1/Y H*i N,SF+i N,BM) i Charge_SNHx *v 4_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4
-(-1/*Yv H4_SPO4
*i P,SF+i P,BM) 1 *v 4_SPO4
i Charge_SNHx *v 4_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4
5
6
r5
YPO4=Yield for XPP requirement (SPO4 release) per XPHA stored (SVFA utilized)
r6 -(-1/
-i N,BM
Aerobic
Anoxic
growth on SA

Y H*i N,SF+i N,BM

growth on
) SF
-(1-Y H)/Y H
-(1-Y H)/(i NO3,N2*Y H)
-i P,BM
-1/Y H

-1/Y H -(-1/Y H*i P,SF+i P,BM)

-i N,BM
-(-1/Y H*i N,SF+i N,BM)
i Charge_SNHx *v 5_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4*v 5_SPO4+i Charge_SVFA
i Charge_SNHx
-(1-Y H*v NO3,N2+i
)/(i6_SNH4 *YCharge_SPO4
H) *v 6_SPO4
-i P,BM *v 5_SA
+i Charge_SNOx
-(-1/Y H*i P,SF+i*v )
6_SNO3
P,BM (1-Y H)/(i iNO3,N2
Charge_SNHx
1 +i Charge_SVFA *v 5_SA
i Charge_SNHx *v 5_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4*v 5_SPO4
*Y H) *v 6_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4*v 6_SPO41+i Charge_SNOx *v 6_SNO3 (1-
7 r7 -i N,BM
Anoxic growth on SA -(1-Y H)/(i NO3,N2*Y H) -i P,BM
-1/Y H -i N,BM i Charge_SNHx *v 7_SNH4
-(1-Y+i
H)/(i NO3,N2*Y*v
Charge_SPO4 H)7_SPO4+i Charge_SNOx *v -7_SNO3
i P,BM +i Charge_SVFA *v 7_SA (1-Y H)/(i NO3,N2
i Charge_SNHx *Y H+i
*v 7_SNH4 1 *v 7_SNO3+i Charge_SVFA *v 7_SA
) Charge_SPO4*v 7_SPO4+i Charge_SNOx (1-
8 r8 i N,SF
Fermentation -1 1i P,SF i N,SF i Charge_SNHx *v 8_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4*v 8_SPO4+iiCharge_SVFA
P,SF i Charge_SNHx *v 8_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4*v 8_SPO4+i Charge_SVFA
9j Symbol
f XI*i N,XI
-(r9 Lysis SfNH4
+(1- Name
XI)*i N,XS-i N,BM)
SSNO3
O2 S SAfPO4
S F-(f XI*i P,XI+(1- XI)*i P,XS-i -(
SSfNH4
f XI)*i N,XI+(1-
P,BM I )*i N,XS-i N,BM)
XI i Charge_SNHx S +ALK
S NO3 *v 9_SNH4 i Charge_SPO4 SfPO4
v 9_SPO4
-(f XI*i P,XI*+(1- XI)*i P,XS-i P,BM)
SI S N2 fXXII*v 9_SNH4
i Charge_SNHx S1-X+ALK
f SXI X-1H *v 9_SPO4
i Charge_SPO4 X PAO X PP X PHA X AUT
10 Y+PO4 -i Charge_SVFA +i Charge_SPO4 1
1 r10 f Storage
-((1-
r1 SIAerobic of*iXPHA-i
)*i N,SF+fhydrolysis
SI N,SI N,XS)
-1
1-f SI-((1-f SI)*i P,SF f SI*i P,SI-i -((1-
P,XS)f SI)*i N,SFf+SIf SI*i N,SI-i N,XS) i Charge_SNHx *v 1_SNH4*+Yi Charge_SPO4
PO4-i Charge_XPAO,PPY PO4*Y PO4
-((1-f SI)**ivP,SF +f SI*i P,SI-i P,XS)
1_SPO4 f SI -i Charge_SVFA +i Charge_SPO4-1 PO4-i Charge_XPAO,PP*Y PO4-Y PO4
i Charge_SNHx*v 1_SNH4*+Yi Charge_SPO4 *v 1_SPO4
11 r11 Aerobic storage of XPP -Y PHA -1 -i Charge_SPO4+i Charge_XPAO,PP -1 -i Charge_SPO4+i Charge_XPAO,PP 1 -Y PHA
2 r2 f SIAnoxic
-((1- )*i N,SF+hydrolysis
f SI*i N,SI-i N,XS) 1-f SI-((1-f SI)*i P,SF-1
+f SI*i P,SI-i -((1-
P,XS)f SI)*i N,SFf+SIf SI*i N,SI-i N,XS) i Charge_SNHx*v 2_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4
-((1-f +)*i *ivP,SF+-1f SI*i P,SI-i P,XS)
2_SPO4 f SI i -1
*v 2_SNH4+*ivCharge_SPO4*v 2_SPO4
12 r12 Anoxic storage of XPP -Y PHA *(1/i NO3,N2) --iYCharge_SPO4 +i Charge_SNOx
PHA *(1/i NO3,N2 ) *v 12_SNO3SI Charge_XPAO,PP Y PHA *(1/i NO3,N2 ) Charge_SNHx
-i Charge_SPO4+i Charge_SNOx 12_SNO3+i Charge_XPAO,PP 1 -Y PHA Y
3 r3 f SIAnaerobic
-((1- )*i N,SF +fgrowth
i N,SI-iof
SI*hydrolysis X)PAO 1-f SI-((1-f SI)*i P,SF +f SI*i P,SI-i -((1-
P,XS)f )*i -if+
SIf *i i Charge_SNHx *v*v3_SNH4+i i P,BM )**iv 3_SPO4 -1
SI N,SI-i N,XS) -((1-*ifCharge_SPO4
P,SF SI P,SI-i P,XS)
f *i f SI i Charge_SNHx *v*v3_SNH4 +i -Charge_SPO4 *v 3_SPO4
13 r13 Aerobic-i N,BM N,XS -(1-Y PAO)/Y PAO -i P,BM i Charge_SNHx 13_SNH4-Charge_SPO4 -i + i Charge_SNHx 1
i P,BM*i Charge_SPO4 -1/Y PAO
SI N,SFN,BM SI P,BM 13_SNH4

14 r14 -(-1/ Y H-*ii N,BM

Anoxic growth
+i N,BMofon
) XPAO -(1-Y PAO)/Y PAO*(1/i NO3,N2) -i P,BM -i N,BM i -(1- *vPAO
Y PAOi)/Y *(1/i+i ) *v 14_SNO3*-iv P,BM *i Charge_SPO4
-i P,BM (1-Y PAO)/Y PAO
i Charge_SNHx 1 -i P,BM*i1 Charge_SPO4
*(1/i NO3,N2*v) 14_SNH4+i Charge_SNOx *v 14_SNO3 -1/Y PAO (1-Y PA
-1/Y H -(-1/Y H*i P,SF+i P,BM) vCharge_SNOx
4_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4
*NO3,N2
Charge_SNHx 14_SNH4
4 r4 Aerobic growth
N,SF SF -(1-Y H)/Y H -(-1/Y H*i N,SF+i N,BM) Charge_SNHx -(-1/Y H4_SPO4
*i P,SF+i P,BM) i Charge_SNHx*v 4_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4 *v 4_SPO4
15 -(f XI*i N,XI
r15 Lysis
+(1-off XIX i N,XS-i N,BM)
)*PAO -(f XI*i P,XI+(1-f XI)*i P,XS-i -(f XI)*i N,XI+(1-f XI)*i N,XS-i N,BM)
P,BM i Charge_SNHx *v 15_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4 v 15_SPO4
-(f XI*i P,XI*+(1- f XI)*i P,XS-i P,BM) i Charge_SNHxf XI
*v 15_SNH4
1-+f XI -1
i Charge_SPO4*v 15_SPO4
 4. EBPR process model
Anaerobic condition: the PAOs don’t grow but store acetate as PHA using
energy from poly-P and glycogen degradation.

Rate of PHA storage, formation (rXPHA) in PAOs

𝑆𝐴 𝑋𝑃𝑃 Τ𝑋𝐵,𝑃𝐴𝑂
𝑟𝑋𝑃𝐻𝐴 = 𝑞ො𝑃𝐻𝐴 ∗ ∗ 𝑋𝐵,𝑃𝐴𝑂
𝐾𝐴 +𝑆𝐴 𝐾𝑃𝑃 +𝑋𝑃𝑃 Τ𝑋𝐵,𝑃𝐴𝑂

𝑋𝑃𝐻𝐴 = Stored polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)

𝑞ො𝑃𝐻𝐴 : the maximum specific rate of PHA formation (1/hr)
𝑆𝐴 : the acetate concentration in COD units; 𝐾𝐴 : the half saturation coefficient for
acetate in COD units
j Symbol
𝑋𝑃𝑃 : the poly-P concentration in the biomass, expressed as a liquid phase P
S NH4 Name SSNO3
O2 SF SSA PO4 SSNH4
I S NO3 S ALK S PO4 SI S N2 XI SXALK
S XH X PAO X PP X PHA X AUT
1

2
-((1-
concentration
r1 f SIAerobic
)*i N,SF+fhydrolysis
r2 f SIAnoxic
-((1-
SI*i N,SI-i N,XS)

)*i N,SF+hydrolysis
f SI*i N,SI-i N,XS)
1-f SI-((1-f SI)*i P,SF+f SI*i P,SI-i -((1-
P,XS)f SI)*i N,SF

1-f SI-((1-f SI)*i P,SF+f SI*i P,SI-i -((1-

f +SIf SI*i N,SI-i N,XS)

P,XS)f SI)*i N,SF

f +SIf SI*i N,SI-i N,XS)
-((1-f SI)**ivP,SF
i Charge_SNHx *v 1_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4
i Charge_SNHx *v 2_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4
+f SI*i P,SI-i P,XS)
1_SPO4

-((1-f SI)**ivP,SF+f SI*i P,SI-i P,XS)

2_SPO4
f SI
f SI
i Charge_SNHx *v 1_SNH4-1
+i Charge_SPO4*v 1_SPO4
i Charge_SNHx *v 2_SNH4-1
+i Charge_SPO4*v 2_SPO4
3 r3 f SIAnaerobic
-((1- )*i N,SF+f SI*hydrolysis
i N,SI-i N,XS) 1-f SI-((1-f SI)*i P,SF+f SI*i P,SI-i -((1-
P,XS)f SI)*i N,SF
f +SIf SI*i N,SI-i N,XS) -((1-f SI)**ivP,SF
i Charge_SNHx *v 3_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4 +f SI*i P,SI-i P,XS)
3_SPO4 f SI i Charge_SNHx *v 3_SNH4-1
+i Charge_SPO4*v 3_SPO4
4
5 r5
𝐾𝑃𝑃 : the half saturation coefficient for poly-P (g poly-P/g XB,PAO) in COD units
r4 -(-1/
Aerobic
Aerobic
growth
Y H*i N,SF+i N,BM)on SF
growth on SA
-i N,BM
-(1-Y H)/Y H

-(1-Y H)/Y H
-1/Y H -(-1/Y H*i P,SF+i P,BM)

-1/Y
-i P,BM
H
-(-1/Y H*i N,SF+i N,BM)

-i N,BM
-(-1/*Yv H4_SPO4
i Charge_SNHx *v 4_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4 *i P,SF+i P,BM)

-i P,BM *v 5_SA
i Charge_SNHx *v 5_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4*v 5_SPO4+i Charge_SVFA
i Charge_SNHx *v 4_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4
i Charge_SNHx *v 5_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4*v 5_SPO4
1 *v 4_SPO4
1 +i Charge_SVFA *v 5_SA

𝑋𝐵,𝑃𝐴𝑂 : the concentration of PAOs, biomass in COD units

6 r6 -(-1/
Anoxic growth
Y H*i N,SF on
+i N,BM) SF -(1-Y H)/(i NO3,N2*Y H) -1/Y H -(-1/Y H*i P,SF+i P,BM) -(-1/Y H*i N,SF+i N,BM) -(1-Y H*v
i Charge_SNHx )/(i6_SNH4 *YCharge_SPO4
NO3,N2+i H) *v 6_SPO4 Y H*i P,SF+i*v
+i Charge_SNOx
-(-1/ P,BM )
6_SNO3 (1-Y H)/(i iNO3,N2 *Y H) *v 6_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4*v 6_SPO41+i Charge_SNOx *v 6_SNO3
Charge_SNHx (1-
7 r7 Anoxic growth on SA
-i N,BM -(1-Y H)/(i NO3,N2*Y H) -1/Y
-i P,BM
H -i N,BM -(1-Y+i
i Charge_SNHx *v 7_SNH4 H)/(i NO3,N2*Y*v
Charge_SPO4 i P,BM +i Charge_SVFA *v 7_SA
H)7_SPO4+i Charge_SNOx *v -7_SNO3 i Charge_SNHx *v 7_SNH4
(1-Y H)/(i NO3,N2*Y H+i 1 *v 7_SNO3+i Charge_SVFA *v 7_SA
) Charge_SPO4*v 7_SPO4+i Charge_SNOx (1-
8 r8 Fermentation
i N,SF -1 1i P,SF i N,SF i Charge_SNHx *v 8_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4*v 8_SPO4+iiCharge_SVFA
P,SF i Charge_SNHx *v 8_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4*v 8_SPO4+i Charge_SVFA
9j Symbol
f XI*i N,XI
-(r9 Lysis SfNH4
+(1- Name
XI)*i N,XS-i N,BM)
SSNO3
O2 S SAfPO4
S F-(f XI*i P,XI+(1- XI)*i P,XS-i -(
SSfNH4
f XI)*i N,XI+(1-
P,BM I )*i N,XS-i N,BM)
XI i Charge_SNHx S +ALK
S NO3 *v 9_SNH4 i Charge_SPO4 SfPO4
v 9_SPO4
-(f XI*i P,XI*+(1- XI)*i P,XS-i P,BM)
SI S N2 fXXII*v 9_SNH4
i Charge_SNHx S1-X+ALK
f SXI X-1H *v 9_SPO4
i Charge_SPO4 X PAO X PP X PHA X AUT
10 -1Y+PO4 -i Charge_SVFA +i Charge_SPO4 1
1 r10 f Storage
-((1-
r1 SIAerobic of*iXPHA-i
)*i N,SF+fhydrolysis
SI N,SI N,XS) 1-f SI-((1-f SI)*i P,SF f SI*i P,SI-i -((1-
P,XS)f SI)*i N,SFf+SIf SI*i N,SI-i N,XS) i Charge_SNHx *v 1_SNH4*+Yi Charge_SPO4
PO4-i Charge_XPAO,PP
Y PO4*Y PO4
-((1-f SI)**ivP,SF+f SI*i P,SI-i P,XS)
1_SPO4 f SI -i Charge_SVFA +i Charge_SPO4-1 PO4-i Charge_XPAO,PP*Y PO4-Y PO4
i Charge_SNHx*v 1_SNH4*+Yi Charge_SPO4 *v 1_SPO4
11 r11 Aerobic storage of XPP -Y PHA -1 -i Charge_SPO4+i Charge_XPAO,PP -1 -i Charge_SPO4+i Charge_XPAO,PP 1 -Y PHA
2 r2 f SIAnoxic
-((1- )*i N,SF+hydrolysis
f SI*i N,SI-i N,XS) 1-f SI-((1-f SI)*i P,SF-1
+f SI*i P,SI-i -((1-
P,XS)f SI)*i N,SFf+SIf SI*i N,SI-i N,XS) i Charge_SNHx*v 2_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4
-((1-f )**iv f *i -i ) f SI i *v -1
+i *v
P,SF+
2_SPO4
12

3
13
r12 Anoxic storage of XPP

r3 f SIAnaerobic
-((1-
r13 )*i N,SF
Aerobic +fgrowth
i N,SI-iof
SI*hydrolysis
-i N,BM X)PAO
N,XS
-Y PHA *(1/i NO3,N2)

-(1-Y PAO)/Y PAO 1-f SI-((1-f SI)*i P,SF +f SI*i P,SI-i -((1-
-i P,BM P,XS)f )*i -if+
SIf *i
SI N,SFN,BMSI N,SI-i N,XS)
--iYCharge_SPO4 +i Charge_SNOx
PHA *(1/i NO3,N2
i Charge_SNHx
i Charge_SNHx
)
*v*v3_SNH4
*v 12_SNO3SI
+i i P,BM
13_SNH4-Charge_SPO4 )**iv 3_SPO4
-((1-*ifCharge_SPO4
-1 SI P,SI P,XS
+i Charge_XPAO,PP

P,SF SI P,SI-i P,XS)

SI -i + f *i
P,BM f SI
Y PHA *(1/i NO3,N2 ) Charge_SNHx
-i Charge_SPO4

i Charge_SNHx
2_SNH4 *vCharge_SPO4
+i Charge_SNOx

*v*v3_SNH4
i Charge_SNHx -1
2_SPO4
12_SNO3+i Charge_XPAO,PP

+i -Charge_SPO4
13_SNH4 *v 3_SPO4
1
i P,BM*i Charge_SPO4
1
21
-Y PHA
-1/Y PAO
Y

14 r14 -(-1/Y H-*ii N,BM

Anoxic growth
+i N,BMofon
) XPAO -(1-Y PAO)/Y PAO*(1/i NO3,N2) -i P,BM -i i -(1- *vPAO
Y PAOi)/Y *(1/i+i *v 14_SNO3*-iv P,BM *i Charge_SPO4
-i P,BM (1-Y PAO)/Y PAO
i Charge_SNHx 1 -i P,BM*i1 Charge_SPO4
*(1/i NO3,N2*v) 14_SNH4+i Charge_SNOx *v 14_SNO3 -1/Y PAO (1-Y PA
-1/Y H -(-1/Y H*i P,SF+i P,BM) vCharge_SNOx
4_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4
Charge_SNHx 14_SNH4 *NO3,N2)
4 r4 Aerobic growth
N,SF S F -(1-Y H)/Y H -(-1/Y H*i N,BM
N,SF+i N,BM)
Charge_SNHx -(-1/Y H4_SPO4
*i P,SF+i P,BM) i Charge_SNHx*v 4_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4 *v 4_SPO4
 4. EBPR process model

Aerobic condition: the PAOs grow by using the stored PHA as a carbon
and energy source. This is assumed to be their only substrate for growth

Growth of PAOs(XB,PAO) ; aerobic

• The PAOs grow by using the stored PHA as a carbon and energy source
(PHA is assumed to be their only substrate)
• Oxygen is used as electron acceptor
• The stoichiometry of the PAO aerobic growth reaction (COD basis) is the
same as that discussed for OHO growth (lecture 5), except that PHA is
the growth substrate.
𝑋𝑃𝐻𝐴 + So = XB,PAO
j Symbol S NH4 Name SSNO3
O2 SF SS
A PO4 SSNH4
I S NO3 S ALK S PO4 SI S N2 XI SXALK
S XH X PAO X PP X PHA X AUT
1 r1 f SIAerobic
-((1- )*i N,SF+fhydrolysis
SI*i N,SI-i N,XS) 1-f SI-((1-f SI)*i P,SF+f SI*i P,SI-i -((1-
P,XS)f SI)*i N,SFf+
SIf SI*i N,SI-i N,XS) i Charge_SNHx *v 1_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4
-((1-f SI)**ivP,SF+f SI*i P,SI-i P,XS)
1_SPO4 f SI i Charge_SNHx *v 1_SNH4-1
+i Charge_SPO4*v 1_SPO4
2 r2 f SIAnoxic
-((1- )*i N,SF+hydrolysis
f SI*i N,SI-i N,XS) 1-f SI-((1-f SI)*i P,SF+f SI*i P,SI-i -((1-
P,XS)f SI)*i N,SFf+
SIf SI*i N,SI-i N,XS) i Charge_SNHx *v 2_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4
-((1-f SI)**ivP,SF+f SI*i P,SI-i P,XS)
2_SPO4 f SI i Charge_SNHx *v 2_SNH4-1
+i Charge_SPO4*v 2_SPO4
3 r3 f SIAnaerobic
-((1- )*i N,SF+f SI*hydrolysis
i N,SI-i N,XS) 1-f SI-((1-f SI)*i P,SF+f SI*i P,SI-i -((1-
P,XS)f SI)*i N,SFf+
SIf SI*i N,SI-i N,XS) i Charge_SNHx *v 3_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4
-((1-f SI)**ivP,SF+f SI*i P,SI-i P,XS)
3_SPO4 f SI i Charge_SNHx *v 3_SNH4-1
+i Charge_SPO4*v 3_SPO4
4

5
r4 -(-1/

r5
Y H*i N,SF
Aerobic
-i N,BM
Aerobic
+i N,BMon
growth ) SF

growth on SA
-(1-Y H)/Y H

-(1-Y H)/Y H
-1/Y H -(-1/Y H*i P,SF+i P,BM)

-i P,BM
-1/Y H
-(-1/Y H*i N,SF+i N,BM)

-i N,BM
i Charge_SNHx *v 4_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4
-(-1/*Yv H4_SPO4
*i P,SF+i P,BM)
i Charge_SNHx *v 5_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4*v 5_SPO4+i Charge_SVFA
-i P,BM *v 5_SA
1 *v 4_SPO4
i Charge_SNHx *v 4_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4
1 +i Charge_SVFA *v 5_SA
i Charge_SNHx *v 5_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4*v 5_SPO4
22
6 r6 -(-1/Y H*i N,SF
Anoxic +i N,BM
growth ) SF
on -(1-Y H)/(i NO3,N2*Y H) -1/Y H -(-1/Y H*i P,SF+i P,BM) -(-1/Y H*i N,SF+i N,BM) i Charge_SNHx
-(1-Y H*v NO3,N2+i
)/(i6_SNH4 *YCharge_SPO4
H) *v 6_SPO4+i Charge_SNOx
-(-1/Y H*i P,SF+i*v )
6_SNO3
P,BM (1-Y H)/(iiNO3,N2*Y H) *v 6_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4*v 6_SPO41+i Charge_SNOx *v 6_SNO3
Charge_SNHx (1-
 4. EBPR process model
Aerobic condition: the PAOs grow by using the stored PHA as a carbon and energy
source. This is assumed to be their only substrate for growth

Rate of PAOs growth(XB,PAO) under aerobic condition

• The PAOs grow by using the stored PHA as a carbon and energy source (PHA is
assumed to be their only substrate)
• To ensure that the rate expression reflects PAO growth only under aerobic
conditions, a switching function for oxygen is included to make the rate go to zero
when oxygen is absent
𝑋𝑃𝐻𝐴 Τ𝑋𝐵,𝑃𝐴𝑂 𝑆𝑃𝑂4 𝑆𝑂
𝑟𝑋𝐵,𝑃𝐴𝑂 = 𝜇Ƹ 𝑃𝐴𝑂 ∗ ∗ 𝑋𝐵,𝑃𝐴𝑂
𝐾𝑃𝐻𝐴 +(𝑋𝑃𝑃𝐻𝐴 Τ𝑋𝐵,𝑃𝐴𝑂 ) 𝐾𝑃𝑂4 +𝑆𝑃𝑂4 𝐾𝑂 +𝑆𝑂

𝜇Ƹ 𝑃𝐴𝑂 : the maximum specific growth rate coefficient for PAOs (1/hr)
𝑋𝑃𝐻𝐴 : the stored PHA concentration (mg/L as COD)
𝑆𝑃𝑂4 : Soluble phosphate concentration, mg/L as P
𝐾𝑃𝑂4 : the half saturation coefficient soluble phosphate
𝑆𝑂 : the DO concentration
j Symbol S NH4 Name SSNO3
O2 SF SS
A PO4 SSNH4
I S NO3 S ALK S PO4 SI S N2 XI SXALK
S XH X PAO X PP X PHA X AUT
1 r1 f SIAerobic
-((1- )*i N,SF+fhydrolysis
SI*i N,SI-i N,XS) 1-f SI-((1-f SI)*i P,SF+f SI*i P,SI-i -((1-
P,XS)f SI)*i N,SFf+
SIf SI*i N,SI-i N,XS) i Charge_SNHx *v 1_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4
-((1-f SI)**ivP,SF+f SI*i P,SI-i P,XS)
1_SPO4 f SI i Charge_SNHx *v 1_SNH4-1
+i Charge_SPO4*v 1_SPO4
2 r2 f SIAnoxic
-((1- )*i N,SF+hydrolysis
f SI*i N,SI-i N,XS) 1-f SI-((1-f SI)*i P,SF+f SI*i P,SI-i -((1-
P,XS)f SI)*i N,SFf+
SIf SI*i N,SI-i N,XS) i Charge_SNHx *v 2_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4
-((1-f SI)**ivP,SF+f SI*i P,SI-i P,XS)
2_SPO4 f SI i Charge_SNHx *v 2_SNH4-1
+i Charge_SPO4*v 2_SPO4
3 r3 f SIAnaerobic
-((1- )*i N,SF+f SI*hydrolysis
i N,SI-i N,XS) 1-f SI-((1-f SI)*i P,SF+f SI*i P,SI-i -((1-
P,XS)f SI)*i N,SFf+
SIf SI*i N,SI-i N,XS) i Charge_SNHx *v 3_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4
-((1-f SI)**ivP,SF+f SI*i P,SI-i P,XS)
3_SPO4 f SI i Charge_SNHx *v 3_SNH4-1
+i Charge_SPO4*v 3_SPO4
4

5
r4 -(-1/

r5
Y H*i N,SF
Aerobic
-i N,BM
Aerobic
+i N,BMon
growth ) SF

growth on SA
-(1-Y H)/Y H

-(1-Y H)/Y H
-1/Y H -(-1/Y H*i P,SF+i P,BM)

-i P,BM
-1/Y H
-(-1/Y H*i N,SF+i N,BM)

-i N,BM
i Charge_SNHx *v 4_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4
-(-1/*Yv H4_SPO4
*i P,SF+i P,BM)
i Charge_SNHx *v 5_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4*v 5_SPO4+i Charge_SVFA
-i P,BM *v 5_SA
1 *v 4_SPO4
i Charge_SNHx *v 4_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4
1 +i Charge_SVFA *v 5_SA
i Charge_SNHx *v 5_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4*v 5_SPO4
23
6 r6 -(-1/Y H*i N,SF
Anoxic +i N,BM
growth ) SF
on -(1-Y H)/(i NO3,N2*Y H) -1/Y H -(-1/Y H*i P,SF+i P,BM) -(-1/Y H*i N,SF+i N,BM) i Charge_SNHx
-(1-Y H*v NO3,N2+i
)/(i6_SNH4 *YCharge_SPO4
H) *v 6_SPO4+i Charge_SNOx
-(-1/Y H*i P,SF+i*v )
6_SNO3
P,BM (1-Y H)/(iiNO3,N2*Y H) *v 6_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4*v 6_SPO41+i Charge_SNOx *v 6_SNO3
Charge_SNHx (1-
4. EBPR process model

Aerobic condition: the PAOs grow by using the stored PHA as a carbon and energy
source. This is assumed to be their only substrate for growth

Polyphosphate storage; aerobic

• In addition to growth, polyphosphate storage also occurs under aerobic condition
• The energy for its storage comes from PHA utilization
• Soluble phosphate is removed from the medium in direct proportion to the amount
incorporated into poly-p.
𝑆𝑃𝑂4 ----XPP
• Furthermore, PHA is lost (Y units of PHA, YPHA ) and oxygen is utilized
proportionally as well

YPHA = Yield for XPP storage (SPO4 uptake) per XPHA utilized, gCOD XPP /g COD
XPHA =Stored polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) (mg COD/L)
24
4. EBPR process model
Aerobic condition: the PAOs grow by using the stored PHA as a carbon and energy
source. This is assumed to be their only substrate for growth

• Rate of polyphosphate storage (rXPP) ; aerobic

• In addition to PHA, phosphate and oxygen terms, the rate equation includes a
term to store poly-p storage if content in the PAO becomes too high

𝑋𝑃𝐻𝐴 Τ𝑋𝐵,𝑃𝐴𝑂 𝑆𝑃𝑂4 𝑆𝑂 𝐾𝑃𝑀𝐴𝑋 −𝑋𝑃𝑃 Τ𝑋𝐵,𝑃𝐴𝑂

𝑟𝑋𝑃𝑃 = 𝑞𝑃𝑃 ∗ ∗ 𝑋
𝐾𝑃𝐻𝐴 + 𝑋𝑃𝐻𝐴 Τ𝑋𝐵,𝑃𝐴𝑂 𝐾𝑃𝑂4 + 𝑆𝑃𝑂4 𝐾𝑂 + 𝑆𝑂 𝐾𝐼𝑃𝑃 + 𝐾𝑃𝑀𝐴𝑋 −𝑋𝑃𝑃 Τ𝑋𝐵,𝑃𝐴𝑂 𝐵,𝑃𝐴𝑂

𝑞𝑝𝑝 : the maximum specific rate of poly-P storage(1/hr)

𝐾𝐼𝑃𝑃 : the inhibition coefficient for poly-p storage;
𝑆𝑃𝑂4 : soluble phosphate concentration in mg/L; 𝐾𝑃𝑂4 : half saturation
coefficient for soluble phosphate
𝑆𝑂 : the DO concentration; 𝐾𝑂 : half saturation coefficient for DO
𝑋𝐵,𝑃𝐴𝑂 : the concentration of PAOs, biomass in COD units

25
 4. EBPR process model
ASM 2d model
j Symbol S NH4 Name SSNO3
O2 SF SS
A PO4 SSNH4
I
S NO3 S ALK S PO4 SI S N2 XI SXALK
S XH X PAO X PP X PHA X AUT
1 r1 f SIAerobic
-((1- )*i N,SF+fhydrolysis
SI*i N,SI-i N,XS)
1-f SI-((1-f SI)*i P,SF+f SI*i P,SI-i -((1-f )*i N,SFf+SIf SI*i N,SI-i N,XS)
P,XS) SI
-((1-f SI)**ivP,SF
i Charge_SNHx *v 1_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4 +f SI*i P,SI-i P,XS)
1_SPO4
f SI i Charge_SNHx *v 1_SNH4-1
+i Charge_SPO4*v 1_SPO4
2 r2 f SIAnoxic
-((1- )*i N,SF+hydrolysis
f SI*i N,SI-i N,XS) 1-f SI-((1-f SI)*i P,SF+f SI*i P,SI-i -((1-f )*i N,SFf+SIf SI*i N,SI-i N,XS)
P,XS) SI
-((1-f SI)**ivP,SF
i Charge_SNHx *v 2_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4 +f SI*i P,SI-i P,XS)
2_SPO4
f SI i Charge_SNHx *v 2_SNH4-1
+i Charge_SPO4*v 2_SPO4
3 r3 f SIAnaerobic
-((1- )*i N,SF+f SI*hydrolysis
i N,SI-i N,XS) 1-f SI-((1-f SI)*i P,SF+f SI*i P,SI-i -((1-f )*i N,SFf+SIf SI*i N,SI-i N,XS)
P,XS) SI
-((1-f SI)**ivP,SF
i Charge_SNHx *v 3_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4 +f SI*i P,SI-i P,XS)
3_SPO4
f SI i Charge_SNHx *v 3_SNH4-1
+i Charge_SPO4*v 3_SPO4
4 r4 -(-1/
Aerobic growth
Y H*i N,SF+i N,BMon
) SF -(1-Y H)/Y H -1/Y H -(-1/Y H*i P,SF+i P,BM) -(-1/Y H*i N,SF+i N,BM) -(-1/*Yv H4_SPO4
i Charge_SNHx *v 4_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4 *i P,SF+i P,BM) i Charge_SNHx *v 4_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4
1 *v 4_SPO4
5 r5 Aerobic growth on SA
-i N,BM -(1-Y H)/Y H -1/Y
-i P,BM
H -i N,BM -i P,BM *v 5_SA
i Charge_SNHx *v 5_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4*v 5_SPO4+i Charge_SVFA i Charge_SNHx *v 5_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4*v 5_SPO4
1 +i Charge_SVFA *v 5_SA
6 r6 -(-1/
Anoxic growth
Y H*i N,SF on
+i N,BM) SF -(1-Y H)/(i NO3,N2*Y H) -1/Y H -(-1/Y H*i P,SF+i P,BM) -(-1/Y H*i N,SF+i N,BM) -(1-Y H*v
i Charge_SNHx )/(i6_SNH4 *YCharge_SPO4
NO3,N2+i H) -(-1/
*v 6_SPO4 Y H*i P,SF+i*v
+i Charge_SNOx P,BM )
6_SNO3 (1-Y H)/(iiNO3,N2*Y H) *v 6_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4*v 6_SPO41+i Charge_SNOx *v 6_SNO3
Charge_SNHx (1-Y
7 r7 Anoxic growth on SA
-i N,BM -(1-Y H)/(i NO3,N2*Y H) -1/Y
-i P,BM
H -i N,BM -(1-Y+i
i Charge_SNHx *v 7_SNH4 H)/(i NO3,N2*Y*v
Charge_SPO4
i P,BM +i Charge_SVFA *v 7_SA
H) 7_SPO4+i Charge_SNOx *v -7_SNO3 i Charge_SNHx *v 7_SNH4
(1-Y H)/(i NO3,N2*Y H+i
) Charge_SPO4*v 7_SPO4+i Charge_SNOx
1 *v 7_SNO3+i Charge_SVFA *v 7_SA (1-Y
8 r8 Fermentation
i N,SF -1 1i P,SF i N,SF i Charge_SNHx *v 8_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4*v 8_SPO4+ii Charge_SVFA
P,SF i Charge_SNHx *v 8_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4*v 8_SPO4+i Charge_SVFA
9 -(r9 Lysis
f XI*i N,XI+(1-f XI)*i N,XS-i N,BM) -(f XI*i P,XI+(1-f XI)*i P,XS-i -(f XI*) i N,XI+(1-f XI)*i N,XS-i N,BM)
P,BM
-(f XI*i P,XI*+(1-
i Charge_SNHx *v 9_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4 f XI)*i P,XS-i P,BM)
v 9_SPO4 i Charge_SNHx
f XI*v 9_SNH4 i Charge_SPO4
1-+f XI -1 *v 9_SPO4
10 r10 Storage of XPHA -1Y PO4 Y PO4*Y PO4
-i Charge_SVFA +i Charge_SPO4*Y PO4-i Charge_XPAO,PP -i Charge_SVFA +i Charge_SPO4*Y PO4-i Charge_XPAO,PP*Y PO4-Y PO4 1
11 r11 Aerobic storage of XPP -Y PHA -1 -i Charge_SPO4+i Charge_XPAO,PP -1 -i Charge_SPO4+i Charge_XPAO,PP 1 -Y PHA
12 r12 Anoxic storage of XPP -Y PHA *(1/i NO3,N2) -1 -iYCharge_SPO4
PHA *(1/i NO3,N2)
+i Charge_SNOx -1
*v 12_SNO3+i Charge_XPAO,PP -i Charge_SPO4
Y PHA *(1/i NO3,N2) +i Charge_SNOx *v 12_SNO3+i Charge_XPAO,PP 1 -Y PHA Y
13 r13 Aerobic growth of XPAO
-i N,BM -(1-Y PAO)/Y PAO -i P,BM -i N,BM -i P,BM
i Charge_SNHx *v 13_SNH4-i P,BM*i Charge_SPO4 i Charge_SNHx *v 13_SNH4-i P,BM*i Charge_SPO41 -1/Y PAO
14 r14 Anoxic growth of XPAO
-i N,BM -(1-Y PAO)/Y PAO*(1/i NO3,N2) -i P,BM -i N,BM i -(1-Y PAO)/Y
Charge_SNHx *vPAO *(1/i NO3,N2
14_SNH4+i
) -i P,BM
Charge_SNOx *v 14_SNO3-i P,BM *i Charge_SPO4 i Charge_SNHx
(1-Y PAO)/Y PAO *v) 14_SNH4+i Charge_SNOx *v 14_SNO3-i P,BM*i1 Charge_SPO4
*(1/i NO3,N2 -1/Y PAO (1-Y PA
15 r15
-( Lysis
f XI*i N,XI+(1-of
f XIX)*PAO
i N,XS-i N,BM) -(f XI*i P,XI+(1-f XI)*i P,XS-i -(f XI*) i N,XI+(1-f XI)*i N,XS-i N,BM)
P,BM
-(f XI*i P,XI*+(1-
i Charge_SNHx *v 15_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4 f XI)*i P,XS-i P,BM)
v 15_SPO4 i Charge_SNHxf XI
*v 15_SNH4 i Charge_SPO4*v 15_SPO4
1-+f XI -1
16 r16 Lysis of XPP 1 i Charge_SPO4-i Charge_XPAO,PP 1 i Charge_SPO4-i Charge_XPAO,PP -1
17 r17 Lysis of XPHA 1 i Charge_SVFA i Charge_SVFA -1
18 r18 Aerobic growth
-iN,BM -1/YAUT
of XAUT -(-i COD_NO3
1/Y-YAUT
AUT)/Y AUT -i P,BM -iN,BM -1/YAUT (-i N,BM-1/Y AUT1/)*Yi Charge_SNHx
AUT +1/Y AUT*i Charge_SNOx-i P,BM
P,BM*i Charge_SPO4
(-i N,BM-1/Y AUT)*i Charge_SNHx +1/Y AUT*i Charge_SNOx -i P,BM*i Charge_SPO4 1
19 r19
-( Lysis
f XI*i N,XI+(1-f XI)*i N,XS-i N,BM) -(f XI*i P,XI+(1-f XI)*i P,XS-i -(f XI*) i N,XI+(1-f XI)*i N,XS-i N,BM)
P,BM
-(f XI*i P,XI*+(1-
i Charge_SNHx *v 19_SNH4+i Charge_SPO4 f XI)*i P,XS-i P,BM)
v 19_SPO4 i Charge_SNHxf XI
*v 19_SNH4 i Charge_SPO4*v 19_SPO4
1-+f XI -1
20 r20 Precipitation -1 -i Charge_SPO4 -1 -i Charge_SPO4
21 r21 Redissolution 1 i Charge_SPO4 1 i Charge_SPO4

26
 4. EBPR process model
ASM 2d – Rates
j X MeOH
Symbol NameX MeP S O2 SF SA S NH4
Rate S NO3 S PO4
1 r1 Aerobic hydrolysis K h *Msat SO2,KO2,HYD *MRsat XS,XH,KX
1-f SI *X H -((1-f SI)*i N,SF+f SI*i N,SI-i N,XS) -((1-f SI)*i P,SF+f SI*i P,S
2 r2 Anoxic hydrolysis K h *η NO3,HYD *Minh SO2,KO2,HYD
1-*Msat
f SI SNO3,KNO3,HYD *MRsat f SI)*i N,SF*X
-((1-XS,XH,KX +fHSI*i N,SI-i N,XS) -((1-f SI)*i P,SF+f SI*i P,S
3 r3 Anaerobic hydrolysis K h *η fe *Minh SO2,KO2,HYD *Minh
1-fSNO3,KNO3,HYD
SI *MRsat XS,XH,KX
-((1-f SI*X
)*i HN,SF+f SI*i N,SI-i N,XS) -((1-f SI)*i P,SF+f SI*i P,S
4 r4 Aerobic growth on SF μ H *Msat
-(1- Y H)/Y H*Msat SF,KF-1/
SO2,KO2,H *SYFH/(S A +S F )*Msat SNH4,KNH4,H *Msat
-(-1/Y H*i N,SF+i N,BM*Msat
SPO4,KP,H ) SALK,KALK,H *X H -(-1/Y H*i P,SF+i P,B
5 r5 Aerobic growth on SA μ H *Msat
-(1- Y H)/Y H*Msat SA,KA,H *S A /(S A +S
SO2,KO2,H -1/YF )*Msat
H SNH4,KNH4,H *Msat SPO4,KP,H *Msat SALK,KALK,H *X H
-i N,BM -i P,BM
6 r6 Anoxic growth on SF μ H *η NO3,H *Minh SO2,KO2,H *Msat
-1/Y SNO3,KNO3,H
H *Msat SF,KF *S F-(-1/
/(S YA +S F )*Msat
H*i N,SF+i N,BMSNH4,KNH4,H
) *Msat
-(1-
SPO4,KP,H *Msat
Y H)/(i NO3,N2*YSALK,KALK,H
H) *X H -(-1/Y H*i P,SF+i P,B
7 r7 Anoxic growth on SA μ H *η NO3,H *Minh SO2,KO2,H *Msat SNO3,KNO3,H
-1/Y*Msat
H SA,KA,H *S A /(S A-+S F )*Msat SNH4,KNH4,H *Msat
i N,BM -(1-Y
SPO4,KP,H *Msat
H)/(i NO3,N2*Y HSALK,KALK,H
) *X H -i P,BM
8 r8 Fermentation -1
q fe *Minh SO2,KO2,H *Minh SNO3,KNO3,H *Msat 1SF,Kfe *Msat SALK,KALK,H *X
i N,SF
H i P,SF
-i TSS,BM 9 r9 Lysis b H*X H -(f XI*i N,XI+(1-f XI)*i N,XS-i N,BM) -(f XI*i P,XI+(1-f XI)*i P,XS

XPHA 10 r10 Storage of XPHA -1 XPP,XPAO,KPP *X PAO

q PHA *Msat SA,KA,PAO *Msat SALK,KALK,PAO *MRsat Y PO4

PHA 11 r11 Aerobic storage of XPP q PP *Msat -SO2,KO2,PAO

Y PHA *Msat SPO4,KPS *Msat SALK,KALK,PAO *MRsat XPHA,XPAO,KPHA *MRinh XPP,XPAO,KiPP *X PAO -1

PHA 12 r12 Anoxic storage of XPP q PP *η NO3,PAO *Msat SNO3,KNO3,PAO *Minh SO2,KO2,PAO *Msat SPO4,KPS *Msat SALK,KALK,PAO *MRsat -XPHA,XPAO,KPHA *MRinh
Y PHA *(1/i NO3,N2) XPP,XPAO,KiPP *X PAO-1

XPHA 13 r13 Aerobic growth of XPAO μ PAO *Msat

-(1-Y PAO)/Y PAO *Msat SNH4,KNH4,PAO *Msat SPO4,KP,PAO *Msat-SALK,KALK,PAO
SO2,KO2,PAO i N,BM *MRsat XPHA,XPAO,KPHA *X PAO -i P,BM

XPHA 14 r14 Anoxic growth of XPAO μ PAO *η NO3,PAO *Minh SO2,KO2,PAO *Msat SNO3,KNO3,PAO *Msat SNH4,KNH4,PAO
-i N,BM *Msat SPO4,KP,PAO-(1-
*Msat
Y PAOSALK,KALK,PAO *MRsat
)/Y PAO*(1/i NO3,N2) XPHA,XPAO,KPHA *X
-i P,BM
PAO

-i TSS,BM 15 r15 Lysis of XPAO b PAO *X PAO *Msat SALK,KALK,PAO -(f XI*i N,XI+(1-f XI)*i N,XS-i N,BM) -(f XI*i P,XI+(1-f XI)*i P,XS
16 r16 Lysis of XPP b PP *Msat SALK,KALK,PAO *(X PP /X PAO )*X PAO 1

17 r17 Lysis of XPHA 1

b PHA *Msat SALK,KALK,PAO *(X PHA /X PAO )*X PAO
18 r18 Aerobic growth of XAUT μ AUT *Msat SO2,KO2,AUT
-(-i COD_NO3 -iN,BM
*Msat SNH4,KNH4,AUT *Msat SPO4,KP,AUT *Msat
-Y AUT)/Y AUT -1/YAUT *X AUT
SALK,KALK,AUT 1/Y AUT -i P,BM
-i TSS,BM 19 r19 Lysis b AUT*X AUT -(f XI*i N,XI+(1-f XI)*i N,XS-i N,BM) -(f XI*i P,XI+(1-f XI)*i P,XS

4,MW
20 fr20 Precipitationf MeP_PO4,MW
MeOH_PO4,MW k PRE*S PO4*X MeOH -1

O4,MW) 21 -fr21 Redissolution

MeOH_PO4,MW -f MeP_PO4,MW k RED *X MeP *Msat SALK,KALK,PRE 1

27
4. EBPR process model
SF SB
Fermentable organic matter

ASM 2 versus Latest EBPR models SA Fermentation product (Volatile Fatty Acids)
SPO4 Soluble inorganic phosphorus
XPAO Phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAO)
XPP Stored polyphosphate (PP)
Fermentation XPHA Stored polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
Growth
XPAO XGLY Stored glycogen
SB

SPO4 Maintenance Maintenance

ANA XPHA
XPP

Storage
SVFA
Storage

Maintenance
XGLY
Growth
XGAO

28
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