r

NI Sclence PT3 Chapter I Force and Motion

2. We move the broken car by pushing -'1 i

Force Besides that, we remove a nail from a

of wood by pulling out the nail.
Wfum* is Feprqe?

is deflned as a push or a pull upon

an object.

l. Almost every activity that we do in our daily

life uses force. Activities such as opening Figure 8.7 Exomples of the push ond pull
doors, pulling the rope, kicking a ball or
opening canned drinks are examples of 3. Besides the push and pull forces,
using force in our daily life. exits in various form such as
force, weight force, normal force,
force, elastic force and buoyant force.

"11
.lo Elastic force is the force
3 enables an object to return
The gravitational force to its original shape when
acts towards the centre action force is removed.
of the Earth causing all d
objects to fall to the Earth. \
The graVitational attraction
force causes the planets
to move around the sun in
their orbits.

7t
of
tr Normal force is the
that acts against the
h gravitational force or ?i
produced when an
Frictional force in contact with a
F

Frictional force is the force ft

that opposes the motion of an
object when two surfaces are
in contact with each other. The
Weight is the
Hea
direction of the frictional force is
opposite the direction of motion. force that acts on an r.s
Normal force
2.\
t
Buoyant force is the force in

Buoyant
fluids that acts upwards causing 3.(
*",nn,f an object to float. a
I force
Weight t
v

412q8

I
 I
Science PT3 Chapter I Force andnzorron N
Gharacteristics of Force 100g:1N
t:
1. Force is a vector quantity that has magnitude lkg:10N
and direction.

2. Figure 8.2 shows a push force given to move

4. Force is measured by using a spring balance
a box with a 20 N magnitude. The direction that functions based on the principle of
of the force and the point of application are spring extension.
as shown in this figure.
Retort stand

Spring
Direction
balance
Point of
so application
lal Magnitude
L*",nn,
tal

Figure 8.2 Force use to push the box Figure 8.4

3. Diagram 8.3 shows a bottle opener used to

*r.l: rrl I
O
open the cap of a bottle. The action force 'rlI

is 15 N and the direction is as sho,,.tm in

Wooden
block Spring balance il
Figure 8.3.
I

Pull 2l
Point of application ")
Fo
15N Thread

Figure 8.5

5. When the weight of an object increases, the

length bf the spring also increases.
Eigure 8,3 The force used to open cop of o bottle

...f

q €3ilffi3*-.U lf the weight of a bowling ball measured on Earth

*F is 90 N, is the weight the same if measured on the
Point of application is a place or point where Moon? Explain your answer.
force is applied on the object.

Dleasurement of Force
+ Tips
.. .. re.--ry1lri!E*r.!:9rarl-. -.

2.
l. S.I. unit for force is newton, N.
Weight of an object is gravitational force of
Force is a vector quantity with direction and
magnitude. o
the object.

3. On Earth, the gravitational force that acts on 6. The rougher the surface, the greater the
frictional force.
a 100 g mass is approximately I N. Therefore,
the gravitational force that acts on an object
with a 1 kg mass is approximately 10 N.

2qqt>
 N PT3 Chapter I Force and Motion
".tuo".
Action - Reaction Pair (c) VVhen two trolleys are put close together
with a spring as shor.tm in Figure B.B, the
l. Every object in a stationary position flrst trolley exerts elastic force (action
will have action and reaction forces acting force) on the second trolley. The trollev I
on it. also exerts an elastic force of the same
2
2. These forces usually act in pairs. When the magnitude (reaction force) on the first
flrst object uses force on the second object, trolley but in the opposite direction.
the second objectwould also exert the same After both trolleys are released, thev
amount of force in the opposite direction on move in the opposite directions at the
the first object. same distance.
Action force Reaction force

ilelrfr:lr's 'I'trirri l.alv states that for every

action force, there is a reaction force
of same magnitude but in the opposite First trolley

direction. Compressed spring

Reaction force Action force

l't 3. The following situations explain the concept

o
I
of Newton's Third Law. -
(a) An apple is in a stationary state on First trolley Second trolley
3 the table. The weight of the apple acts Figure 8.8
2 on the table. At the same time, the
table reacts with the same magnitude (d) Figure 8.9 shows a man pushing the
of force but in the opposife direction water backwards with an oar to enable
and this force is knor,vn as the normal the boat to move forward. The actiou
force. of pushing the water backwards causes
the boat to be pushed forward by the
Normal force
water.

Action force
<-- Reaction force

Weight
.*--:a*
--> I
Figure 8.6 An opple on.the toble
Figure E.9 The fishermon is rowing the boat
(b) A toy duck floats on water because
the magnitude of the weight of the toy
duck (action force) is the same as the
Formatlve Proctice 8.1
force that acts upwards knor,rm as the 1. Name the type of force that is related to the )
buoyant force (reaction force). situation below.
(i) Durian falling to the ground.
(ii) Difficulty in pushing a box across a carpet
2. How can the weight of an object be measured? 3.
3. A box is put on a table. The table exerts
frictional force of 2 N on the box. What is the
euovant tor"e total force needed to move the box?
I
4. A log with a weight of 100 N floats on the
Figure 8.7 Toy duck flooting on woter surface of the river. State the magnitude of tlrc
reaction force that acts on that log.

<r 300
 Science PT3 Chapter I Force andtrZorron N

t Effects of Force

l. Forces cannot be seen but the effect ofthese forces can be felt.
2. Figure 8.10 shows the effects of forces that can be seen.

t.
iFtt
H+1
..8 fr'x
l-tg
:l'tl
r
ft

t
f\4oves a stationary Stops a moving Changes direction ofa t|:: -ll
object object moving object i'o.l
f
J

@ v-

:{R7-
Changes the speed of a Changes the shape or
moving object size of an object

Eigure 8.7O Effects of Force

Buoymrat Stlr'ee
t. An object will float on water if the buoyant
force that acts on it is enough to support its
weight. Weight Buoyant
force

Buoyant force = Weight of object

Buoyant
2. The buoyant force is a force that acts on Weight force
the object when the object is submerged
completely or partly in the fluid.
(a) Floating obiect (b) Sinking object

Eigwe 8.77
3. If an object submerges into the water, the
buoyant force that acts on it is not enough 4. Buoyant force can be calculated using the
to support its weight. formula below.

Buoyant force < Weight of object Buoyant force = Real weight - apparent weight

30t
 Science PT3 Chapter I Force and Alotion

@ either being more or less than the

of the fluid.
Spring

ffi-
V
balance 3. Figure 8.14 shows when an object that
less dense than the liquid is pushed
the liquid, an upthrust force knor,rm as
&_ Stone
buoyant force, (O which is more than
weight of the object, would push the obj
Figure 8.72 Reol weight upwards to the top of the liquid. This o
the object to float.

\
;
D
Eigure 8.74 An oblect with less density will floot
the surfoce of the water
.lt Eigure E.73 Apporent weight
:
4. Conversely if the object is denser than
o
.l 5. An object submerges when the apparent liquid, the upthrust force (buoyant
Dis

weight is more than the buoyant force. R is less than the weight of the t.
3
6. An object will float when the buoyant force and causes the object to submerge to
bottom of the liquid. )
is equal to the weight.

Density and buoyant for€c Con

Hvp
l. Each object has different density. wat(
2. The position of an object in the fluid is w
determined by the density of the object Figure 8.75 Denser obiect submerges
in the woter
c. .l

Problem statement: Will a denser object than water submerge in the water?
Hypothesis: An object that is leis dense than water would float whereas an object that is denser than
water would sink.
Aim: To determine that objects denser than water will sink.
Manipulated variable: Type of cubes

Responding variable: Position of the cube in water

Constant variable: Volume of cube

Materials and apparatus: Copper cube, iron cube, cork cube and wooden cube with a volume of 1

each, water, weighing scale and beaker.

Procedure:

flflflffi
Copper lron Cork Wood

Figure 8.75

<1302
 Science PT3 Chapter I Force and Motion iN
nsin 1. Each cube is weighed and its density is calculated using the formula below:

,at is
Densty (g/cm3) =
*ffi#hf
into
s the 2. The density is recorded in a table.
I the 3, All the four cubes are put in a beaker with water. Observe the cubes to see if they float or submerge.
bject
IUSCS Observation:

Copper Iron Cork Wood

Volume (cm3) 1 1 1 t

Mass (g) 8.9 7.9 0.24 0.38

Density (g/ cm3) 8.9 7.9 0.24 0.38

rt on
Submerges/Floats Submerges Submerges Floats Floats

r the ..,i: : .ll W:,t.t.:.!,:l

lrce, o*
-rg
rject l. Water has a density of 1.0 g cm-3, the objects with a density less than water density are cork and wood,
whereas cuprum and iron are denser than water. 3g
r the B

2. Cuprum and iron sink in the water because both are denser than water, whereas the cork and the wood a
$
float in water because both are less dense than water.

Hlpothesis is accepted. An object that is less dense than water will float whereas an object that is denser than
water will submerge.

5. Table 8.1 shows the density of several types

of substances. RAElf?3l
I#*J JJJ
,I

fable 8.7
Cargo ship and Plimsoll line
he
Density at 0'G and pressure
at 1 atmosphere The Plimsoll line is drawn on the body of the
Material cargo ship for safety purposes. The Plimsoll line
g cm-3 kg cm-3 assists the sailors to determine a safe level for
the ship to float. This is because the density of
Air 0.0013 1 .3
sea water varies at different places.
Oxygen 0.0014 1.4

Cork 0.24 240 TF TF = Tropical freshwater

F = Freshwater
Water 1.0 1 000 F
.T T = Tropical ocean
n3 Glycerine 1"26 1 260 -s S = Summer
W = Winter
lron 7.9 7 9000 -w WNA = Winter North
* WNA
11 .3 11 300 Atlantic

13.6 13 600
Figure E.77
19.3 19 300

303
 N ?T3 Chapter I Force and Motion
".t.r.".
2. The lever enables us to use less force in
EilALaE:NEEJ@ doing our work.
An object has a density of 1.3 g cm 3. The object is
inserted into the liquid below: 3. The lever is a bar or a rod that can rotate on
(i) Liquid X: 2.0 g cm-3 a fixed point.
(ii) Liquid Y: 0.9 g cm-3 4. The lever system consists ofthree parts:
ln which liquid will the object submerge? Explain. (a) Force: Push or pull applied on the cross I
(b) Fulcrum: Fixed point of rotation
Lever (c) Load: Moved object
1. Lever is a simple machine invented to make 5. There are three types oflevers:
work easier.

Lever
2.

,.:.1* .)|.,).

,,, i::t 1l
, ""ro ;:,
I
3.
?- First class lever Second class lever Third class lever
rra
?
I
'{
a Effort (E) Effort (E) Effort (E)
, .,]i*
T'l
I Fulcrum (F)
Load (L) Load (L)
Fulcrum (F)
Load (L)
Fulcrum (F)
4.

The fulcrum is between load The load is between fulcrum The effort is between fulcrum
and effort. and effort. and load.
To produce a bigger force To produce a bigger force The effort should be nearer
using a small force, the using a smaller force,.the to load than the fulcrum.
distance between the effort effort should be further away A big effort is necessary to 5.
and the fulcrum must be from the fulcrum than the overcome a small load.
bigger than the dlstance load. Examples:
between the load and the Examples:
fulcrum.
Examples: E
E
L F L

E
Nt
E
lce cube tong
E Nutcracker

ffi
Scissors
L

E rL E Mon
F
E Fishing rod Mon
Wheelbarrow
Plier
Mon
force
Figure 8.78 A tree mop showing the closses of levers fulcr

304
 Science PT3 Chapter I Force andnzotion N

T he ia4n.:i+ic;-l,i?i: :;ilit f 4::;.i;1:;L;

is the turning effect that
is produced when a force is acting on an
object at a fixed Point'
I The effect of rotation can be seen when we
open the door or use the spanner to loosen
or tighten nuts as in Figure 8.19'
6. In the lever, the two forces that act on it are
the effort and the load'
7. These forces produce opposing moments of
forces, the load produces an anti-clockwise
moment of force while the effort produces
a clockwise moment of force'
B. In order to balance the piece of wood in a
horizontal position as in Figure B'21, the
clockwise moment of effort is the same as
the anti-clockwise moment of load'
Load distance I Force distance

Eigure 8.79

2. The moment of force depends on the force Load (B) Effort (E)
applied and the perpendicular distance
from the fulcrum to the force' Figure 8,27 Lever in o bolqnced position .lt fljl
':
3. The moment of force will increase if; 9. The formula below can be used for lever
ot
.tg
(i) force magnitude increases, calculations: a5
Jq
(ii) vertical distance from the pivot to the tf,

force increases. Load (N) x distance of load from fulcrum (m) ''''
: e"""
}-.':.
4. The moment of force can be calculated = Force (N) x Distance of force from fulcrum ,-i:i n::7;*

using the formula below: to force (m)

Moment of force (N m)
= Force (N) x Perpendicular
distance
from fulcrum to the force (m)
Figure 8.22 shows a system of lever in balance'
5. The moment of force has two directions'
they are clockwise or anti-clockwise'

Distance = 0.3 m = 0"15 m Eigure 8.22

Load (N) x Distance of weight from fulcrum (m)

= Force (N) x Distance of force from fulcrum to
force (m)
Force = 40 N Force = 40 Xxlm=15Nx2.5m
(b) _ 15Nx2'5m
(a)
1m
Figure E'2O X=375N
Moment of force for (a) = 40 N x 0'3 m
=12Nm
Moment of force for {b) = 40 N x 0'15 m
=6Nm Figure 8.23 shows two children sitting on a see-saw'
Moment of force (a) is bigger than moment of Wlat must Aziat's distance from the fulcrum be for
force (b) because the perpendicular distance from the see-saw to be balanced?
fulcrum ia) is longer than (b).

305
 N PT3 Chapter I Force and Motion
".r"r.".
soft board even through the force given is
450 N
600 N the same.

2. This shows the effect of force acting on an

object depends on the area of the surface
where force is applied.
d 1.5 m 3. A force that acts on a large surface ha-s
Figure 8.23 little pressure whereas a force that acts on
a-
a smaller surface has a higher pressure,
Load (N) x Distance of weight from fulcrum (m)
= Force (N) x Distance of force from fulcrum to 4. Pressure is defined as normal force trn At
force (m) surface area.
600Nxd=450Nx'l .5m
, 450 N x 1.5 m
o= -
Pressure =
Force
--------;------ T
600N Surlace area
d = 1.125 m :,
S-
5. - (Pa). 1 Pa
S.I. unit for pressure is pascal
ll equivalenttolNm-2.
, i..::& rr ' Pressure
Io l. A thumb nail can be pressed into a soft
*i board but a coin cannot be pressed into a
F
&

. ., \.,.
! fxperiment 8.2 ! Tt

em statement: Does surface area affect pressure?

thesis: The larger the surface area, the lower the pressure exerted.
To study the relationship between surface area and pressure.

rulated variable: Surface area

lnding variable: Depth of dent
\
:ant variable: Mass of metal block

rials and apparatus: Metal blocks, plasticine, retort stand with clamp, ruler and string.

t,a
l. Two metal blocks with the same mass are hung as shown in
Retort stand String String I
Figure 8,24. with clamp
2. A piece of plasticine is placed under the two metal blocks. Metal
Meta
block
3. Metal block A is released and the depth of the dent is A block
B
measured with the ruler.
Plastrc -E
4. Step 3 is repeated with the metal block B.
Figure 8,24 The set-up of opporotus

Metal block A B

Depth of dent produced (cm) 6 2

306

-
I
Scicnce PT3 Chapter I rorce ana uotron Nl

l. Metal block A produces a deeper dent compared with metal block B

2. The depths ofthe dent produced shows the pressure produced.
3. When the surface area increases, the pressure decreases.

Hypothesis is accepted.The bigger the surface area, the lower the pressure exerted.

Application of Preisure in Daily Life

The sole of a skating boots are ,: r The wheels of the tractor are made big and
made of a piece of thin metal to , wide, to prepare a huge surface and pioduce
produce a high pressure on the r low pressure. The low pressure prevents the
surface of the ice to enable the tractor from sinking into
skier to ski on the ice easily. , the soft soil.
.lr
o
.l
f
x J

The blade of the knife is very thin to produce
high pressure on the object being cut.
,,rd,
The sole of a football boots have many
studs to prepare a small surface area and high
pressure on the field. This enables the player to
move.

Eigure 8.25 Applicotion of pressure in Daily Life

Gas Pressure
1. in a closed container.
Figure 8.26 shows the air molecules
The air pressure can be explained as the kinetic gas
theory. \ t (,
(i) The air molecules are constantly moving freely and o 6,o I
do d'a{
(ii)
hitting with one another and with the wall of the
container.
The air molecule hitting the container wall frequently
ilo o
t
o
I Randomly moving air
molecules hitting
I the wall of the
produces a large force exerts on it. container
(iii) The force exerted on the container's wall is knor,rrn as the Eigure 8.26
air pressure.

307
 N PT3 Chapter I Force and Motion
""r"rr""
2. The cardboard does not fall off and the 3. Temperature
water from the glass does not flow out
although the hand has been removed from Rubber tube

the cardboard. The air pressure acts upwards Thermometer

Round-bottom
and produces a force strong enough to Bourdon gauge flask
Rir
support the weight of the water. Air exerts plr
Air the
pressure. Wooden block
plL

Eigure 8.29 The set-up of opporotus

Glass

Cardboard Observations:
Eigure 8.27
The reading on the Bourdon gauge
increases as the temperature increases.
Fartors That Affect Alr Pressure
Bol
1. Volume 4. \Mhen a closed container is heated, the
clor
temperature in the container increases. ren
'
'il - Observations: Therefore, the air particles move faster.
'..$o . anc
The reading on the Bourdon gauge This causes the air particles to collide Obr
"'t increases when the s),Tinge is pushed. with the wall of the container more
:J
1)
. The reading on the Bourdon gauge frequently and a bigger force causes the
f
t
& decreases when the syringe is pulled pressure to increase.

I '::4;*r: :ei:;: .
out.

Syringe
Atmospheric pressure
Bourdon
gauge
is the pressure
that is applied by the atmosphere onto the Ast
surface of the Earth and all the bodies on The
Piston
this Earth. The
Rubber tube ma(

Figure 8.28 The set-up of opporotus

l. As an example, when the drink (liquid) in a
packet drink is sucked out, the packet will
compress.
2. 'vVhen a closed container is compressed,
the volume in the container decreases. The 2. The space inside the packet becomes partial
air particles inside the container collide vacuum and the air pressure inside it is low
more frequently with the wall of the now.
container and cause the pressure in the 3. The higher air pressure outside (atmosphere App
container to'increase. pressure) will press the packet and comprs rubt
it. of tl
is pr
plac
E@El-.,9 Air pressure
are
High pressure Small hole the
Low air (atmosphere) inside and
pressure outside the
bott
The milk in the can flows inside
outside
il isn
the can can is the
easily if there are two holes the can same
on top of the can. The air - _ Milk flows
flows into the second hole to N,{itk out due to
gravitational
balance up the alr pressure pull
Can
inside and outside the can.
Figure 8,30

308
 I

Science PT3 Chapter I Force and Atlotion S

Application of the Concept of Air Pressure in Daily Life

)ter
Procedure Observation Discussion
tom
Rim of the plunger is wetted with water. The The plunger pump is difficult 1.' When the plunger is pressed
plunger is pressed on a piece of tile so that to be pulled out on the tile, the air inside the
I plunger is displaced. This
the air inside the plunger is displaced. Then,
plunger is pulled. creates a situation where
there is low pressure inside
I ir.
I
2. The high atmospheric
pressure outside plunger
exerts great force on the
uge plunger.
es.
Figare 8.37

the Both the Magdeburg hemispheres are put i Both the tVlagdeburg The space in the
ASCS.
close together and the screw are wound to i hemispheres are difficult to hemisphere becomes a
remove the air inside it. Then, try pulling be separated vacuum when the air is
rster. pumped out, the pressure -::
ll
and separating both the hemispheres.
llide Observation is made. inside the hemisphere being o
.l
nole Seal zeto. fJ
i the 2 Both the hemispheres
cannot be separated

<--Pull
Vacuum
--------->
because the atmospheric
pressure exerts a huge force
,r3)
Pull
on the hemisphere.
Eigure 8.32
ure
the A straw is put into the beaker with water. The column of water still 1. The air pressure is low
on The upper end of the straw is closed. remains inside the strlaw. inside the straw.
Then, the slraw is lifted up. Observation is 2. The atmospheric pressure at
made. the bottom tip of the straw
ina pushes the water to remain
will inside the straw.

N
Straw

Lrtial Water
lou
Figure 8.33
here Apparatus is set up as in Figure 8.34. A 1. The water level inside 1. Water flows out from the
,feSS rubber tube is filled with water. Both ends the beaker decreases. end of tube A causing the
of the tube are closed. Then, one of ends 2. When both ends of the low pressure inside the tube.
is put Inside a beaker and the other end is tube are at the same 2. The atmospheric pressure
placed at a lower level. When both ends level, water does not on the water surface pushes .i
are opened up, water flows out. Observe flow out. the water into the tube and
the water inside the beaker. Then, place water flows continuously.
both ends at the same level. Observation
is made.
3. When both ends of the tube
are at the same level, water
does not flow out because
the water pressure inside
the tube is equal to the air
pressure.
A

Eigure 8.34

30gl>
 lNl PTJ Chapter I Force and Motion
""r"r."
Procedure Observation Discussion T

The syringe is put into a beaker filled Water goes into the syringe. 1. When the plunger is pulled
with water. The plunger is pulled up. up, the volume of the air
Observation is made. inside the syringe increases.
This causes low air pressure
inside it.
w 2.
Ii'/- The higher atmospheric
pressure pushes the water
into the syringe.
Eigure 8.35

Pieces of paper are thrown onto the floor. These pieces of paper are 1. When the switch is turned
Later, these pieces of paper are sucked sucked up by the vdcuum on, the fan in the vacuum
up by the vacuum cleaner. Observation is cleaner. cleaner will push air out the
made. vacuum cleaner and cause
low air pressure inside the
vacuum cleaner. Ef
, !11 2. The higher atmospheric
pressure outside pushes air T
$o
d'r
$r and shredded papers into TI
EJ the vacuum cleaner. w
E
! Figure 8.36 at

.,.',,, 1..,.. .,

(ffiPzr JU

€!m'F 25
Ivlount Everest
Figure 8.37 shows a ?zo 8.85 km 33 kPa
tank of hand wash water O 4E
with its lid ajar to launch E rr
l Average sea pressure
the flow of water. ls this =
t10 101 .3 kPa
action proper?
Eigure 8.37
!
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90'100110
Atmospheric pressure (kPa)
Relatlonrhip between Altltude and
Atmospherit Pressure Figure E.38 Atmospheric pressure ot o
porticulor oltitude
l. a
W
The atmospheric pressure depends on the
altitude, the higher altitude, the lower the
atmospheric pressure. v
2. This is due to the gravitationai attraction. An Figure 8.39 shows a packet
area closer to the surface of the Earth, the of potato chips taken to high
air molecules are pulled by the gravitational altitude. What happens to the
attraction causing a rise in pressure. packet of potato chips?

3. At higher altitude, the air molecules are less Eigure 8.39

influenced by the gravitational pressure. The
air molecules are lighter and easily expand,
This causes low atmospheric pressure.
5. The pressure inside the cabin of an aeroplar=
is adjusted to the normal atmospher-:
4. This situation would cause the boiling pressure in order to safeguard the safe-
point of water is lower than 100'C at higher and comfort the passengers.
altitude.

3r0

I
 Science PT3 Chapter 8 Force andtrzotron N
The Effect of Depth on !-iquid 5. The size of the air bubbles increases as they
move upwards to the surface of the water.
1. An object in a liquid experiences pressule.
2. This is because the weight of the liquid Itileasuring
cylinder
acts on the whole object, exerting pressure Air bubbles
on it. Blows
3. For example, a diver in the sea would all Basin

experience pressure on his body.

Figure 8.4O The set-up of opporotus
4. This pressure will increase as the depth
increases. 6. The liquid pressure decreases when the
depth decreases.
EfAdF,{E

ffi Pressure in liquid

Effects of Depth on Liquid Pressure

Diver suit : Jtf':4
The wall of dam
The diving suit is made from O',
The wall of the dam is built and designed 'l r!

special fabric that can withstand J

wider at the base to hold high water pressure high water pressure. );

at its base. ,;

,..:,1:, , .!.;:::!iit

Submarine
The body of the submarine
is made of strong mdterial
' to withstand high water
pressure so that it would
not crushed.

Eigure 8.47 Effects of depth liquid pressur€ in doily life

ai Formative Practice 8.2

1. The observation below is obtained from an experiment to study the density of an egg. ts
(i) Raw egg and cooked egg sink into the water.
(ii) Raw egg floats on salt water.
(iii) Cooked egg sinks into the salt water.
Based on your observation above, arrange in ascending order the density of cooked
egg, raw egg, water and salt water. Eigure 8.42
Force. F= 10 N
2. Figure 8.42 shows a nail clipper.
(a) State the class of lever found in the nail clipper. I
(b) State two other items that have the same class of lever as the nail clipper,
3. Figure 8.43 shows a nail being hit with a hammer with the force of 10 N. lf the
surface area of the head of the nail is 0.5 cm, calculate the pressure exerted on
the nail.
Eigure 8.43

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 N Science P-13 Chapter I Force and Atlotion

2.

Effects of action force

IVloves a stationary object

Changes the direction of an object
Changes the speed of an object
Stops a moving object
Changes the shape of an object
Force Effect of force

Lever system 3.
Types of forces

First class lever . Fulcrum

Gravitational force Second class lever . Load
Normal force Third class lever . Force
Frictional force
,,n
'liiL Weight
r::il:
Elastic force Force (N) x Perpendicular
O
.l
,',
Buoyant force Moment of force distance from fulcrum to

l the force (m)

4.

2 racteristics of force
Pressure and its
application in daily life

S.l, unit: Newton (N)

Gas pressure

Newton's Third Law

Depends on the
Atmospheric pressure height of the altitude
5.
Every action force there is reaction
force of the same magnitude but
opposite direction. Effect of depth against
liquid pressure

u
c g, t, , {x?i', t #

1. Write 'Pullingl or 'Pushing' for each activity below,

Activity Pulling / Pushing Activity Pulling / Pushing

q
( iii) 6.

dr >r**'
h/, //

Kl,<> (r

(ii) (iv)
(r

14 ma'. 4.

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