Separately Excited DC Motor:

A shunt field windings are supplied from a separate constant DC power source (like Battery) for
producing the magnetic flux, are represented by resistor Rf. The resistor Rfc represents an external
variable resistor (sometimes lumped together with the field coil resistance) used to control the amount
of current in the field circuit. The armature windings are represented by back e.m.f Eb and a resistor Ra.
are supplied from a DC power source (V t)

V f =I f ∗Rf

V t =Eb + I a R a

Eb =K a φ w m

T a=K a φ I a

R fw−Resistance of field winding

R fc−Resistance of controlrheostat used ∈field circuit

R f −R fw + R fx :total field resistance

Ra −Resistance of armature circuit

Self-Excited DC Motor:
A field windings gets its power from the armature terminals of the motor

 Series DC motor:
The series field winding connected in series with the armature windings
A. Speed – Armature current characteristic for DC series motor: -

Equation of speed for DC motor is

Eb
N∝ , equation( 1)
φ
For DC series Motor, formula for back e.m.f E b is,

Eb =v −I a ( Ra + R se ) , equation(2)

Substituting equation(2) in equation(1) we get,

v−I a ( Ra + R se ) ,
N∝ , equation(3)
φ

Neglecting the term I a ( R a + Rse ) ∈equation(2) we get,

v
N∝ , equation(4)
φ
v is constant
1
∴N ∝ , equation(5)
φ

For DC series motor φ ∝ I a , equation(6)

1
N∝ , equation(7)
Ia
B. Torque – Armature current characteristic DC series motor: -

Torque equation of DC motor is given by

T a ∝ φ I a , equation(1)

For DC series motor

φ ∝ I a , equation(2)

Substituting equation (2) in equation (1) we get

T a ∝ I 2a , equation(3)

T n=T a−T w −T f
where :
T n−net torque
T a−grosss torque
T w −windage torque
T f −friction torque
I L =I ser=I a
Eb =v −I a ( Ra + R se )
T a=K a φ I a
φ=CI a
T a=K a CI 2a

Shunt DC motor:
A shunt winding gets its power from the armature terminals of the motor. shunt field winding
connected across (in parallel with) the armature terminals.

A. Speed - Armature current characteristic: -

 Current in the field winding,
v
I sh = , equation(1)
R sh
We know that,
Eb
∴N ∝
φ
But, Eb =v −I a Ra substituting formula for Eb in above equation
v−I a Ra
N∝
φ
As value of flux φ is constant
N ∝ v−I a R a , equation(2)

B. Torque – Armature current characteristic: -

Torque equation of DC machine is

T a ∝ φ I a , equation(1)

Neglecting armature reaction, flux is constant,

∴ T a ∝ I a , equation(2)

T n=T a−(T f +T w )
where :
T n−net torque
T a−grosss torque
T w −windage torque
T f −friction torque
 V f =V t =I f ∗R f

Eb =v −I a Ra

Eb =K a φ w m

I L =I a−I f

T a=K a φ I a
Compound DC motor:
Both shunt and series field windings are connected with the armature windings in short-shunt or long-
shunt

A. Short shunt compound DC Motor:

When the shunt field winding is connected directly across the armature terminals, it is called a
short-shunt compound motor.

I L =I ser
I a=I L −I f
v+ I ser∗R ser
If =
Rf
V t =Eb + ( I a Ra ) +(I ser R ser )
B. Long shunt compound DC motor:
When the shunt field winding is connected across the load, it is called a long-shunt compound
motor.

Vt
If =
Rf
I a=I ser =I L −I f
V t =Eb + ( I a Ra ) +(I ser R ser )
V t =Eb + I a ( Ra + R ser )

Efficiency (η):
The efficiency of a DC motor is the ratio of its mechanical output power (P o) to the electrical
input power(Pin).
 P o (watt )
Efficiency (η ) = x 100
P¿ ( watt )

Po: is mechanical output power as mentioned previously, then it in (Horse Power H.P unit) to
convert its unit to Watt unit should be multiplied by 476.

P o ( H . P )∗476
Efficiency (η ) % ¿ x 100
P ¿ (watt)

P¿ =[ Po ( H . Px 476 ) ]+ total losses

Po ( H . P ) 476
η %= x 100
[ Po ( H . Px 476 ) ]+ total losses

Standard Unit
PARAMETER MEASURING UNIT OHM’S LAW SYMBOL
Voltage Volt (V) E
Current Amp (A) I
Resistance Ohm( Ω) R

PARAMETER SI UNIT ENGLISH UNIT

Speed,N Meter/second, m/s Foot/second,ft/s
Torque,T Newton-metre (N⋅m) pound-foot(lb⋅ft)

References:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7PoJDHzQlrk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fbw1Rcm3E68

DCMotorAhmedAlnaib.pdf