Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Wre Ilecture 1 170607093736
Wre Ilecture 1 170607093736
Wre Ilecture 1 170607093736
Introduction to Hydrology
Prepared By,
Daundkar Ramesh Kailas,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil
Engineering,
RGUKT- R K Valley
• Ocean plays key role in this vital cycle of water. The ocean
holds 97% of the total water on planet; 78% of global
precipitation occurs over the ocean and it is the source of
86% of global evaporation.
All the terms in a hydrological water budget may not be known to the same
degree of accuracy, an expression for the water budget of a catchment for a
time interval ∆t is written as:
P – R – G –E – T = ∆S
Where, P = Precipitation, R = Surface Runoff, G = Net ground water flow
out of the catchment, E = Evaporation, T = Transpiration and ∆S = Change
in storage.
The storage S consists of three components as
S = 𝑆𝑠 + 𝑆𝑠𝑚 + 𝑆𝑔
Where, 𝑆𝑠 = surface water storage
𝑆𝑠𝑚 = water in storage as soil moisture
𝑆𝑔 = water in storage as groundwater
Thus, ∆S = ∆𝑆𝑠 + ∆ 𝑆𝑠𝑚 + ∆ 𝑆𝑔
In terms of rainfall-runoff relationship can be represented as R = P-
L
Where L = losses = water not available to runoff due to infiltration,
evaporation, transpiration and surface storage.
Ex.1. A lake had a water surface elevation of 103.200 m above datum at
the beginning of a certain month. In that month, the lake received an
average inflow of 6 m3/s from surface runoff sources. In the same period,
the outflow from the lake had an average value of 6.5 m3/s. Further in that
month, the lake received a rainfall of 145 mm and the evaporation from
the lake surface was estimated as 6.10 cm. Write the water budget
equation for the lake and calculate the water surface elevation of the lake
at the end of the month. The average lake-surface area can be taken as
5000 ha. Assume that there is no contribution to or from the groundwater
storage.
Ans: ⇒
Given: Water surface elevation at the beginning = 103.200 m
Average inflow of lake(𝑰) = 6 m3/s
Average outflow from the lake(𝑸 ) = 6.5 m3/s
Rainfall during the month (𝑷) = 145 mm = 0.145 m
Evaporation from the lake surface (E) = 6.10 cm = 0.06 m
Average Lake Surface Area (A)= 5000 ha
Time Duration = ∆𝒕 = 1 month = 30 x 24 x 60 x 60 = 2.592 x 106 Seconds
In a time interval ∆t, the water budget for the lake can be written as :
Input volume – Output volume = Change in storage of the lake
𝑰 ∆𝒕 + 𝑷. 𝑨 − 𝑸 ∆𝒕 − E A = ∆S
In one month :
Inflow volume = 𝑰 ∆𝒕 = 6 x 2.592 x 106 = 15.552 x 106 m3
Outflow volume = 𝑸 ∆𝒕 = 6.5 x 2.592 x 106 = 16.848 x106 m3
Input due to precipitation = P A = 145 x 0.001 × 5000 × 104 =7.25 x 106
m3
Outflow due to evaporation = E A = 6.10 x 10-2 x 5000× 104 = 3.05x106 m3
Hence,
∆S = 15.552 x 106 m3+ 7.25 x 106 m3− 16.848 x 106 m3 − 3.05x106 m3
∆S= 2.904 x 106 m3
∆S 2.904 x 106 m3
Change in elevation = ∆ Z = = =0.058 m
𝑨 5000×104 𝑚2
New water surface elevation at the end of the month = 103.200 + 0.058
= 103.258 m above the datum
Ex.2) Estimate the constant rate of withdrawal from a 1375 ha in a month
of 30 days during which reservoir level dropped by 0.75 m inspite of an
average inflow into the reservoir of 0.5 x 10 6 m3/day. During the month,
the average seepage loss from the reservoir was 2.5 cm, total precipitation
on the reservoir was 18.5 cm and the total evaporation was 9.5 cm.
Ans :⇒
Given : Reservoir Surface Area = 1375 ha
Time Period = 30 days = 30 x 24 x 3600 =2.592 x 106Seconds
Change in reservoir water level = − 0.75 m
∴ Change in reservoir storage volume = − 0.75 m x 1375 x 104
∆S= − 0.1031 x 106 m3
∆S = [𝑰 ∆𝒕 + 𝑷. 𝑨] − [𝑸 ∆𝒕 +E A+G.A]
Total input volume = 𝑰 ∆𝒕 + 𝑷. 𝑨
Total output volume = 𝑸 ∆𝒕 +E A+G.A
𝑸 ∆𝒕 ={ [𝑰 ∆𝒕 + 𝑷. 𝑨] − [E A+G.A]} − ∆S
𝑸 ∆𝒕= { [𝑰 ∆𝒕 + 𝑷. 𝑨] − [E A+G.A]} − ∆S
= 17.5438 x 106 m3
= 1.60 x 106 m3
= 16.047 × 106 𝑚3
16.047 × 106 3
Constant rate of withdrawal = 𝑸 = 6 = 6.191 m /s
2.592 x1 0
World Water Balance:
The total quantity of water in the world is estimated to be about 1386 M
km3. About 96.5% of this water is contained in the oceans as saline water.
Some of the water on the land amounting to about 1% of the total water is
also saline. Thus only about 35 M km3 of fresh water is available. Out of
this about 10.6 M km3 is both liquid and fresh and the remaining 24.4 M
km3 is contained in frozen state as ice in the polar regions and on
mountain tops and glaciers. An estimated distribution of water on the
earth is given in below table:
It is seen that the annual evaporation from the world’s oceans and inland
areas are 0.505 and 0.072 M km3 respectively. Thus over the oceans about
9% more water evaporates than that falls back as precipitation. i.e. 91% of
evaporated water from sea falls back into the sea. The total runoff of
0.047 M km3 is the runoff and groundwater outflow from the land mass to
oceans. It is interesting to know that less than 4% of this total river flow is
used for irrigation and rest flows down to sea.
Global Freshwater Resources
Applications in Engineering
• Hydrology finds it’s greatest application in the design and operation of
water-resources engineering projects, such as those for (i) Irrigation
(ii) Water Supply (iii) Flood Control (iv) Water Power and (v)
Navigation