MATRUSRI

ENGINEERING COLLEGE

MATRUSRI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING

SUBJECT NAME: Electrical Machines – II

FACULTY NAME: P.ANIL KUMAR

 Electrical Machines – II MATRUSRI
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COURSE OBJECTIVES:
• TO UNDERSTAND THE OPERATION OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR AND ITS
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS,
• TO UNDERSTAND THE STARTING AND SPEED CONTROL METHODS OF THREE PHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR.
• ILLUSTRATE THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A.C GENERATOR AND ITS CONSTRUCTION AND
DISCUSS ABOUT THE VOLTAGE REGULATION OF
ALTERNATOR AND VARIOUS METHODS TO FIND.
• DISCUSS ABOUT THE OPERATION SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR AND ITS STARTING METHODS.
• TO UNDERSTAND THE OPERATION OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR AND SPECIAL
MACHINES AND ITS PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS ALONG WITH ITS APPLICATIONS.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
• ILLUSTRATE THE PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION, CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUCTION MOTOR
AND ESTIMATE ITS PERFORMANCE.
• ILLUSTRATE VARIOUS STARTING METHODS AND ANALYZE SPEED CONTROL METHODS.
• ILLUSTRATE THE PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF AC GENERATOR AND OUTLINE THE
VARIOUS TYPES OF ARMATURE WINDINGS OF A.C GENERATOR AND COMPARE VARIOUS
METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF VOLTAGE REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR.
• JUSTIFY VARIOUS STARTING METHODS OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR.
• ANALYSE THE WORKING PRINCIPLE AND OPERATION OF SINGLE PHASE MOTORS AND
SPECIAL MACHINES AND ITS APPLICATIONS .
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SYLLABUS:

STARTING AND SPEED CONTROL METHODS:

STARTING METHODS OF 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR –AUTO TRANSFORMER, STAR-

DELTA STARTER. DOUBLE CAGE MACHINE, SPEED CONTROL METHODS – RESISTANCE
CONTROL, VOLTAGE CONTROL, POLE CHANGING, CASCADING, INDUCTION GENERATOR -
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION, APPLICATIONS.

OUTCOMES:

• ILLUSTRATE VARIOUS STARTING METHODS AND ANALYZE SPEED

CONTROL METHODS.
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 THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR IS,FOR ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES,
A CONSTANT SPEED MOTOR. IT HAS VERY GOOD SPEED REGULATION,
THE PERCENTAGE REDUCTION IN SPEED FROM NO-LOAD TO FULL
LOAD BEING QUITE SMALL.

 IN THIS RESPECT, IT RESEMBLES D.C. SHUNT MOTOR. BUT WHERE AS THE

SPEED OF D.C. SHUNT MOTOR CAN BE VARIED OVER A WIDE RANGE BY SIMPLY
MANIPULATING RHEOSTATS IN ARMATURE AND FIELDCIRCUITS.

 THE SPEED OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR CANNOT BE CONTROLLED BY

SUCH SIMPLE MEANS.AND EVEN WHEN THE SPEED IS CONTROLLED OVER A WIDE
RANGE BY OTHER MEANS,THE EFFICIENCY AND POWER FACTOR ARE ADVERSELY
AFFECTED TO A CONSIDERABLE EXTENT.
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• In practice the following methods are adopted for speed control of 3-
Phase Induction motors.

(A) Controlling speed from Stator Side:

1. Changing the supply voltage.

2. Changing the supply frequency.
3.Changing the no of stator poles.
4. Introducing rheostats in the stator circuit.

(B) Controlling speed from rotor side:

1. Introducing additional resistance in the rotor circuit.

2. Cascade control.
3. By injecting slip frequency voltage into rotor circuit.
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(3)Pole changing method of Speed control:

I. Since synchronous speed Ns=(120f/P), it can be varied by varying P.

II. Since P can take values like 2,4,6,8,10,12 etc… the motor can have only few synchronous
speeds like 3000,1500,1000,750,600 rpm etc… and intermediate speeds are not possible i.e.
step-less speed control is not possible, by this method.

III. However, only 2 or 4 different speeds are needed, this method can be adopted.

The number of stator poles P can be varied by the following methods.

(a). Multiple stator winding method.

(b). Consequent-Poles method.

(c). Pole amplitude modulation method.

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(1). Multiple stator winding method:

i) As the name of this method indicates, more than one winding is mounted on the
stator.
ii) Thereby in a practical motor, there can be two stator windings embedded in the
same stator slots such that they are electrically isolated, and only one winding gets
energized at a time.
iii) If one of the windings has 4 poles and other winding has 6 poles, the motor can
have two synchronous speeds i.e. 1500 rpm and 1000 rpm, hence two rotor speeds
slightly less than synchronous speeds can be attained and changeover from one
speed to the other is facilitated by a suitable multiple control switch.
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(2) Method of consequent-Poles:
(i)In the method of consequent poles, a single stator winding is divided into few coil
groups. The terminals of all these groups are brought out. By simply changing the coil
connections, the number of poles can be changed.

(ii)In practice, the stator windings are divided only in two coil groups. The number of
poles can be changed in the ratio of 2:1.

(iii) The figure below shows the single phase of a stator winding which consist of 4
coils. The coils are divided into two groups named as a-b and c-d.
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a) Group a-b consists of an odd number of coils
that is (1, 3) whereas group c-d
consists of an even number of coils (2,4).
b) The two coils are connected in series.
The terminals a, b, c, d are taken out as
shown in the above figure.
c) The coils are carrying current in the
given directions by connecting coil groups
either in series or in parallel as shown in the
figure below.
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• THERE ARE TOTAL FOUR POLES WHICH ARE GIVING A SPEED OF 1500 RPM FOR A
50-HERTZ SYSTEM. IF THE CURRENT THROUGH THE COILS OF GROUP A-B IS
REVERSED AS SHOWN IN THE FIGURE BELOW. ALL THE COILS WILL PRODUCE
NORTH (N) POLES.
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THE FLUX OF THE POLES GROUP SHOULD BE PASSED THROUGH THE GIVEN SPACE
BETWEEN THE POLE GROUP TO COMPLETE THE MAGNETIC PATH. THUS, A MAGNETIC
POLE OF OPPOSITE POLARITY (S POLE) IS INDUCED.

THESE INDUCED POLES ARE KNOWN AS CONSEQUENT POLES. THUS, THE MACHINE
HAS TWICE AS MANY POLES AS BEFORE (I.E., 8 POLES), AND THE SYNCHRONOUS
SPEED BECOMES HALF OF THE PREVIOUS SPEED (I.E., 750 RPM).

THE ABOVE PRINCIPLE CAN BE EXTENDED TO ALL THE THREE PHASES OF AN

INDUCTION MOTOR. BY CHOOSING A COMBINATION OF SERIES AND PARALLEL
CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE COIL GROUPS OF EACH PHASE. ALSO, THE STAR OR
DELTA CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE PHASE SPEED CHANGE CAN BE OBTAINED WITH
CONSTANT TORQUE AND CONSTANT POWER OPERATION OR VARIABLE TORQUE
OPERATION.
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(3) Having variable resistors in the stator circuit:

a)In this method of speed control of three phase induction motor rheostat is added in
the stator circuit due to this voltage gets dropped,

b)In case of three phase induction motor torque produced is given by T ∝ sV22.
If we decrease supply voltage torque will also decrease. But for supplying the same
load, the torque must remains the same and it is only possible if we increase the slip
and if the slip increase motor will run reduced speed.
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Speed Control from Rotor Side:
(1) Adding External Resistance on Rotor Side:

a)In this method of speed control of three phase induction motor external
resistance are added on rotor side. The equation of torque for three phase induction
motor is

b)The three-phase induction motor operates in a low slip region. In low slip region
term (sX)2 becomes very very small as compared to R2. So, it can be neglected. and
also E2 is constant. So the equation of torque after simplification becomes,
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C)Now if we increase rotor resistance, R2 torque decreases but to supply the same
load torque must remain constant.
D)So, we increase slip, which will further result in the decrease in rotor speed. Thus
by adding additional resistance in the rotor circuit, we can decrease the speed of the
three-phase induction motor.
E)The main advantage of this method is that with an addition of external resistance
starting torque increases but this method of speed control of three phase induction
motor also suffers from some disadvantages.
disadvantages :
• the speed above the normal value is not possible.
• large speed change requires a large value of resistance, and if such large
value of resistance is added in the circuit, it will cause large copper loss and
hence reduction in efficiency.
• presence of resistance causes more losses.
• this method cannot be used for squirrel cage induction motor.
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(2) Cascade Control Method:

a) In this method of speed control requires two 3-Phase Induction motors, and at least one of
the motors should have wound rotor.
b) The motors are mechanically coupled. The first motor, which has slip-ring rotor, has its stator
connected to the supply mains. The stator of the second motor is supplied from the rotor of
the first motor, by connecting its stator windings to the slip-rings of the first motor as shown.
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Cascade Control Method: Cont…

c) Since the motors are mounted on a common shaft, they run at the same speed and when
cumulatively cascaded. the set has a speed given as N=120f/(PA+PB)

PA= No of stator poles of Motor A

PB=No of stator poles of Motor B

Motors A and B are said to be cumulatively cascaded.

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(3) Injection of slip-frequency e.m.f. into rotor circuit:
• The frequency of the rotor induced e.m.f is fractional slip times the supply
frequency (f’=sf).
• Since the torque depends on the rotor induced e.m.f, it is evident that the
speed of the motor can be controlled by varying the rotor induced e.m.f. and
this can be achieved by injecting slip-frequency e.m.f into the rotor circuit.
• If the injecting e.m.f is in phase with the rotor induced e.m.f it is equivalent to
decreasing the rotor resistance and if the injected e.m.f is in opposition w.r.t
the rotor induced e.m.f it amounts to an increase of rotor circuit resistance.
• By this method speed control over a wide range is possible. but this method
requires additional equipment for injecting slip frequency e.m.f across the slip
rings of the motor. and also this method is applicable to wound rotor I.M.
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Starting of Induction Motor:

Every motor is normally designed for a definite voltage, during normal

working of the motor, it has the full rated voltage applied across it
• However, at the instant of starting if the full voltage is applied, then the
motor tends to draw a very heavy current, which may be several times
as large as the rated current.
• This is due to the fact that a 3-Phase induction motor is analogous to a
transformer with a short- circuited secondary winding, and under short
circuit condition a transformer takes a heavy current(as already studied
during SC Test a reduced voltage is applied).
• This heavy inrush of current at starting is sure to cause damage to the
motor.
• Hence in practice it is usual to apply a reduced voltage at starting, and
increase the voltage to the rated value, after the rotor has accelerated
sufficiently.
• In practice the reduced voltage is obtained by using a starter.
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Starting of Induction Motor:

• When the supply is connected to the stator of a three-phase induction
motor, a rotating magnetic field is produced and the rotor starts
rotating. Thus a three-phase induction motor is self starting.
• At the time of starting the motor slip is unity and starting currents is very
large.
• The purposes of a starter is not to start the motor as the name implies.
The starter of the motor performs two functions:
1.To reduce the heavy starting currents
2.To provide overload and under load voltage protection.
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Types of starting Methods:
• The method to be employed in starting a given induction motor depends
upon the size of the motor and the type of the motor.

• The common methods used to start induction motors are:

(i) Direct-on-line starting
(ii) Stator resistance starting
(iii) Autotransformer starting
(iv) Star-delta starting
(v) Rotor resistance starting
Methods (i) to (iv) are applicable to both squirrel-cage and slip ring motors
However, method (v) is applicable only to slip ring motors. In practice, any
one of the first four methods is used for starting squirrel cage motors,
Depending upon , the size of the motor .But slip ring motors are invariably started by
rotor resistance starting.
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Method 01:Direct-on-Line starting Method:

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• This method of starting in just what the name implies the motor is
started by connecting it directly to 3-phase supply.

• The impedance of the motor at standstill is relatively low and when it is

directly connected to the supply system, the starting current will be high
(4 to 10 times the full-load current) and at a low power factor.
Consequently, this method of starting is suitable for relatively small
(up to 7.5 kW) machines.
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• Note that starting current is as large as five times the full-load current
but starting torque is just equal to the full-load torque.
• Therefore, starting current is very high and the starting torque is
comparatively low. If this large starting current flows for a long time, it
may overheat the motor and damage the insulation.
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Method 02: Stator resistance starting method:

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• In this method, external resistances are connected in series with

each phase of stator winding during starting.
• This causes voltage drop across the resistances so that voltage
available across motor terminals is reduced and hence the starting
current.
• The starting resistances are gradually cut out in steps (two or more
steps) from the stator circuit as the motor picks up speed.
• When the motor attains rated speed, the resistances are completely cut
out and full line voltage is applied to the rotor.
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• Relation between starting and F.L. torques.

• Let V be the rated voltage/phase. If the voltage is reduced by a fraction
x by the insertion of resistors in the line, then voltage applied to the
motor per phase will be xV.
So,
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METHOD 03:AUTOTRANSFORMER STARTING METHOD:

• As the name suggests in this method we connect auto Transformer in
between the three phase power supply and the Induction Motor as
shown in the given diagram.
• The auto transformer is a step down transformer hence it reduces the
per phase supply voltage from V1 to xV1.
• The reduction in voltage reduces current from Isc to x Isc.
• After the motor reaches to its normal operating speed, the auto
transformer is disconnected and then full line voltage is applied.
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Addition of External Resistances in Rotor Circuit:

• This will decrease the starting current, increases the starting torque and
also improves the power factor.
• At the time of starting of the motor, the entire external resistance is
added in the rotor circuit.
• Then the external rotor resistance is decreased in steps as the rotor
speeds up, however the motor torque remain maximum during the
acceleration period of the motor.
• Under normal condition when the motor develops load torque the
external resistance is removed.
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