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BTech Sem I Vector Differentiatn1
BTech Sem I Vector Differentiatn1
if we write r f t as f t f1 t i f 2 t j f 3 t k
where f1 t , f 2 t , f 3 t are scalar functions of t than it
is called decomposition of vector function f t .
Example
if t is a parameter then that the equation of circle in parametric
form is x a cos t , y a sin t .
if r is the position vector of P on the curve then
r xi yj zk if x, y , z are coordinates of P.
Hence the position vector of a point on a circle is given by
r a cos ti a sin tj ok
The above equations give the vector decomposition of a position vector of a point.
Vector Differentiation
1 d f t df
The derivative of f t is denoted by f t
dt dt
dr
if r f t is a given curve then is a vector , tan gent to the curve
dt
at P t .
1)
d
dt
ab d a db
dt dt
; a, b are vector functions of scalar t
2)
d
dt
a. b a.
db
dt
b.
da
dt
3)
d
dt
ab a db d a
dt dt
b
d
4)
d
dt
a
da
dt
a
dt
is a scalar function of t
da db d c
5)
d
dt
abc dt
b c a
dt
c a b
dt
db dc
6)
d
dt
a b c
dt
da
b c a c a b
dt dt
Ex1
if
da
dt
u a and
db
dt
d
u b, prove a b u a b
dt
Sol
d db d a
a b a b
dt dt dt
a ub ua b
a . b u a .u b u .b a a . b u
u .b a u . a b
u a b
Ex2
find the unit vector tan gent to the space curve x t , y t 2 , z t 3
at t 1
Sol
sin ce r xi yj zk ti t 2 j t 3k
dr
i 2tj 3t 2 k
dt
dr
at t 1, i 2 j 3k
dt
dr
1 4 9 14
dt
unit vector tan gent to curve
d r / dt 1
i 2 j 3k
d r / dt 14
Point functions
a) Scalar valued point function
Consider any region R of space and suppose that to each point P of R, there corresponds a
P .
Scalar quantity denoted by
then is called scalar po int function defined over the region R
b) Vector valued point function
Consider any region R of space and suppose that to each point P of R, there corresponds a
vector quantity
f P .
then f is called vector po int function defined over the region R.
Gradient
if is a scaler po int function then the vector function is
called the gradient of .
grad i j k i
x y z x
Ex 1
2
Find grad f , if f e r
f f f
grad f f i j k
x y z
2
f er r 2 x 2 y 2 z 2
df r df r df r
grad f f i . j . k .
dr x dr y dr z
df 2 r r
e r (2r ), 2 r 2 x, r x
dr x x
r x r y r z
, , ,
x r y r z r
2 x 2 y 2 z
grad f i 2re r j 2re r k 2re r
r r r
grad f 2e r ix jy kz 2e r r
2 2
2
grad f 2e r . r
STANDARD RESULTS
1)
2)
3) f u i f u j f u k f u f 1 u u
x y z
Ex0
If x 2 y 2 z 2 , x 2 y 2 y 2 z 2 z 2 x 2 find , , .
Sol
i j k 2 xi 2 yj 2 zk
x y z
i j k 2 xy 2i 2 xz 2i 2 yx 2 j 2 yz 2 j 2 zx 2 k 2 zy 2 k
x y z
2 xy 2 2 xz 2 i 2 yx 2 2 yz 2 j 2 zx 2 2 zy 2 k
. 4 x 2 y 2 z 2 4 y 2 x 2 z 2 4 z 2 x 2 y 2
8 x2 y2 y 2 z 2 z 2 x2
. 16 x y 2 z 2 i 16 y x 2 z 2 j 16 z x 2 y 2 k
Ex1a
r
Pr ove that of f r f 1 r (where r 2 x 2 y 2 z 2 )
r
Sol
we have i j k
x y z
Here f r and f is a function of r and r is function of x, y , z
df r df r df r
f r i j k
dr x dr y dr z
But r 2 x 2 y 2 z 2
r x r y r z
; ; ;
x r y r z r
x y z
f r i f 1 r j f 1 r k f 1 r
r r r
f r
1
f r
1
f r xi yj zk r
r r
1)
are the directional derivative of in the
x y z
direction of the coordinate axes at P.
2)
The directional derivative of in the direction of a line whose
direction cos ines are l , m, n.
l m n
x y z
l, m, n are Direction cosines
3)
2 3 8 15 26
2
5 2 5
Ex2
Sol
4
i
x
x y4 z 4 j x4 y 4 z 4 k x4 y4 z 4
y z
i 4 x3 j 4 y 3 k 4 z 3 4 ix 3 jy 3 kz 3
4 i 8 j k at 1, 2, 1
AB OB OA 2 1 i 6 2 j 1 1k
AB i 8 j 2k
4 1 64 2 260
69 69
Def
let f f1i f 2 j f 3k then
divergence of f div f i j k . f1i f 2 j f 3k
x y z
f f f
div f . f 1 2 3
x y z
Note :
divergence f is a scalar po int function
Def
if f f1i f 2 j f 3k then
i j k
curl of f curl f f / x / y / z
f1 f2 f3
Note
curl f is a vector po int function
if f is vector po int fuuction such that curl f 0, the n
f is called irrotational or conservative.
f f f
curl f can be written as f i j k
x y z
RESULTS
1. div f g div f div g OR . f g . f . g
2. curl f g curl f curl g OR f g f g
3. . f g g . f f . g
4. . f . f . f
Ex1
.{ a. r a} a 2
Sol
let a a1i a2 j a3k f say
r xi yj zk then
And
a . r a1 x a2 y a3 z say
a . r a1i a2 j a3k
Then
.{ a . r a} a. r . a a. a. r
a a a
a1 x a2 y a3 z 1 2 3 a1i a2 j a3 k . a1i a2 j a3k
x y z
0 a12 a2 2 a32
a2
Ex2
Sol
Let a a1i a2 j a3k where a1 , a2 , a3 are cons tan ts.
i j k
a
x y z
a1 a2 a3
a a a a a a
. a i 3 2 j 1 3 k 2 1 0
y z z x x z
div a 0 and curl a 0.
Ex3
i)
div a r 0 ii ) curl a r 2 a
Sol
Let a a1i a2 j a3k where a1 , a2 , a3 are cons tan ts.
i j k
a r a1 a2 a3
x y z
a r a2 z a3 y i a3 x a1 z j a1 y a2 x k
div ( a r ) a2 z a3 y i a3 x a1 z j a1 y a2 x k 0
x y z
ii)
i j k
curl ( a r )
x y z
a2 z a3 y a3 x a1 z a1 y a2 x
curl ( a r ) i a1 y a2 x i a3 x a1 z j a1 y a2 x
y z x
j a2 z a3 y k a3 x a1 z k a2 z a3 y
z x y
curl ( a r ) a1 a1 i a2 a2 j a3 a3 k 2 a
Ex4
A vector is given by F x 2 xy 2 i y 2 x 2 y j. Show F is
Irrotational and find its scalar potential .
Sol
F is irrotational if curl F 0.
If is the scalar potential then F
i j k
curl F
x y z
x 2 xy 2 y 2 x2 y 0
curl F 0i 0 j 2 xy 2 xy k 0
F is irrotational
x 2 xy 2 i y 2 x 2 y j 0k i j k
x y z
EQUATING
x 2 xy 2 , y 2 yx 2 , 0
x y z
BY TOTAL DERIVATIVE
d dx dy dz
x y z
d x 2 xy 2 dx y 2 x 2 y dy 0dz
x3 x 2 y 2 y 3
3 2 3