Sequence And Series - Part I

Sequence Series It is the sum of terms in a sequence.

It is a list of numbers following a pattern. Finite Sequence

For example: It is a sequence with finite number of terms.
Sequence of even numbers, sequence of Infinite Sequence
squares of natural numbers etc. It is a sequence with infinite number of terms.

Arithmetic Progression
1 It is the sequence in which the difference between any two consecutive terms is constant.
2 The constant difference is called common difference.

nth Term In AP Sum Of First n Terms Of AP

sn = —n [ 2a + (n - 1) d ]
tn = a + (n - 1) d 2
=— n [ a + tn ]
2
where where
tn = the nth term sn is the sum of first n terms
a = the first term tn is the nth term
d = the common difference a is the first term
d is the common difference

Consecutive terms to be considered if it is given that the terms are

in AP
1 3 - Terms a - d, a, a + d are in AP
2 4 - Terms a - 3d , a - d , a + d , a + 3d are in AP
3 5 - Terms a - 2d , a - d , a , a + d, a +2d are in AP

Properties Of AP
1 If a number is added or subtracted from every term of an AP, then the resulting terms are
also in AP.
2 If every term of an AP is multiplied or divided by a non-zero number, then the resulting
terms are also in AP.
3 If terms in regular interval are selected from an AP, then the resulting terms are also in AP.
 Sequence And Series - Part II
Geometric Progression
1 It is the sequence in which ratio of two consecutive terms is constant.
2 This constant ratio is called common ratio.
3 Sequence a, ar, ar2, ar3...

nth Term Of GP Sum Of First n Terms Of AP Sum To Infinite

n
sn = a(r - 1) ,| r | > 1
tn = arn-1 r- 1 a
s∞ = ,| r | < 1
a(1- rn) ,| r | < 1 1- r
where = where
1- r
a = first term = an ,r = 1
where s∞ = sum of infinite terms in GP
tn = nth term sn = sum of first n terms a = first term
r = common ratio a = first term r = common ratio
r = common ratio

Properties Of GP
1 If every term of GP is multiplied or divided by a non-zero number, then the resulting
terms are also in GP.
2 If all terms of GP are raised to the same powers, then the resulting terms are also in GP.

Means
a+b
1 Arithmetic mean: For two numbers a and b arithmetic mean AM = 2
For n numbers, a1 + a2 + a3 +...+ an
AM = n
2 Geometric mean: For two numbers a and b, Geometric mean
GM = ab
For n numbers,
GM = n a1.a2.a3...an
3 Relation between AM and GM:
For positive numbers,
AM 8 GM

Multiple means Between Two Numbers Sum Of Special Series

Let a and b two numbers
1 n Arithmetic means: If A1, A2, A3...An are AM 1 1+ 2 +3 +...+ n = n( n + 1 )
2
between a and b then,
n( b - a )
An = a + n + 1 2 12+ 22 +32 +...+ n2 = n( n + 1 )( 2n + 1 )
6
2 n Geometric means: If G1, G2, G3...Gn are GM
between a and b then, 2 2
3 13+ 23 +33 +...+ n3 = n ( n + 1 )
n/n + 1
4
( )
b
Gn = a —
a