CHAPTER 7: Animal Cells Tissues: Epithelial and Connective Tissue 

Chapter 7 

Animal Cell and Tissues 

- a tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and 

function 

- the microscopic study of tissue structure is called 

histology 

- four basic types of animal tissues 

• Epithelial Tissue 
• Connective Tissue 
• Muscle Tissue 
• Nervous Tissue 
Chapter 7 

Animal Cell and Tissues 

Chapter 7 

Animal Cell and Tissues 

- the structure of each tissue type is related to its 

function 

- the structure of the tissues in an organ is related to 

the organ’s function 

- changes in tissues can result in development, 

growth, aging, trauma, or disease. 
Chapter 7 

Animal Cell and Tissues 

Chapter 7 

Animal Cell and Tissues 

• Epithelial Tissue 

- covers external and internal surfaces throughout the 

animal body 

- most epithelia have a free surface (not in contact with 

other cells) 

- a basal surface adjacent to a basement membrane, which attaches the epithelial cells to
underlying tissues 

- epithelium may consist of a single layer of epithelial cells or multiple layers of epithelial cells
between the free surface and the basement membrane 
Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 
Chapter 7 

Animal Cell and Tissues 

• Functions of Epithelial Tissue 

- Protecting underlying structures - Acting as a barrier - Permitting the passage of substances -

Secreting substances - Absorbing substances 
Chapter 7 

Animal Cell and Tissues 

• Classification of Epithelial Tissue 

- epithelia are classified according to the number of 

cell layers and the shape of the cells - based on the numbers of layers: 
• Simple (one layer) 
• Stratified ( 2 or more layers) 

- based on the shape of the cells: 

• squamous (flat) 
• cuboidal (square) 
• columnar (tall and thin) 
Chapter 7 

Animal Cell and Tissues 

Chapter 7 

Animal Cell and Tissues 

Chapter 7 

Animal Cell and Tissues 

Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 

• Simple Squamous Epithelium 

• Structure - single layer of flat, often hexagonal cells - the nuclei appear as bumps when viewed
in cross 
section 

• Function - diffusion - filtration - some secretion - some protection against friction 

Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 

• Simple Squamous Epithelium 

• Location - lining of blood vessels and the heart - lymphatic vessels - alveoli of the lungs -
portions of the kidney tubules - lining of serous membranes of body cavities (pleural, 
pericardial, peritoneal) 
Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 

• Simple Squamous Epithelium 

Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 

• Simple Squamous Epithelium (Alveoli) 

Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 

• Simple Squamous Epithelium (Kidney) 

Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 

• Simple Cuboidal Epithelium 

• Structure - single layer of cube-shaped cells - some cells have microvilli (kidney tubules) -
some cells have cilia (terminal bronchioles of the 
lungs) 

• Function - secretion and absorption by cells of the kidney 

tubules - secretion by cells of glands and choroid plexuses - movement of particles embedded in
mucus out of the 
terminal bronchioles by ciliated cells 
Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 

• Simple Cuboidal Epithelium 

• Location - kidney tubules - glands and their ducts - choroid plexuses - lining of terminal
bronchioles of the lungs - surfaces of the ovaries 
Chapter 7 
Epithelial Tissue 

• Simple Cuboidal Epithelium 

Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 

• Simple Cuboidal Epithelium 

Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 

• Simple Columnar Epithelium 

• Structure - single layer of tall narrow cells - some cells have cilia (bronchioles of the lungs,
auditory 
tubes, uterine tubes, and uterus) - some cells have microvilli (intestines) 

• Function - movement of particles out of the bronchioles of the lungs 

by ciliated cells - partially responsible for the movement of oocytes through 
the uterine tubes by ciliated cells - secretion by the cell of the glands, the stomach, and 
intestine - absorption by cells of the intestine 
Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 

• Simple Columnar Epithelium 

• Location - lining of stomach and intestines - oviducts - bronchioles of the lungs - auditory
tubes 
Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 

• Simple Columnar Epithelium 

Chapter 7 
Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 
• Stratified Squamous Epithelium 

• Structure - several layers of cells that are cuboidal in the basal layer and progressively flattened
toward the surface - the epithelium can be nonkeratinized (moist) or 
keratinized (dry) - in nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, the 
surface cells retain a nucleus and cytoplasm - in keratinized stratified epithelium, the cytoplasm
of 
cells at the surface is replaced by a protein called keratin, and the cells are dead 
Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 

• Stratified Squamous Epithelium 

• Function - protects against abrasion - forms a barrier against infection - reduces loss of water
from the body 

• Location - keratinized - outer layer of the skin - nonkeratinized - mouth, throat, larynx,
esophagus, 
anus, vagina, inferior urethra, and corneas - 
Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 

• Stratified Squamous Epithelium (keratinized) 

Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 

• Stratified Squamous Epithelium (non-keratinized) 

Chapter 7 
Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 

• Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium 

• Structure - consists of more than one layer of cuboidal epithelial 

cells 
• Function - absorption - secretion - protection 

• Location - this epithelial type is relatively rare and is found in sweat gland ducts, ovarian
follicular cells, and the salivary glands 
Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 

• Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium 

Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 

• Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium 

Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 

• Stratified Columnar Epithelium 

• Structure - consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells, but 

only the surface cells are columnar - the deeper layers are irregular or cuboidal in shape 

• Function - some absorption - secretion - protection 

• Location - this epithelial type is relatively rare and is found in found in the mammary gland
ducts, the larynx, and a portion of the male urethra. 
Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 

• Stratified Columnar Epithelium 

Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 

• Stratified Columnar Epithelium 

Chapter 7 
Epithelial Tissue 

• Transitional Epithelium 

• Structure - special type of a stratified epithelium - in the unstretched state, transitional

epithelium consists of five or more layers of cuboidal or columnar cells that often are dome-
shaped at the free surface - in the stretched state, the cells change to a low cuboidal or squamous
shape, and the number of cell layers decreases 
Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 

• Transitional Epithelium 

• Function - accommodates fluctuations in the volume of fluid in 

an organ or a tube - protects against the caustic effects of urine 

• Location - lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and superior urethra 

Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 

• Transitional Epithelium 
Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 

• Transitional Epithelium 
Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 

• Transitional Epithelium 

Relaxed Stretched 
Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 
• Pseudo-Stratified Columnar Epithelium 

• Structure - single layer of cells - some cells are tall and thin and reach the free surface and 
others do not - the nuclei of the cells are at different levels and appear 
stratified - the cells are almost always ciliated and are associated 
with goblet cells that secrete mucus onto the free surface 

• Function - synthesize and secrete mucus into the free surface and 
move mucus 
Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 

• Pseudo-Stratified Columnar Epithelium 

• Location - lining of nasal cavity - lining of auditory tubes - lining of pharynx - lining of nasal
sinuses - lining of trachea - bronchi of lungs 
Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 

• Pseudo-Stratified Columnar Epithelium 

Chapter 7 

Epithelial Tissue 

• Pseudo-Stratified Columnar Epithelium 

Chapter 7 

Animal Cell and Tissues 

• Connective Tissue 

- connective tissue is found throughout the body - usually characterized by large amounts of
extracellular 
material that separates cells from one another - 3 major extracellular material/matrix: 
• protein fibers 
• ground substance (consisting of nonfibrous protein and other molecules) 
• fluid 
Chapter 7 

Animal Cell and Tissues 

• Connective Tissue 

• Protein Fibers 1. Collagen Fibers - which resemble microscopic ropes 

- are flexible but resist stretching 

2. Reticular Fibers - fibers are very fine 

- short collagen fibers that branch to 
form a supporting network 

3. Elastic Fibers - have a structure similar to that of 

coiled metal bed springs 
- after being stretched, they can recoil 
to their original shape. 
Chapter 7 

• Connective Tissue 

• Protein Fibers 
Chapter 7 

• Connective Tissue 

• Protein Fibers 
Chapter 7 

Animal Cell and Tissues 

• Connective Tissue 

• Ground Substance 

- is the shapeless background against which cells and collagen fibers can be seen when using a
light microscope 
- although ground substance appears shapeless, the 
molecules within it are highly structured 
Chapter 7 

• Connective Tissue 

• Ground Substance 
Chapter 7 

• Connective Tissue 

• Ground Substance 
Chapter 7 

Animal Cell and Tissues 

• Connective Tissue 

- connective tissue cells are named according to is 

function 

• -blast 
- produces the matrix 

• -cyte 
- maintains it 

• -clast 
- breaks the tissue for remodelling 
Chapter 7 

Animal Cell and Tissues 

• Functions of Connective Tissue 

- Enclosing and separating other tissues - Connecting tissues to one another - Supporting and
moving parts of the body - Storing compounds - Cushioning and insulating - Transporting -
Protection 
Chapter 7 

• Classification of Connective Tissue 

Chapter 7 

• Connective Tissue Proper 

• Loose Connective Tissue 

- consists of relatively few protein fibers that form a lacy 

network 

- with numerous spaces filled with ground substance 

and fluid - 3 types: 
• Areolar Tissue 
• Adipose Tissue 
• Reticular Tissue 
Chapter 7 

• Loose Connective Tissue 

Areolar Adipose Reticular 

Chapter 7 

• Connective Tissue Proper 

• Loose Connective Tissue - Areolar C.T. 

• Structure - a fine network of fibers (mostly collagen fibers with a few elastic fibers) with spaces
between the fibers; fibroblasts, macrophages, lymphocytes are located in the spaces 

• Function - loose packing, support, and nourishment for the 

structures with which it is associated 
Chapter 7 

• Connective Tissue Proper 

• Loose Connective Tissue - Areolar C.T. 

• Location - widely distributed throughout the body - substance on which epithelial basement 
membranes rest - packing between glands, muscles, and nerves - attaches the skin to underlying
tissues 
Chapter 7 

- Areolar Connective Tissue 

Chapter 7 

• Connective Tissue Proper 

• Loose Connective Tissue - Adipose C.T. 

• Location - predominantly in subcutaneous areas, mesenteries, renal pelves, around kidneys,

attached to the surface of the colon, mammary - and in loose connective tissue that penetrates
into 
spaces and crevices 
Chapter 7 
• Connective Tissue Proper 

• Loose Connective Tissue - Adipose C.T. 

• Structure - little extracellular matrix surrounding cells - the adipocytes, or fat cells, are so full
of lipid that the cytoplasm is pushed to the periphery of the cell 

• Function - packing material, thermal insulator, energy storage, 

and protection of organs against injury from being bumped or jarred 
Chapter 7 

- Adipose Connective Tissue 

Chapter 7 

- Adipose Connective Tissue 

Chapter 7 

• Connective Tissue Proper 

• Loose Connective Tissue - Reticular C.T. 

• Structure - fine network of reticular fibers irregularly arranged 

• Function - provides a superstructure for lymphatic 

hematopoietic tissues 

• Location - within the lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow 

Chapter 7 

- Reticular Connective Tissue 

Chapter 7 
- Reticular Connective Tissue 
Chapter 7 

• Connective Tissue Proper 

• Dense Connective Tissue 

- has a relatively large number of protein fibers that form thick bundles and fill nearly all of the
extracellular space - these protein fibers are produced by fibroblasts - 2 types: 
• Dense Collagenous Tissue 
• Dense Elastic Tissue 
Chapter 7 

• Connective Tissue Proper 

• Dense Connective Tissue - Dense Collagenous C.T. 

• Structure - matrix composed of collagen fibers running in somewhat the same direction
(regular) in tendons and ligaments - collagen fibers run in several directions (irregular) 
in the dermis of the skin and in organ capsules 

• Function - withstand great pulling forces exerted in the direction of fiber orientation due to
great tensile strength and stretch resistance - ] 
Chapter 7 

• Connective Tissue Proper 

• Dense Connective Tissue - Dense Collagenous C.T. 

• Location - tendons - ligaments - dermis of the skin - organ capsules - outer layer of many blood
vessels 
Chapter 7 

- Dense Collagenous Connective Tissue 

Chapter 7 
- Dense Collagenous Connective Tissue 
Chapter 7 

• Connective Tissue Proper 

• Dense Connective Tissue - Dense Elastic C.T. 

• Structure - matrix composed of collagen fibers and elastin fibers running in somewhat the same
direction in elastic ligaments - elastic fibers run in connective tissue of blood 
vessel walls 

• Function - capable of stretching and recoiling like a rubber band with strength in the direction
of fiber orientation 
Chapter 7 

• Connective Tissue Proper 

• Dense Connective Tissue - Dense Elastic C.T. 

• Location - elastic ligaments between the vertebrae - dorsal aspect of the neck (nucha) - vocal
cords - in elastic connective tissue of blood vessel walls 
Chapter 7 

- Dense Elastic Connective Tissue 

Chapter 7 

- Dense Elastic Connective Tissue 

Chapter 7 

• Supporting Connective Tissue 

• Cartilage 

- is composed of chondrocytes or cartilage cells, located in spaces called lacunae within an

extensive matrix 
- collagen in the matrix gives cartilage flexibility and 
strength 

- composed of proteoglycans, which makes the cartilage 

Chapter 7 

• Supporting Connective Tissue 

• Cartilage 
Chapter 7 

• Supporting Connective Tissue 

• Cartilage 
Chapter 7 

• Supporting Connective Tissue 

• Cartilage 

- relatively rigid and enables it to spring back after being 

compressed 

- provides support, but if bent or slightly compressed, it 

resumes its original shape 

- heals slowly after an injury 

- has 3 types: 
• Hyaline Cartilage 
• Fibrocartilage 
• Elastic Cartilage