R O U P P R O J E C T

PHYSICS G

MEMBERS:
CHAPTER EIGHT
CAROL,
HUMAIRA,
SYEDA, ZUHA
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

DISPLACEMENT
DISPLACEMENT CURRENT
CURRENT

ELECTROMAGNETIC
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
WAVES

-
- SOURCE
SOURCE OF
OF EM
EM WAVES
WAVES

-
- NATURE
NATURE OF
OF EM
EM WAVES
WAVES

ELECTROMAGNETIC
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
SPECTRUM
Introduction

Electric current produces mag field, 2 current carrying wires exert a magnetic force on

each other, magnetic field changing with time gives rise to an electric field – is the

converse true?

James clerk Maxwell proved it to be, not on an electric current but also a time varying

electric field generating magnetic field

Maxwell noticed inconsistency in the law suggesting the existence of an additional

current- the displacement current

He formulated a set of equations - Maxwell’s equations.

Combined with Lorentz force formula, mathematically express all

the basic laws of Electromagnetism

The most important prediction from Maxwell’s equations - existence of
electromagnetic waves (coupled) time-varying electric and magnetic
fields that propagate in space.

Their speed - very close to the speed of light obtained from optical
measurements - conclusion - light is an electromagnetic wave.

Maxwell’s work unified the domain of electricity, magnetism and light.

Hertz, demonstrated the existence of electromagnetic waves. its
technological use by Marconi and others led in due course to the
revolution in communication that we are witnessing today.

Each question will be flashed for 45 seconds.

BRIEF TOPICS
WHAT IS DISPLACEMENT CURRENT
 Difference btw Conduction and
Displacement current

CONDUCTION CURRENT DISPLACEMENT CURRENT

It arises due to the fixed It arises due to the change in

charges. electric field.

There can be some scenarios where there will be only

conduction current and in some case there will be only

displacement current.

Outside the capacitor there is only conduction current and

no displacement current.

Inside the capacitor there is only displacement current and

no conduction current.

But there can be some scenario where both conduction as well

as displacement current is present i.e. I= IC + Id.

Applying modified Ampere-Maxwell law to calculate magnetic

field at the same point of the capacitor considering different

amperial loop,the result will be same.

Ampere-Maxwell Law
The total current passing through any surface of which the closed

loop is the perimeter is the sum of the conduction

current and the displacement current.

As Maxwell was able to correct the shortcomings of the Ampere’s

circuital law therefore the law came to known as Ampere-

Maxwell law.

Current which is arising due to the flow of charges is known as

conduction current.

It is denoted by IC.

Current which is arising due to change in electric field is known

as displacement current.

It is denoted by Id.
Why was this concept introduced?
Always remember these facts when drawing a magnet's line of force:

This concept was introduced to make the Ampere circuit law

logically consistent

As we know that Ampere circuit law is a law which states the

relationship between current and magnetic field. This magnetic

field is created by the current in the circuit.

When we charge or discharge a capacitor current flows in the

circuit. There is no actual charge transfer in the insulted region

between capacitors and this is contradictory to the flow of

current.

Therefore, we can say that due to changing electric flux there is

current in the insulated region and this is known as

displacement current.
Maxwell's Equation
Nature of Electromagnetic waves
And ω is the angular frequency of
the wave.
The speed of propagation of the
wave is given by-

Also, from maxwell’s equations, we can conclude that-

Velocity of EM wave in any medium-

i.e. the speed of em wave does not depend on the electric and magnetic field but on the electric
and magnetic properties of the medium.
1. Electromagnetic waves do not require a material medium to propagate- no material
medium is involved in vibration of electric and magnetic fields.
Note: Scientists in the 19th century thought that there must some material medium
present in all space and matter for EM waves to propagate. They called this medium
Ether. This theory was disproved by the experiment of Michelson and Morley.

2. Electromagnetic waves can be polarized

3. The speed of Electromagnetic waves in free space or vacuum is a fundamental

constant. C= 3 × 108 m/s
4. Electromagnetic waves carry energy and momentum- Since EM waves contain both
Electric and Magnetic fields therefore, there is a non-zero energy density associated with
them.
Consider a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation. All the charges in this
plane will be set in sustained motion due to the electric and magnetic field. The charges
thus acquire momentum and energy from the wave.
If the total energy transferred to a surface is U in time t, it can be shown that the
magnitude of total momentum (p) delivered to this surface (for complete absorption)
is-

5. Electromagnetic waves exert pressure- Since the waves carry momentum, they also
exert pressure. This is called radiation pressure.
The fact that electromagnetic waves are polarised can be
easily seen in the response of a portable AM radio to a
broadcasting station. If an AM radio has a telescopic
antenna, it responds to the electric part of the signal. When
the antenna is turned horizontal, the signal will be greatly
diminished.

Some portable radios have horizontal antenna

(usually inside the case of radio), which are
sensitive to the magnetic component of the
electromagnetic wave. Such a radio must remain
horizontal in order to receive the signal. In such
cases, response also depends on the orientation of
the radio with respect to the station
When the sun shines on your hand, you feel the energy being absorbed from the
electromagnetic waves (your hands get warm).

In 1903, the American scientists Nicols and Hull succeeded in measuring radiation
pressure of visible light and verified Eq. (8.12). It was found to be of the order of 7 ×
10–6 N/m2 . Thus, on a surface of area 10 cm2 , the force due to radiation is only
about 7 × 10–9 N.

The great technological importance of electromagnetic waves stems from their

capability to carry energy from one place to another. The radio and TV signals
from broadcasting stations carry energy. Light carries energy from the sun to the
earth, thus making life possible on the earth
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Thank
You