GE 111: Understanding the Self || Module Content || Week 11 ||Lesson: Module 1
PERIOD/TERM: Midterm  They also believed that souls persist after death
TOPIC TITLE: Spiritual self
MODULE NO. 1
Module Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
1. define Spiritual Self, soul, or spirit; and
2. discuss the rituals and ceremonies.
Activate Prior Knowledge
To start with, let’s have a short activity
to refresh your knowledge about our
topic for today. After answering the activity, you will
receive a gold star.
Activity 1: ESSAY WRITING
Instructions: Read and answer the question
given below.Write your answer on a sheet of
yellow paper.
Question: What is the difference between soul
and spirit?
Acquire New Knowledge
To start with, we often think that soul or spirit is always
associated with the word “ghost”. Let’s elaborate the
difference of the two terms.
The concept of “Dungan”, Spirit, and Soul
Babaylans
 Described as a priestess or shaman.
 Acted as a healer, spiritual leader and a medium .
 Performs rituals through chants and prayers for
spiritual intervention to drive spirits that cause
illness or misfortune.
 Explore the world of animism. Animism is the
attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects,
and natural phenomena.
 Our ancestors believed that souls are quasi-
physical and can exist outside the body and that
they can transfer from one body to another
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and become ghosts, that modern Filipinos believe
in “multo”.
 Alicia P. Magos, an anthropologist and a professor
of the University of the Philippines Visayas made a
pioneering study on the primeval Visayan concept
of Dungan.
 According to Magos, “Dungan” was a life force,
energy, as well as an ethereal entity, a spirit with a
will of its own that resides in the human body and
provides the essence of life
 Under this concept, everyone has a “Dungan”. It
can temporarily leave the body when the person is
asleep.
 Our pre-colonial ancestors also believed that aside
from a “Dungan”, a vital force also occupies the
body.
 Ginhawa is the vital force, a breath of life, was said
to be responsible for the heart’s ability to beat.
 It was believed that if “ginahawa” left the body,
the person dies.
 “Ginhawa” and “dungan” both exist in every
person. Ginhawa was the breath of life while
dungan was the conscious intellectual and
emotional aspect.
Soul
 Old English of soul was “sawol” that meant the
“spiritual and emotional part of a person’s, animate
existence.
 Refers to the conscious, the moral, and thinking
part of a person. It is immortal; it will go to hell,
purgatory, or heaven after the person dies.
 Soul can often be taken to mean someone’s moral
consciousness (Western culture)
 Soul is the part of the person that has dharma.
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 GE 111: Understanding the Self || Module Content || Week 11 ||Lesson: Module 1
Spirit
 From Latin spiritus “a breathing(respiration, and of
the wind), breath, breath of a god,” hence,
“inspiration, breath of life”.
 Refers to the Holy Spirit, the third part of the
Trinity. It is the force of God through which
blessings are bestowed upon His people. As one
develops in the faith, he or she is said to be
growing spiritually.
 It may also refer to ghosts or any other
supernatural beings. (Western culture)
The soul according to some
Ethnolinguistic Groups of Philippines
▪ Linnawa or "soul of the dead" by the Ifugao
▪ Kaduwa of the Isneg (an Igorot tribe native in
Apayao Province in the Philippines' Cordillera
Administrative Region). The Isneg believed that
the dead exists in a realm called the aglalanawan.
The kaduwa(soul) is believed to cross a pond in a
ferry piloted by a kutaw (spirit).
▪ The kankanaey (another member of the Igorot
people) believes that the human person is
composed of the physical body and the ab-
abiik(soul). When a spirit summons a person's ab-
abiik, he or she becomes sick. A ritual will be
performed to appease the spirit who summoned
the ab-abiik so that it will allow the ab-abiik to
return to its body, and the person recovers from
the illness.
▪ Kaluluwa is the Tagalog people's concept of
soul. However, it refers more to the soul of the
deceased. The soul of a living person is called
"kakambal." The "kakambal" leaves the physical
body at a night roam, and any bad encounter
causes bangungot (nightmare).
The Ilokano has a four-soul system
1. The kararua, or the soul proper. It is the
equivalent of a soul in the Christian concept.
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2. Karkarma stands for natural vigor, mind, and
reason. It can leave the physical body when one is
frightened. A karkarma can be stolen. If this soul fails
to return to the body, the person becomes insane.
Sacrificial ceremonies may be performed to lure back a
lost karkarma.
3. Aniwaas can leave the body during sleep and
visits place familiar to the body. If one wakes up while
the aniwaas is visiting these places, he or she may
lose the aniwaas and becomes insane.
4. Araria is the liberated soul of the dead. It visits
relatives and friends in the physical world to ask for
prayers. It can also perform a duty if it failed to do it in
life. The howling objects usually relating to what it did
in life.
• The Ibanag/Ybanag (who inhabits the province of
Cagayan, Isabela and Nueva Vizcaya) has a distinction
between baggi(body), and ikaruruwa(soul). The
Ibanag believes that the soul has physical
characteristics. The soul may have color, and the
souls of dead babies can reach adulthood in the spirit
realm.
• The role of the soul is to give direction and
wholeness to the man, but the body can survive
without the soul, and even without the body, the soul
experiences materials and needs.
• The Hanunoo Mangyan (of Mindoro) believes in the
plurality of souls. For instance, they have karaduwa
tawu/tawo (human soul), karaduwa
manok(chicken soul), karaduwa baboy(pig soul),
karaduwa Kuti(cat soul), karaduwa hipon(shrimp
soul).
• A soul can also separate itself from its physical body.
When a person sleeps, the karaduwa roams the world.
What a person dreams of are actually the experiences
of the karaduwa while roaming around.
• The Tagbanwa of Central and Northern Palawan
believes that people have 'one true soul' or kiyaraluwa
and five secondary souls. The kiyaraluwa is given at
birth by the God Magindusa. The secondary souls are
located in both hands and feet, while there is also one
in the head just below the air whorl (alimpuyo).
• The ethic tribes in Bukidnon believe in the
gimukod. According to their custom, there are two
types of gimukod; the one in the right hand and the
one in the left hand. The gimukod in the right hand is
the good soul, and n the left hand is the bad soul.
• The right hand is associated with life, health,
activity, and joy. The left-hand soul is the cause of
lethargy, pain, and illness.
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 GE 111: Understanding the Self || Module Content || Week 11 ||Lesson: Module 1

Rituals and Ceremonies

A ritual is a ceremony or action performed in a
customary way. Rituals may be prescribed by the
tradition of a community, including a religious
community.

 Rituals include not only the worship rites and

sacraments of organized religions and cults, but
also rites of passage, atonement and purification
rites, oaths of allegiance, dedication ceremonies,
coronations, presidential inaugurations, marriages,
funerals—perhaps all kinds of human activity.

A ceremony is a formal act or ritual (often set by

custom or tradition) performed in observation of an
event or anniversary, i.e., Japanese Tea Ceremony.

Classification of Rituals:

1. Imitative
The meaning of every ritual is based on some
belief system. These are called imitative rituals because
these are patterned after myths, and the ritual repeats
the myths or aspects of the myth.

2. Positive and Negative

Avoidance is the best description of some
negative rituals. The word taboo has been applied to
those rituals that concern something that should be
avoided because it is forbidden. Thus, negative rituals
focus on rules of prohibition, which cover an almost
infinite variety of rites and behavior. One characteristic
they all share, however, is that if the person breaks the
ritual, it will result to a dramatic change that usually
brings some misfortune. On the other hand, positive
rituals are mostly concerned with giving blessing to an
object or an individual.

3. Sacrificial
The significance of sacrifice in the history of
religion is well documented. The distinct feature of this
type of ritual is the total destruction of the sacrifice as
an offering to a "higher-being." The destruction could
be by burning, dismembering, cutting the sacrifice into
small pieces, eating, or burying it.

4. Life-crisis
The basic characteristic of life crisis ritual is the
transition of one mood or stage of life into another.
This ritual usually defines the life of an individual.

Now, that you reached the last part of the

module. I want to award you with this
participation badge. Thank you and keep
learning. God bless!

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 GE 111: Understanding the Self || Module Content || Week 11 ||Lesson: Module 1

Application

Now that you finished the first module, I believe that you understand well our topic. For our
application, you need to complete the sentence. And after answering you will receive another gold
star.

Exercise no. 1 
Instructions: Complete your learning log below. Write your answers on a sheet of yellow paper.
Learning Logs:
 I’ve been learning about ...
 Knowing about this topic helps me ...
 This topic reminds me of ...
 The part I know the most about is ...
 The part i know the most confusing is ...
 I’d like to know more about ...

Assessment
It was a great experience that you learn a lot about spiritual self. Now, you can answer this quiz.
Quiz no. 4: Essay Writing 
Instructions: Write a short essay with not less than 200 words and not more than 400 words. Write your answer on
a sheet of yellow paper.
1. What are the differences between “Dungan” and “Ginhawa”?

This is the rubric for the essay.

40 pts. 37 pts. 35 pts. 30 pts.

Content and Content is Content is reasonably Content is Content is incomplete

development comprehensive and accurate and comprehensive and/or and/or obscure. Major
(4o pts.) accurate. Argument is persuasive. Major persuasive. Major points are not clear
persuasive. Major points are stated and points are addressed, and/or persuasive.
points are stated mostly substantiated. but not well supported
clearly and are well with evidence. Content
supported. Response is lacks clarity of
excellent. thought.

40 pts. 37 pts. 35 pts. 30 pts.

Organization Structure of the paper Structure is mostly Structure of the paper Organization and
and Structure is clear and easy to clear and easy to is not easy to follow. structure detract from
(40 pts.) follow. Paragraph follow. Appropriate Paragraph transitions the message of the
transitions are logical introduction and need improvement. writer. Paragraphs are
and maintain the flow conclusion. Paragraph Introduction and/or disjointed and lack
of thought throughout transitions are conclusion are too transitions among
the paper. Introduction present. Conclusion is vague/general. thoughts. Introduction
creates interest in logical. and/or conclusion are
topic. Conclusion is missing or do not flow
logical and flows from from the body of the
the body of the paper. paper.

20 pts. 17 pts. 15 pts. 10 pts.

Format Paper follows all Paper follows most Paper follows some Paper lacks many
(20 pts.) designated guidelines. designated guidelines. guidelines. paper is too elements of correct
Paper is the Paper is the long or too short. formatting. Failed to
appropriate length. appropriate length. follow guidelines
Format is good. generally.

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 GE 111: Understanding the Self || Module Content || Week 11 ||Lesson: Module 1

Timeline!
Let’s be mindful to your deadline.

Activity Name of Activity Date of submission Remarks

Number

Activity no. 2 Essay November 6 , 2020

Exercise no. 2 Learning Logs November 6 , 2020

Quiz no. 2 Essay November 6 , 2020

NOTE: Send your activities on my official gmail account and put a label using this format:
Program/Yr. & Bloc/Subject/Activity No. and Name/Surname (e.g. BS Entrep/1 st yr. Bloc 1/UTS/Mercado) for easy
sorting. Your outputs should be in a word or pdf file.
Email: miss.elnajoycemercado@gmail.com

Resources:

 Book: A Holistic Approach in Understanding the Self Author: Otig Vergie, Winston B. et. Al.
 https://quizlet.com/416060565/chapter-2-unpacking-the-self-flash-cards/
 https://quizlet.com/434996518/spiritual-self-flash-cards/
 https://quizlet.com/176471827/ap-human-geography-study-guide-flash-cards/
 https://www.scribd.com/presentation/435700561/The-Spiritual-Self
 https://books.google.com/books?id=_zWWDwAAQBAJ
 http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/difference-between-soul-and-spirit/
 https://xj.pamyatniki-krim.ru/562
 http://www.ichcap.org/kor/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain3/059_Bogwa.pdf
 https://studylib.net/doc/25376059/uts
 https://www.chegg.com/flashcards/uts-semi-final-4-7e260cbe-216e-46c4-93ca-427bf78ef2b3/deck
 https://www.aswangproject.com/soul-according-ethnolinguistic-groups-philippines/
 https://www.coursehero.com/file/p70a877c/YES-NO-THEN-WHY-WORRY-T-H-E-F-I-L-I-P-I-N-O-I-D-E-N-T-I-T-Y-
4-Hardwork-and/
 https://vcshobbies.com/site/article.php?ee5c6a=primitive-filipino-beliefs-about-souls-and-spirit
 htps://www.scribd.com/presentation/435731884/3-Understanding-Self-Third-Exam
 https://studylib.net/doc/25376059/uts
 https://www.coursehero.com/file/p2bpriv/S-1977-Journey-of-the-Dead-The-seven-souls-combine-into-one-This-
one-soul/
 https://quizlet.com/434996518/spiritual-self-flash-cards/
 https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/ritual
 https://www.deviantart.com/monochromaticart/art/The-Ritual-Born-to-Sin-510964652
 https://quizlet.com/416060565/chapter-2-unpacking-the-self-flash-cards/
 https://www.britannica.com/topic/ritual/Functions-of-ritual
 https://www.coursehero.com/file/45829952/THE-SPIRITUAL-SELF-Understanding-The-Selfdocx/

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