Teachers’ Resource Material/History – Term 1

EUROPEAN POWERS THAT CAME TO INDIA

India always famous for its resources attracted many foreign nations. British were not the only one who
came to India to gain benefits, but there were other Europeans powers as well, who tried their hands in
this imperialism race.
Those were:
Portuguese
Dutch (Holland, now Netherlands)
British
Danish (Denmark)
De French
In 1453, Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople, from where the shortest route to India passed. It was a
greater setback to European merchants, who were in need of raw materials as well as markets because of
Industrial revolution.
The European Kings started encouraging the navigators to search a new sea route to the eastern part of
the world. Hence various navigators like Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci and many others went in search for
a new route to Asia.
The 1st person to reach India circumnavigating the Cape of Good Hope was Portuguese navigator VASCO-
DA-GAMA. He landed at Calicut (Kerala) and was welcomed by Zamorin (ruler). The purpose to come here
was spice trade (especially pepper).
1. PORTUGUESE:

i) Vasco-da-gama: In1498, he visited Calicut and was welcomed by Zamorin. His 2nd visit was in 1501. He
defeated Zamorin and captured Calicut (1502).9

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ii) Francis de Almeida (1505-1509):

He was the 1st Governor General of Portuguese settlement in India. He followed a policy called BLUE
WATERFALLS (strengthening the naval power to expel Arabs from Arabian sea and Indian ocean).
iii) Afonso de Alboquerque (1509-1515):

He was the real founder of Portuguese settlement in India. He captured Goa from Bahamani kingdom. He
maintained good relationship with Vijaynagar ruler Krishnadevaraya. In 1510, Portuguese established
bases at Goa.

Reasons for the decline of Portuguese

a) They captured and colonised Brazil.
b) In 1661, Bombay, a Portuguese settlement was given as dowry to English prince Charles II.
c) English defeated them in the Battle of Swally/Suhali (1612)
MAIN CONTRIBUTION OF PORTUGUESE:
They brought tomatoes, tobacco, potatoes, chillies etc. to India.
2. DUTCH:
United East India Company was started in 1602. 1st Dutch settlement in India was at Masulipatnam
(1605), 2nd at Surat (1616), 3rd at Nagapatnam.
Reasons for their decline:
a) They captured and colonised Indonesia
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b) They maintained Triangular trade. Dutch brought gold bullions to India and exchanged it with cotton
produced here. This cotton was taken to Indonesia and exchanged it with spices produced there.
c) English defeated Dutch at Battle of Bedara (1759).
3. BRITISH:
In 1599, John Mildenhall came to India. English East India Company was started in 1600 in England by a
Charter given by Queen Elizabeth I. It was a private organisation, started by issuing shares. The highest
decision making authority was called as Court of Directors (COD). The company got a privilege to have
monopoly of trade with the East.
In 1608, Company sent its representatives Captain William Hawkins to the court of Jahangir to set up
settlement at Surat, but Jahangir initially refused. Later, in 1609, Jahangir gave a farman (royal order) to
build a factory at Surat. EIC set up its 1st factory at at Surat in 1613 and 2nd at Masulipatnam in 1616.
In 1615, Sir Thomas Roe visited Mughal emperor's court and received a farman to carry free trade and
exemption from Inland toll.
In 1632, they received Right to trade in Golconda Kingdom.
In 1651, Nawab of Bengal Shuja-ud-din granted company the right to trade after paying duties.
In 1663, the 1st factory to be built in EASTERN INDIA was at Orissa.
In 1664, Company built its 1st fort St. George in Chennai ( then Madras).
In 1668, company got Bombay from Charles II for a lease of 10 pounds/ yr.
In 1691, royal farman was issued by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb which exempted EIC to pay custom
duties in Bengal.
In 1698, company bought 3 Villages from a local zamindar (Sutanidhi, Govindpur, Kalikata). These were
also called presidential towns.
in 1700, company built a fort called 'Fort Williams' in Calcutta (now Kolkata).
In 1717, they received a royal farman from Farruk Siyar giving rights for minting their own coins and
provided trade consessions.
4. DANISH:
The Danish East India Company was set up in 1616. They wanted to propagate Christianity, besides
trade. They propagated Education as well. Two important Danish settlements were Serampore and
Tranquebar.
5. DE FRENCH
French East India Company was set up in 1664 during the French ruler Louis XIV, with the support of his
Finance Minister Colbert. It was a government company.
1st French settlement in India was at Surat (1668) and 2nd at Masulipatnam (1669). Another important
settlement was at Chandranagar and Pondicherry.
in 1742, when Dupleix came to India as French Governor General, there was change in their objective
from Commercial motive to Imperial expansion and the Anglo-French/ Carnatic wars started.
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Battle: Siege of Arcot
War: Anglo-French Wars in India (Second Carnatic War)
Date of the Siege of Arcot: 31st August to 15th November 1751 (the dating is given in Old Style)
Place of the Siege of Arcot: In South East India.
Combatants at the Siege of Arcot: The Nabob of Arcot, Chunda Sahib, assisted by the French against
Mohammed Ali, son of the previous Nabob of Carnatica, assisted by the British.

Robert Clive: Siege of Arcot 31st August to 15th November 1751 in the War in India
Generals at the Siege of Arcot: Raju Sahib, son of Chunda Sahib, against Robert Clive.
Size of the armies at the Siege of Arcot: The army of Raju Sahib comprised some 11,000 native troops and
150 French troops. Raju Sahib was supported by a train of French siege artillery. Clive’s force comprised
200 British and 300 Sepoy troops and 3 guns. He was able to use the guns he found in the abandoned fort
at Arcot. The number of these pieces is unknown.
Winner of the Siege of Arcot: Robert Clive.
Uniforms, arms and equipment at the Siege of Arcot:
The various native rulers were able to put large armies into the field at short notice. These armies
comprised indisciplined levies armed with bows, swords and spears. There were few firearms. A constant
threat from North-West India were the Mahrattas, better disciplined mounted warriors.
The most significant component in India was the disciplined French and British infantry and artillery armed
with muskets and field guns. There were few of these troops and, while effective in the field against the
native levies, they were susceptible to disease and quickly became casualties.
The answer for the French and the British to the lack of European numbers and their vulnerability to
tropical disease was to recruit native sepoys, arm them with muskets and train them in European battle
drill. This both European nations began to do. For the British, their presence in India was primarily to trade
and there was a reluctance to become involved in the raising, training and paying large bodies of troops,
until it became clear that this was unavoidable if a presence was to be maintained in India in the face of
French ambition and aggrandisement.
Background to the Siege of Arcot:
The Siege of Arcot was among the first significant battles for the British in India. The predominant power
on the Indian sub-continent was the Muslim Mogul Emperor in Delhi. The Emperor maintained a loose rule
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over a system of sub-rulers of varying power and loyalty. These rulers struggled over the suzerainty of a
number of states of differing sizes. These struggles were particularly savage when a ruler died leaving
family and retainers to fight over the succession. In the south of India, the native rulers turned to the two
competing European powers, Britain and France, to assist in these struggles.
Account of the Siege of Arcot:
Robert Clive marched out of Madras on 26th August 1751 for the 65 mile journey to Arcot, crossing the
River Paliar at Conjeveram. After 5 days, Clive’s force was 10 miles short of Arcot.
Clive’s information was that Arcot was unfortified, with a dilapidated fort containing a garrison of 1,000
native soldiers.
Clive began his final approach march in a heavy thunderstorm. News that the British were advancing in
spite of the terrible weather seems to have weighed heavily with the Arcot garrison, which abandoned the
fort and left the town.
Clive’s men took over the fort and began work to put it in a state of defence, mounting the guns left by the
fleeing garrison on the battlements.

Elephants advancing on the gates of Arcot Fort: Siege of Arcot 31st August to 15th November 1751 in the
War in India
Informed by his scouts that the garrison was encamped some 6 miles from the town, where they were
receiving reinforcements, Clive mounted a series of successful attacks which resulted in the garrison
dispersing into the countryside.
As Clive anticipated, the news that his capital had been captured by the enemy was of greater immediate
concern to Chunda Sahib than taking Trichinopoly.
Chunda Sahib dispatched his son, Raju Sahib, with a force of 4,000 native soldiers and 100 French troops,
reluctantly provided by Dupleix, to retake Arcot.
Raju Sahib arrived at Arcot on 23rd September 1751, and invested the fort.
Ever aggressive, on 24th September 1751 Clive launched an attack on his besiegers. Clive’s force was
driven back into the fort with the loss of 2 officers and 31 European soldiers killed and wounded, a heavy
cost in view of his limited numbers.
On 25th September 1751, Raju Sahib received re-enforcements bringing his army to 11,000 native soldiers
and 150 European troops. Clive’s garrison now comprised 120 Europeans and 200 Sepoys.
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Within two weeks heavy guns arrived for Raju Sahib’s assault on the fort and he began a bombardment. By
30th October 1751 a practicable breach had been blown in the walls of the fort. In compliance with
convention, Raju Sahib invited Clive to surrender, but received a reply of ‘contemptuous defiance’. Raju
Sahib hesitated to put his troops to an assault and waited to see if the garrison might be starved into
surrender. Casualties at the Siege of Arcot:
Casualties during the final assault were said to have been 6 of the garrison killed and wounded, while Raju
Sahib lost 400 men.
The whole siege was said to have cost Clive’s force a quarter of its strength in killed alone. Total casualties
for Raju Sahib’s army are unknown.
Battle Honour and Campaign Medal for the Siege of Arcot:
The Battle Honour of ‘Arcot’ was given to the Madras European Regiment, which became the Honourable
East India Company’s Madras European Regiment in 1830. In 1862, after the Indian Mutiny, the regiment
was taken into Crown service as the 102nd (Royal Madras Fusiliers) Regiment. In 1881 the 102nd, with the
103rd (Royal Bombay Fusiliers) Regiment, became the Royal Dublin Fusiliers which retained ‘Arcot’ as a
Battle Honour, the only regiment in the British or Indian Armies to carry the honour.
There is no campaign medal.
Follow-up to the Siege of Arcot: the immediate result of the success of the siege for Clive was that he was
enabled to follow up Raju Sahib’s army and defeat it again in open battle at Arni. The pendulum then
swung in favour of the French before Trichinopoly could be relieved.
Regimental anecdotes and traditions from the Siege of Arcot:
It is reported that Clive’s garrison fired 12,000 musket rounds during the final assault. That is an average of
24 rounds per man.
References for the Siege of Arcot:
History of the British Army by Fortescue Volume II

Robert Clive fires a cannon in the Siege of Arcot 31st August to 15th November 1751 in the War in India
In Madras, Governor Saunders was organising a relief of Arcot. Saunders completed his negotiations with
the Mahratta chief, Morari Rao, whereby the Mahrattas joined the British. A force of British troops and
sepoys with Mahratta cavalry prepared to march to Arcot.
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News of this relief forced Raju Sahib’s hand and an assault was planned on the 13th November 1751 for
the next day, the Muslim fast of Hassan and Hussein.
Clive’s intelligence system warned him of the plan and preparations were made. The attack would
inevitably be focused on the breach made by the siege train’s bombardment. Cannon were positioned to
cover the breach and relays of surplus muskets were loaded and stacked to enable the troops positioned at
the breach to maintain a constant fire.

Elephants battering at the gates of Arcot Fort: Siege of Arcot 31st August to 15th November 1751 in the
War in India
At dawn on 14th November 1751, Raju Sahib’s troops swarmed forward for the escalade of the breach. At
the same time an assault was launched on the fort’s Delhi Gate. Elephants were used, their heads fitted
with armoured plates in an attempt to batter in the gate.
The elephants were subjected to heavy musket fire and, maddened by their injuries, the animals turned on
the accompanying soldiers and trampled to death everyone within reach.
The storming party was equally unsuccessful in the breach. The British fire was so heavy that the attacking
troops were unable to make any headway. At one point Clive took personal charge of a gun, the crew being
struck down, and fired several rounds into the attackers.
The assault was only maintained for an hour, after which Raju Sahib’s men melted back into the town. The
French troops took no part in the attack on the fort, probably because Dupleix considered the operation a
diversion from the more important business of capturing Trichinopoly and did not wish to lose any of his
valuable European troops.
The next day, Raju Sahib marched away with his army, leaving several of his guns and much of his
ammunition for Clive to capture.
Battle of Plassey
The Keystone Battle for the British in India, fought on 23rd June 1757 and won with Treachery and
Tarpaulins

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Siraj-ud-Daulah’s guns on wooden trucks pulled by oxen and pushed by elephants at the Battle of Plassey
on 23rd June 1757 in the Anglo-French Wars in India: picture by Richard Caton Woodville

Battle: Plassey
War: Anglo-French Wars in India (The Third Carnatic War)
Date of the Battle of Plassey: 23rd June 1757

Place of the Battle of Plassey: In Bengal on the Bhagirathi River to the north of Calcutta .

Siraj ud Daulah Nawab of Bengal: Battle of Plassey on 23rd June 1757 in the Anglo-French Wars in India
Combatants at the Battle of Plassey: The British East India Company against Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of
Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and a small French force. The British were assisted by traitors in the Nawab’s high
command.
Generals at the Battle of Plassey: Colonel Robert Clive against Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal.
Size of the armies at the Battle of Plassey:
Clive’s army at Plassey comprised 950 European Troops (including 250 men of His Majesty’s 39th Foot),
2,100 native troops being sepoys and topazes, 60 sailors and 100 artillerymen, with eight 6 pounder guns
and two howitzers.
Siraj-ud-Daulah’s army comprised 35,000 infantry, 15,000 cavalry and 53 pieces of cannon, being 18, 24
and 32 pounders. A small French force commanded by St Frais provided supervision for the artillery and
manned some guns.

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Robert Clive: Battle of Plassey on 23rd June 1757 in the Anglo-French Wars in India: picture by Thomas
Gainsborough
Uniforms, arms and equipment at the Battle of Plassey:
The native Indian soldiers were armed with bows, swords and spears. There were some firearms, mainly
firelocks. Siraj-ud-Daulah’s cavalry was largely recruited from the Afghans and Pathans of the north-west,
tough and seasoned soldiers fighting with swords and spears.
The significant component of warfare in India in the 1750s became the disciplined French and British
infantry and artillery. There were few of these troops and, while effective in the field against the native
levies, they were susceptible to disease and quickly became casualties.
The answer for the French and the British to the small number of European troops and their vulnerability
to tropical disease was to recruit native sepoys, arm them with muskets and train them in European battle
drill.

Battle of Plassey on 23rd June 1757 in the Anglo-French Wars in India

Background to the Battle of Plassey:
Robert Clive’s early successes were in the south east of India, based on the East India Company’s Madras
settlement. The other important trading centres for the East India Company were in Bombay on the west
coast of India and, pre-eminently, at Calcutta in Bengal, at the northern end of the Bay of Bengal in the
east of the sub-continent.
The English East India Company was enabled to establish a permanent presence on the Hugli River, on
which present day Calcutta stands, in around 1645, with the consent of the local rulers. The purpose of this
establishment was to trade with the merchants and manufacturers in the area and to send the goods
acquired by sea to England for profit. The settlement was provided with minimal fortifications and
defences.

Clive sails up the Bay of Bengal to the Ganges River to recapture Calcutta: Battle of Plassey on 23rd June
1757 in the Anglo-French Wars in India.
The East India Company built up an increasing influence in the area. Bengal was subject to repeated
invasions by Afghans and Mahrattas from the north and west and the Company’s substantial financial
contributions to the defence of the area were important to each Nawab, who ruled Bengal.

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In 1689 the East India Company withdrew from the Hugli to Madras, due to the excessive demands of the
Nawab of Bengal, Shaista Khan. The following year the Nawab’s successor, Ibrahim Khan, persuaded the
company to return. The new settlement was established on the Hugli River, but further south in a group of
villages near the site of Calcutta.
The equivalent French and Dutch companies were already established on sites further up the Hugli River,
the French at Chandranagar.
On 19th June 1756, Siraj-ud-Daulah with a large army captured Calcutta after a four day siege (the war
with the British became known as the Third Carnatic War and was to lead to British domination of Bengal).

Black Hole of Calcutta: Battle of Plassey on 23rd June 1757 in the Anglo-French Wars in India: picture by
Cecil Doughty
The Black Hole of Calcutta:
That night the incident took place, subsequently known as the ‘Black Hole of Calcutta’. Traditionally, it is
claimed that 123 of 146 prisoners from the captured British garrison and their families held in the hole died
during the night due to the heat and the number of persons in a cell designed for 2 or 3 prisoners. The
figure was computed by John Holwell, a survivor, and is disputed. It seems clear that Siraj-ud-Daulah did
not directly cause the detention of the prisoners in the cell and that he ordered the release of the survivors
the next morning.

Bribed Indians providing water to the prisoners in the Black Hole: Battle of Plassey on 23rd June 1757 in
the Anglo-French Wars in India: picture by Richard Caton Woodville
Many of the garrison escaped from Calcutta on board English ships and sailed down river to Fulta, to await
the arrival of a relieving force from Madras.
The Re-capture of Calcutta News of the loss of Calcutta reached Madras on 15th July 1756 and a force
under Major Kilpatrick was dispatched to Fulta at the mouth of the Hugli in Bengal.
A Royal Navy squadron was present in the Bay of Bengal, commanded by Vice Admiral Watson. The
Company authorities at Madras resolved to send as many of the troops and ships at their disposal to retake
Calcutta, in spite of the imminence of hostilities with the French, who were present in strength in Southern
India.

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It took some time to assemble the military force and decide that it was to be commanded by Robert Clive,
the fleet being commanded by Admiral Watson. The fleet sailed on 16th October 1756 for the Hugli River.
The ships arrived at Fulta between 11th and 20th December, other than the Marlborough, which arrived at
the end of January 1757, and the Cumberland which was forced south and went aground, finally arriving in
mid-March 1757.
Once Clive landed in Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daulah’s main force left Calcutta. The small garrison left behind
surrendered to Clive on 2nd January 1757. On 9th January 1757 Clive captured the town of Hugli.
After re-occupying Calcutta Clive disposed of a force of some 900 European soldiers, 1,200 sepoys and
around 15 guns.

Siraj-ud-Daulah resolved to attack Calcutta again. For this operation he raised an army said to have
comprised 18,000 cavalry, 25,000 infantry and 40 guns. He marched on Calcutta arriving at the edge of the
Marratha Ditch, a defensive work intended to provide some protection to the settlement, on 3rd February
1757.
On 4th February 1757, Clive attacked Siraj-ud-Daulah’s camp. He intended a night attack, but being
delayed Clive attacked in a thick fog in the early hours of the morning. The fog lifted, revealing Clive’s small
force in the middle of the camp. Clive fought his way out, leaving Siraj-ud-Daulah so intimidated by the
aggressive assault that he withdrew.
On 9th February 1757 Siraj-ud-Daulah signed a treaty restoring to the Company its former privileges and
agreeing to hand over the property looted in the capture of Calcutta and Cossimbazar.
On 9th February 1757 Siraj-ud-Daulah signed a treaty restoring to the Company its former privileges and
agreeing to hand over the property looted in the capture of Calcutta and Cossimbazar.

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Mir Jafar Khan (left) and his son Mir Miran: Battle of Plassey on 23rd
June 1757 in the Anglo-French Wars in India
Casualties at the Battle of Plassey:
Clive’s army suffered casualties of 23 dead and 49 wounded. The
casualties of Siraj-ud-Daulah’s army were around 500 dead and many
wounded. The English captured horses, elephants, and all of the 53
guns brought against them.
The Great Mogul gives Robert Clive dominion over Bengal Orissa and
Bihar: Battle of Plassey on 23rd June 1757 in the Anglo-French Wars
in India
Battle Honour and Campaign Medal for the Battle of Plassey:
The Battle Honour ‘Plassey’ was awarded to the 39th Foot (later the
Dorsetshire Regiment), the 1st Madras Europeans (later the Royal Dublin Fusiliers), and the 1st Bengal
Europeans (later the Royal Munster Fusiliers).
No campaign medal was issued.
Follow-up to the Battle of Plassey:
Following the Battle of Plassey, in accordance with the treaty he had signed with Clive and the East India
Company Committee in Calcutta, Mir Jafa Khan entered Murshidabad with Clive and became Nawab of
Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. It was however largely an empty honour as the real power in Eastern India was
now the English East India Company. Under the treaty, Mir Jafa Khan was compelled to pay substantial
sums of money to the East India Company and also to Clive and the Company and Royal officers of his army
and the Royal Navy squadron of Vice Admiral Watson that supported the land operations. All these men
were enriched by these payments. Those who survived to return to England, Watson and Kilpatrick, and
the several others who died soon after Plassey from infectious disease brought on by the oppressive
climate became known as ‘Nabobs’ from their India derived wealth.

Badge of the 39th Foot with the

motto ‘Primus in India’
Malleson asserts that the Battle of Plassey set the course for the
establishment of the British Empire in India and the Far East.
Siraj-ud-Daulah fell into the hands of the new Nawab, Mir Jafar Khan and
was murdered.
Regimental anecdotes and traditions from the Battle of Plassey:

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The ‘Black Hole of Calcutta’ caused a sensation in England, although it does not seem to have been much
of an issue among the English in India at the time.
Siraj-ud-Daulah was known colloquially in England as ‘Sir Roger Dowler’.
The 39th Foot, from 1880 the Dorsetshire Regiment, adopted the motto ‘Primus in India’, to mark their
involvement in the early campaigns as the first Royal Regiment to be sent to India. The motto appeared in
the regimental badge.
References for the Battle of Plassey:
The East India Military Calendar Volume II
The Decisive Battles in India by Malleson
History of the British Army by Fortescue Volume II
Battle of Buxar: Its Causes and Consequences
The Battle of Buxar (1764) was the decisive battle which was fought between English Forces, and combined
army of Mir Kasim, the Nawab of Bengal, Nawab of Oudh Shah Alam II and Mughal Emperor. The battle
was the outcome of misuse of Farman and Dastak, and also the trade expansionist aspiration of English.
The Battle of Buxar was the decisive battle which defined British as a ruler that was fought between English
Forces, and combined army of Mir Kasim, the Nawab of Bengal, Nawab of Oudh and Shah Alam II, Mughal
Emperor. The battle was the outcome of misuse of Farman and Dastak, and also the trade expansionist
aspiration of English On 22 October 1764, the Battle of Buxar took place and the Indian armies were
defeated. The battle of Buxar proved itself to be a turning point in the history of India.
In 1765, Shuja-ud-daulah and Shah Alam signed treaties at Allahabad with Clive who had become the
Governor of the company.
Under these treaties, the English company secured the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha, which gave the
company the right to collect revenue from these territories.
The Nawab of Awadh ceded Allahabad and Kora to the Mughal Emperor who began to reside at Allahabad
under the protection of the British troops. The company agreed to pay Rupees 26lakhs every year to the
Mughal Emperor but they stopped making this payment soon after. The company promised to send its
troops to defend the Nawab against any invaders, for which the Nawab would be required to pay.
Thus, the Nawab of Awadh became dependent on the company. In the meantime, Mir Jafar had again
been made the Nawab of Bengal. After his death his son was installed as the Nawab. The officials of the
company made huge personal profits by extorting money from the Nawab.
Events leading to the Battle Field
Misuse of Farman and Dastak by British which challenged the Mir Qasim’s authority and sovereignty.
Abolition of all duties on internal trade of British.
Misbehaviour of the Company’s servant- They compelled the Indian artisans, peasants and merchant to sell
their goods at cheap price , and also started the tradition of bribes and gifts.
Plundering attitude of British which not only abuses the trade ethics but also challenges the Nawab
authority.
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Conclusion The battle of Buxar proved itself to be a turning point in the history of India. The interest of
British was concentrated in the three coastal areas namely Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. The Anglo-
French wars in Carnatic and the battles of Palasi and Buxar began the period of British conquest of India. By
1765, the British had become the virtual rulers of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha. The Nawab of Awadh had
become dependent on them and so was the Nawab of Carnatic who was their creation.

Siege of Arcot Arcot British East India Company and Nawab of

(1751AD) Arcot, French East India Company

Battle of Arnee Arnee British force under Robert Clive and Franco-
(1751AD) Indian force under Raza Sahib

Battle of Golden Rock Golden Rock, Tiruchirappalli British and French East India Company
(1753 AD)

Siege of Calcutta Calcutta Nawab of Bengal and British East India

(1756 AD) Company

Battle of Plassey Plassey Robert Clive and Nawab Shiraj-ud-daulah

(1758 AD)

Siege of Pondicherry Pondicherry British East India Company and French East
(1760 AD) India Company

3rd -Battle of Panipat Panipat Ahmad Shah Abdali and Marathas

(1761AD)

Battle of Wandiwash Wandiwash English and French

(1761 AD)

Battle of Buxar Buxar Hector Munro and Combined armies of

(1764 AD) Nawab Mir Qasim (Bengal), Nawab Shuja –
ud – daulah (Awadh) & Mughal emperor
Shah Alam

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